Pre and Post-Harvest Management of Aflatoxin in Food Crops

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Pre and Post – Harvest

Management of Aflatoxin in

Food Crops

Joseph Atehnkeng, IITA

On Behalf of the team

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Occurrence of aflatoxin in crops

Biocontrol technology

Other Management practices.

Conclusion

Outline

www.iita.org www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium 13 March 2014

R4D at IITA

On the six mandate

crops: But not

limited to…


Joseph Atehnkeng, IITA

Research experience continues

Aspergillus in

maize Healthy maize cobs

Aspergillus in groundnut

Aflatoxin contamination in

grains

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Infested Maize Cobs

Delayed harvesting

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Aflatoxin Contamination Occurs in

Two Phases

Phase I: Before Crop Maturity

Developing crops become infected.

Associated with crop damage (insect, bird, stress).

Favored by high temperature (night) and dry conditions.

Phase II: After Crop Maturity

Aflatoxin increases in mature crop.

Seed is vulnerable until consumed.

Rain on the mature crop increases contamination.

Associated with high humidity in the field & store, insect

damage, and improper crop storage or transportation.

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History of Acute Aflatoxicoses Outbreaks

Taiwan

1967

Uganda

1970

Western India

1974

Kenya

1982

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Malaysia

1988

35°N

35°S

5 billion people

exposed --CDC

Aflatoxin Contamination: A Perennial Concern in

Warm Climates

Contamination is worse during dry

periods.

During droughts the zone containing

contaminated crops enlarges.

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Chronic exposure

Liver cancer

Immunosupression

Underweight

Stunting

Infants & young children

most affected

Acute exposure

Death (eg. Kenya in 2004)

Unreported cases,

UNKNOWN

Farm animals

Reduced feed consumption

Reduced reproductivity

Immune suppression

Decreased milk and egg

production

Retarded growth and

development

CONSEQUENCE?

Reduction in farmers’ incomes

Effects on human & animal health and Trade

Trade losses (US$ 450

million/annum) in Africa

due to aflatoxin contamination

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Management Strategies

Pre harvest

• Awareness

• Host plant resistance

• Insect control

• Irrigation

• Biological control

Post harvest

• Time of harvest

• Sorting and processing

• Grain drying method

• Storage structure

• Insect control

• Hygiene and sanitation

www.iita.org www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium R4D week, 25 – 30 Nov.

2013

Integrated approach to manage aflatoxins in crops

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AF36

Aflaguard

Biocontrol WORKS

In 100’S of thousands of acres in

the US!

IT WORKS In Africa

TOO!

Aflasafe

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Product: Aflasafe

Mixture of 4 native atoxigenic strains

Nigeria


Time of aflasafe application

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Farmers treating maize and groundnut fields with Aflasafe in Nigeria

MAIZE: Aflatoxin reduction (%)

Stage 2009 2010 2011 2012

Harvest 82 94 83 93

Storage 92 93 x x

PEANUT: Aflatoxin reduction (%)

Stage 2009 2010 2011

Harvest - 95 82

Storage 100 80 x

Results from 482

on-farm trials

71% and 52% carry-over of

inoculum 1 & 2 years after

application


Senegal

Kenya

Burkina Faso

Aflasafe Registration


Aflasafe

Manufacture

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14

14 tons inoculum produced in 2011 for deployment


Aflasafe Plan & Plant

Capacity: 5

tons/hour

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Explaining aflatoxin to farmers

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Lodging

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AVOID LODGED PLANTS

Source: Jain, 2009. Workshop in IITA


Control Stem Borer


Consult Your Extension Agent

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Damage by Birds and Rodents

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Delayed harvesting

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Proper and improper heaping

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Drying Methods and losses


Drying of Maize


Drying Maize

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July - 2013

Threshing


Kernel Intergrity


Safe Moisture Content

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Sanitation


Sanitation

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USE ONLY WELL-PROTECTED TRUCKS TO TRANSPORT MAIZE

TRUCKS MUST USE CLEAN PALLETS

Source: Jain, 2009. Workshop in IITA

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Storage structures

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Sorting to reduce Post harvest losses

Poorly filled pods have high moisture content

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Sorting

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October , 2013

Sensitization

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•Target Group

• Farmers

• Extension agents

• Media houses

• National bodies eg NAERLS, ADP,

NAFDAC

• Community leaders

•National policy /decision makers •Agriculture •Trade •Health


Aflatoxin awareness

•Trained close to 1000 extension

Agents

• Close to 40000 farmers

• Training in collaboration with NAERLS,

ADP, CADP

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October , 2013

Training materials

Aflatoxin

management

Video


Cleaning and Branding

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Conclusion

• Apply AflasafeTM

• Aflasafe grains improves the health and income of

families that grow and eat aflasafe treated maize or

groundnut Plant and harvest on time

• Drying to save moisture content is crucial

• Control insect in the field and in stores

• Sort grain before drying

• Clean and repair the stores

• Result of the change: improved quality contamination

in grain

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Ibadan IITA

Tucson

USDA/ARS IITA, USDA & Doreo have Teamed up to Bring

Aflatoxin Prevention to Africa

Made Possible by Many National Partners in Ministries, Industry, and on the Farm

Nigeria

For more information about aflatoxin biocontrol for Africa, check out: www.aflasafe.com

http://www.entwicklung.at/en/

www.iita.org

75

94 100

0 3

39

73

27

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

<4 <10 <20 >20

Nestlé/EU WFP/Nigeria US Unsafe

Maximum allowable aflatoxin level (ng g-1)

Farm

ers

' fi

eld

s (

%)

Treated

Control

Different Levels of aflatoxin

in AflaSafe™ treated and

untreated fields at harvest

Pre and Post-Harvest Management of Aflatoxin in Food Crops

Science

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