Praxis II Review Session #2:Social Studies

Dr. Meg MonaghanFebruary 27, 2013

Today’s Agenda:

• Colonies in North America• American Revolution• Founding Documents• Slavery/Westward Expansion

• Geography• Practice Test

British Colonies in North America• Roanoke, 1584 (Sir Walter Raleigh)• Jamestown, 1607 (Capt. John Smith)– Powhatan Indians, Pocohantas– Indentured servitude, tobacco

• Plymouth, 1620 (Pilgrims)– Mayflower Compact– Squanto

• Massachusetts Bay Colony– “City on a hill”

Southern Colonies and Slavery

• Chesapeake Bay, tobacco• Bacon’s rebellion• First African slaves between 1620-1640• Middle Passage

Unrest to Revolution• Treaty of Paris, 1763- France gives up North American territory, Spain also loses

territory

• Conflicts with Native Americans lead to Proclamation of 1763– No British settlements west of Appalachian Mts.– Resented, hard to enforce

• King George needs to finance war- Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765, repealed in 1766)

• Sons of Liberty- “Taxation without representation is tyranny!”

• Townshend Acts (tax on tea, lead, glass, dyes, etc.), Quartering Act (1765)

• Boston Massacre, 1770– General Thomas Gage– 5 dead– John Adams defends British soldiers in trial

Unrest to Revolution• Tea Act (1773)Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts (1774)

(port closed, no meetings, soldiers housed and fed, royal officials tried in Britain)

• First Continental Congress, 1774

• King George sends Gen. Gage and troops to New England

• Lexington and Concord, “The British are coming!”, “The shot heard round the world”

• Second Continental Congress, May 1774

Second Continental Congress• Washington unanimous choice to command the new

army

• Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775 against Gen. William Howe

• Thomas Paine, Common Sense

• July 4, Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson adopted by the Congress– Influenced by John Locke, “Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”

American Revolution• Patriots, Loyalists/Tories, British

• British Generals- Gage, Howe, Cornwallis, Burgoyne

• Patriots poor, underfed, undersupplied

• French enter war in 1777, then Spain and Netherlands• Marquis de Lafayette

• Battle of Yorktown, 1781

• Treaty of Paris of 1783-Independence!

Articles of the Confederation

• Drafted by the Second Continental Congress• Defined post-war government• Established “The United States of America”• Ratified in 1781• Weak central government, strong state power,

worthless paper money• Shay’s Rebellion- call for Congress to have

additional powers

The Constitution

• Constitutional Convention, 1787• George Washington presides• Federal (federalism) power versus states’

rights • Slavery issue “swept under rug” with 3/5th

Compromise

The Constitution• Virginia Plan (James Madison)– Strong central govt– Bicameral legislature– Representation by population

• NJ Plan (William Paterson)– Strong unicameral legislature– Each state gets one vote

• CT Compromise (Roger Sherman)– Bicameral legislature– Senate- 2/state– House of Representatives by population

The Constitution

• Needs approval of 9 of 13 states to be ratified• Federalists- Support ratification; mostly wealthy

merchants, planters, lawyers• Anti-Federalists- feared a powerful national

government

• Inclusion of Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments), 1791

• “The Federalist Papers” 85 essays– John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

The Constitution- The Document

• A Framework• Delegated powers (Federal government)– Listed in Constitution– Coin money, regulate trade, form army, navy

• Reserved powers (State governments)– All powers not delegated by Constitution– Power to regulate schools

• Concurrent powers– Taxes, welfare, courts, law enforcement

The Constitution- The Document• Separation of Powers/ “Checks and Balances”– 3 branches: – Legislative

• CONGRESS• Senate (1000

– 6 year terms, 1/3 every 2 years

• House of Representatives (435)– Every two years

– Executive• President• 4 year terms, 2 term max

– Judicial• Supreme Court- 9• Appointed for life

Rise of Political Parties• Washington warned against this• Sectionalism• Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton, John Adams– “the rich, the well born, and the able”

• Democratic-Republicans by Thomas Jefferson– Planters, small farmers, wage earners, artisans,

tradespeople

• Election of 1796- Adams President, Jefferson VP

Marbury Versus Madison

• Election of 1800

• Adams’s “midnight judges”

• Case establishes Supreme Court as the final interpreter of the Constitution

The Nation Expands

• President Jefferson buys all of French holdings from Napoleon for $15 million in 1803

• Doubles the size of the US, adds all or part of 13 states to the country

• Jefferson hires Lewis and Clark to lead an expedition into the territory- Sacagawea

War of 1812• Tensions with Britain escalating (still have territory

in Canada)• Impressment of sailors• Confrontations in the west- Tecumseh (Shawnee)

funded by Britain• President Madison declares war• Washington burns, Dolly Madison saves precious

artifacts including George Washington’s portrait• Treaty of Ghent- Not much gained • Nationalism, identity, strength

Growth and Change

• Election of 1816- James Monroe– US wants Spanish Florida– Spain distracted by rebellions in Latin American

holdings– US recognized new nations

• Monroe Doctrine– Any attempt to regain former colonies or establish

new ones in western hemisphere would be seen as a threat to US peace and safety

Westward Expansion

“It is our manifest destiny to overspread and topossess the whole of the continent which

Providence has given us for the development ofthe great experiment of liberty and federated

self-government entrusted to us”“Manifest Destiny”

John O’Sullivan, editor ofthe New York Post, arguing

for the annexation of Texas,July, 1845

Oregon Trail

MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR• Election of 1844• James K. Polk• Annexation of Texas, 1845• Texas boundary dispute

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848– U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land– Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)

The new territories brought into the Union forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.

These new territories would upset the balance of powerbetween North and South.

Shifting Gears

• Geography

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kj3CtchB2fs

Practice Test #3