1. COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OFPRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA BY M.K MADAN KUMAR Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore In partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATHIDoctor of Medicine (Ay) IN SHAREERA RACHANA Under the guidance of Vd.AlapatiVinodkumarM.D(Ay)Ph.D AssistantProfessor P.G.StudiesinRachanaShareera AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege,Moodbidri

2. Department of post graduates studies in Shareera Rachana Alvas Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital Moodbidri,Karnataka. 2010 Angat angat sambhavasi hrudayadabhijayathe Atma vai putra namasi sa jeeva sharadam shatam Shatayu shatavarshasi deerghamayu avapnuhi Nakshatrani disho ratri ahascha twamabhirakshatu

3. - Ashtanga Hrudaya

4. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA is a bona-fide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu)Ph.D AssistantProfessorDept. of P.G Studies in Rachana Shareera, Alvas Ayurveda Medical College Moodbidri.Dr.M.KMadanKumarIIIYearP.G.ScholarDept.ofRACHANASHAREERAAlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollegeMoodbidri574227 Date: Place:Moodbidri

5. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA submittedby Dr M.K Madan Kumar in partial fulfilment for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi (M.D) in Rachana Shareera, of Rajiv Gandhi University of HealthSciences,Bangalore,isarecordofresearchworkdonebyhimduring theperiodofhisstudyinthisinstitute,undermyguidanceandsupervision andthedissertationhasnotpreviouslyformedthebasistotheawardofany degree,diploma,fellowshiporothersimilartitles. IrecommendthisdissertationfortheabovedegreetotheUniversityfor theapproval. Guide Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu)Ph.D AssistantProfessorDept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera,Date: AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollegePlace:MoodbidriMoodbidri574227

6. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. CERTIFICATE ThisistocertifythatthedissertationentitledCOMPREHENSIVESTUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYAisabonafide researchworkdonebyDr.M.KMadanKumarundertheguidanceofVd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu) Ph.D ,AssistantProfessorDept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera,forpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementfor the award of the degree in Ayurveda Vachaspathi(M.D) in RachanaShareera, of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, KarnatakaBangalore. DR. RAMA BHAT. K. M. M.D (AYU) ProfessorandH.O.D., Dept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera, AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege Moodbidri574227Date:Place:Moodbidri

7. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. ENDORSEMENT This is to certify that the dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA is a bonafide research work done by Dr.M.KMadanKumarundertheguidanceof Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu) Ph.D , Assistant Professor ,Dept. of P.G Studies in Rachana Shareera, for partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree in Ayurveda Vachaspathi(M.D) in Rachana Shareera, of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,KarnatakaBangalore. PRINCIPAL AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege Moodbidri574227 Date:Place:Moodbidri

8. COPYRIGHT I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertationinprintorelectronicformatforacademic/researchpurpose. Dr.M.KMadanKumar IIIYearP.G.Scholar Dept.ofP.G.StudiesinRachanashareera AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege Moodbidri574227Date:Place:Moodbidri RajivGandhiUniversityofHealthSciences,Karnataka

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAt this jovial jiffy of elated integrate of my work, I meekly bow my head on the feetof almighty who have poured in me constant shore up for the liberation of crossingthis mile stone as well as all success, progress & achievements in my life.I am in short of words while paying my chivalrous & affable regards to my admiredfather P.Madan Mohan Pillai mother S.KrishnaKumari, and brotherKrishnaMohan, in whom I experience the blessings of God, for their supports,sacrifice & encouragement which brought me up to this stage, whose prop up,suggestion, adore & care is the dynamic force in each & every steps of my life.I take this opportunity to express my earnest gratitude to The Former Principal, AlvasAyurveda College,Moodbidri,Dr Laksmeesha Upadhyaya,for letting me disentanglethe world of Ayurveda and explore the colossal possibilities.I put into words my deepest feeling of admiration towards my beloved teacher &guide, Dr.Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar,Asst: Prof., Dept. of Rachana Shareera, whosestirring brainwave; persistent guidance finely tuned me to plot this murky task.Besides this, his tangy prosperity always provided me enough courage to filch up witheach & every task. I am short of glossary to thank my beloved respected preceptor and honourable ,Professor & HOD Dept. of Shareera Rachana, Dr.Rama Bhatt whose masterlysuggestions & enthusiasm at every step which has molded, twisted, and enlightenedmy elfin work into achievement.I bring about my authentic thankfulness to Dr.B.N.Mishra, Prof. Dept. of ShareeraRachana, for his shrewd direction, stanch benefaction, logical & significantsuggestion which fictitious this activity a prolific.This study has been pivoted under the inspirational loom and ever helping attitude ofmy respectful and our teacher Dr G.M.Kandhi who has been the guiding light in theproceedings by encouraging me in all the potential ways.I convey my ingenuous gratefulness to Dr.Vinaya Chandra Shetty, Dr.Shubhadaand former lecturer Dr.H.N Kulkarni,Dept;of Rachana Shareera for their supportthrough out the study duration.

10. This effort would not have been achieved without the opportunity and supportprovided by our visionary chairman DR.MOHAN ALVA. I endorse my respectfuland sincere thanks to him.I cannot move further before thanking to my cherished friends Dr.AnuprabhaDr.Deepak.D,Dr.VivekUnni,Dr.BiniUpendran,Dr.Shreekumar,Dr.JeanGeorgeDr.DeepthiBalakrishnan, for being with me by providing honest support .It is gaffe to my element if I wont tell thanks to my seniors Dr.Soji., Dr.Sukesh,andjunior Dr.Sarath Vasudev.I am very thankful to Mr.Buba,Lab Attendant dept. of Shareera Rachana, staff ofLibrary, Office which was very much requisite for the booming sleeve up of thiswork.Last but not least I thank to Mr.Vijay kumar,Mr.Pradeep Jeothi all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this notion work

11. Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAt this jovial jiffy of elated integrate of my work, I meekly bow my head on the feet ofalmighty who have poured in me constant shore up for the liberation of crossing this milestone as well as all success, progress & achievements in my life.I am in short of words while paying my chivalrous & affable regards to my admiredfather P.Madan Mohan Pillai mother S.KrishnaKumari, and brother KrishnaMohan,in whom I experience the blessings of God, for their supports, sacrifice & encouragementwhich brought me up to this stage, whose prop up, suggestion, adore & care is thedynamic force in each & every steps of my life.I take this opportunity to express my earnest gratitude to The Former Principal, AlvasAyurveda College,Moodbidri,Dr Laksmeesha Upadhyaya,for letting me disentangle theworld of Ayurveda and explore the colossal possibilities.I put into words my deepest feeling of admiration towards my beloved teacher & guide,Dr.Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar,Asst: Prof., Dept. of Rachana Shareera, whose stirringbrainwave; persistent guidance finely tuned me to plot this murky task. Besides this, histangy prosperity always provided me enough courage to filch up with each & every task. I am short of glossary to thank my beloved respected preceptor and honourable ,Professor & HOD Dept. of Shareera Rachana, Dr.Rama Bhatt whose masterlysuggestions & enthusiasm at every step which has molded, twisted, and enlightened myelfin work into achievement.I bring about my authentic thankfulness to Dr.B.N.Mishra, Prof. Dept. of ShareeraRachana, for his shrewd direction, stanch benefaction, logical & significant suggestionwhich fictitious this activity a prolific.This study has been pivoted under the inspirational loom and ever helping attitude of myrespectful and our teacher Dr G.M.Kanthi who has been the guiding light in theproceedings by encouraging me in all the potential ways.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.R ToApplied Aspect Of Hridaya

12. AcknowledgementI convey my ingenuous gratefulness to Dr.Vinaya Chandra Shetty, Dr.Shubhada andformer lecturer Dr.H.N Kulkarni,Dept;of Rachana Shareera for their support throughout the study duration.This effort would not have been achieved without the opportunity and support providedby our visionary chairman DR.MOHAN ALVA. I endorse my respectful and sincerethanks to him.I cannot move further before thanking to my cherished friends Dr.AnuprabhaDr.Deepak.D,Dr.VivekUnni,Dr.BiniUpendran,Dr.Shreekumar,Dr.JeanGeorgeDr.DeepthiBalakrishnan, for being with me by providing honest support .It is gaffe to my element if I wont tell thanks to my seniors Dr.Soji., Dr.Sukesh,andjunior Dr.Sarath Vasudev.I am very thankful to Mr.Buba,Lab Attendant dept. of Shareera Rachana, staff ofLibrary, Office which was very much requisite for the booming sleeve up of this work.Last but not least I thank to Mr.Vijay kumar,Mr.Pradeep Jeothi all those who havedirectly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this notion work.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.R ToApplied Aspect Of Hridaya

13. Abstract ABSTRACT The word Hridaya used in ayurvedic literature means certain parts of the body other than Heart. Thalahrid which is a Mamsamarma situated between Palmar and Plantar aspect.1 Buddhir nivasam Hridayam mentioned by Charaka.2 Hridaya kamalam explained in Sharngadhara Samhita is connected to Respiratory system.3 Hridaya is also being mentioned in different context as: Pratyanga and Kostanga. 4 5 5a One among Dasa Pranayatana.6 Madhyama Roga marga.7 Trimarma.8 Matruja bhava.9 Functions of Heart includes coordination of shadangam, angam, vijnanam, indriya, indriya artha, atma, chetana, chintyam depends on activities of Hridaya.10 Hridaya and Mahasrotas for Pranavahasrotas as well as Hridaya and Dasadhamani for Rasavaha srotas are mentioned as the governing sites (moolasthana).11,12 This peculiarity of Hridaya playing dual role as moolasthana for Pranavaha and Rasavaha srotas remains as a curiosity. Hence to understand this phenomenon the above study is being selected.Materials And Methods Source of dataComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page1

14. Abstract 1. Literature related to the study from Ayurvedic classics along with details of modern science. 2. For the present study dissection of minimum 5 cadavers to expose the different structures of Heart will be conductedDesign of the study Inclusion criteria 1. Pranavaha srotas and Rasavaha srotas Exclusion criteria 1. Manovaha srotas. 2. Other Moolasthanas of Pranavaha and Rasavaha srotas such as Mahasrotas andDasa Dhamani.Key wordsHridaya ,Moolasthana,Pranavaha srotas, Rasavaha srotas.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page2

15. AbstractComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page3

16. Previous Study I. Gupta O.P Ayurvedeeya vagmaya mein hridaya ke swaroopa evam tadsambandhi lakshanon ke tulanatmal adhyayn (1993) Dept: of Ayurveda Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- II. Sharma G.B Ayurveda mein varnita hridaya ek adhyayan (1988) Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Nagpur University,Nagpur III. Janaikar Sonali Hridaya kriyon per shareerika evam bhautika shramon ka parinama.(2004) Govt: Ayurveda Medical College,Lucknow IV. Gupta Pankaj Concept of srotomoola in view of vis-a-vis micro circulation.(2001) State Ayurveda College ,LucknowComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya 1

17. Previous Study V. Mate C.V Pranavaha sroto vigyan,(2001) IPGT&RA,Gujarat Ayurveda University Jamnagar VI. Guptya R .C Rasavaha srotas ek vaigyanika (1994) National Institute Of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan UniversityComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya 2

18. Previous StudyComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya 3

19. CONTENTS SL.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO 01 INTRODUCTION 01-03 OBJECTIVES 02 REVIEW OF LITERATURE-1 04-37 HISTORICAL REVIEW 04-07 SROTAS 08-17 MOOLASTHANA 18 HRIDAYA 19-28 PRANAVAHA SROTAS 29-31 RASAVAHA SROTAS 32-37 03 REVIEW OF LITERATURE-2 38-133 EMBRYOLOGY OF HEART 38-50 ANATOMY OF HEART 51-109 APPLIED ASPECT OF HEART 110-133 04 METHODOLOGY AND OBSERVATION 134-135 05 DISCUSSION 136-140 06 CONCLUSION 141 07 SUMMARY 142 DISSECTION PHOTOS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHYComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya

20. Introduction INTRODUCTION Evolution of well sophisticated and civilized human beings has been narratedin Vedic literature. In the evolution of purusha, Upanishads have explained that fromakasha vayu has evolved from vayu, thejas and from thejas udaka and from udakaprithvi, and from prithvi oushadha, and from oushadha anna and from anna purusha isdeveloped. In the universe anna has been classified in to three types as prana vayu,Drava ahara, Ghana ahara. These can be considered as bahya prana which areessential to all living beings. The transport and assimilation of these bahya pranas inside the body and theanatomical and physiological mechanisms has been well defined in the classics byvarious acharys in under concepts of srothus, dhatus, agni etc. Modern biologists also explain the systemic anatomy and physiology ofmaintaining the homeostasis for balancing the human body. Any deviation to this hasbeen studied under antomico pathology and physio pathology of human body asseparate branches. Ayurvedic classics explains the same while explaining the normalfunctions, increased functions decreased functions and vitiated functions of dosas,dhatus, malas, agni etc. were as vitiated conditions also explains the patho physiologyand anatomic physiologic changes in human body as dushti laxanas of srothus and itsreasons are also explained in detail. The concept of srothus of both the acharyas must be understood differentlybecause the approach of acharyas is different in views regarding the srotus. AcharyaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page1

21. Introductioncharaka has a Patho physiological concept while acharya sushrutha shares an anatopathological concept in understanding the same. In the shastra acharyas unanimously share a uniform opinion, so does inconsidering the moolasthana of prana vaha and rasavaha srotus sharing a commonmoolasthana as hridaya.Moolasthanas has also difference in opinion on its functional entity, that is It is the prabhvasthana Sites of dhatuparinama Sites of governing center Here an effort is made to understand the duality of hridaya to function as amoolasthana of two major srotus with regardance to the two acharys ie:charakasphysio-pathological and Sushruthas anato-physiological concept which are indeedsupported by other classical as well as the modern understanding of applied anatomy.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page2

22. Introduction OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The word Hridaya used in ayurvedic literature means certain parts of the body other than Heart. Thalahrid which is a Mamsamarma situated between Palmar and Plantar aspect.1 Buddhir nivasam Hridayam mentioned by Charaka.2 Hridaya kamalam explained in Sharngadhara Samhita is connected to Respiratory system.3 Hridaya is also being mentioned in different context as: Pratyanga and Kostanga. 4 5 5a One among Dasa Pranayatana.6 Madhyama Roga marga.7 Trimarma.8 Matruja bhava.9 Functions of Heart includes coordination of shadangam, angam, vijnanam, indriya, indriya artha, atma, chetana, chintyam depends on activities of Hridaya.10 Hridaya and Mahasrotas for Pranavahasrotas as well as Hridaya and Dasadhamani for Rasavaha srotas are mentioned as the governing sites (moolasthana).11,12 This peculiarity of Hridaya playing dual role as moolasthana for Pranavaha and Rasavaha srotas remains as a curiosity. Hence to understand this phenomenon the above study is being selected.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page3

23. IntroductionComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page4

24. Ayurvedic Review HISTRORICAL REVIEW HRIDAYA IN VEDASVedic period: The existence of vital organ in which life is situated which works all through the timewas understood by people of prevedic period and vedic period. It seems that they hadbasic knowledge about anatomy and physiology of Hridaya.In Rig-Veda 10/164 there is information about the diseases like Rajayakshma,Hridroga etc and there is explanation about sharira anga pratyanga. Further in 10-25-2and 1-52-7 there is information regarding Hridaya and its importance.In Atharvaveda there is anga pratyanga vibhajana ullekana. Some organs areexplained as rogadhistana where Hridaya is one among them (2/33/1-7). Hridyota,Hridayamaya are the terms used as synonyms of Hridroga.Explanation of sira and dhamani are found in Atharvaveda (1/17/2-3; 7/36/2).Structure of Hridaya is simulated with Pundareeka. There is also reference regardingKrimi, which are named and Rakshasa, Pishaca are used to explain Adrusta Krimivivarnana is found in Atharvaveda (12-5-7)Yajurveda : Very few references related to medicine are found. In shuklayajurveda Balasa, Arsha, Kusta, Hridroga etc are mentioned,(12/75-105;19/81-93;20/5-9;25/2-9) there is reference of Manushya and pashu shareranga.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page4

25. Ayurvedic ReviewUpanishad:Katopanishath: Explains that hridaya granthi regulate the function of heart.Brihadaaranyak Upanishad: We get references of Pranavayu and its functions inHridaya and also we get references, which may mimic heart sound.Shatapata bramhana: We get explanation of various words like aditya, stombhaga etc,which are used to explain hridaya. Hridaya is explained in three Splitted words Hru,Da, Ya.Chandukya Upanishad: We get explanation about structure of Hridaya aspundarikavat.Agnipurana: Quoted that Hridaya develops from kapha, situated in thorax, organresembles like that of lotus bud.Amarakosha: Chitta, chet, swanta, hrit and manas are considered as synonyms ofHridayaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page5

26. Ayurvedic Review Srotas in VedaSeveral words are used to describe word srotas in various hymns of Vedas as asrava,sira, pantha, srotya, antreshu, dhamanya, gavini, nadi or khani and snawani.all thesewords are predominately constituted by akash mahabhoota.literally the word srotas isused to mean various senses. therefore it is very important to compile the scatteredknowledge regarding srotas in Vedas.Atharva vedaIn atharva veda, different terms are used for srotas as,Asrava 1This term is used in the sense of blood flow. this has the close relationship with srotas.Antereshu and gavini2 Both these terms are used for the sense of anna vaha srotas and mutravaha srotasrespectively.Dhamani3Its told in atharva veda that blood flows in the body through hundreds of dhamanies.It indicates towards the synonyms of srotas, dhamani, sira and nadi.Srotyah4Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page6

27. Ayurvedic Review The term srotyah shows the meaning of vahan karma (flow or carry ortransportation) with in the srotas because it is used in the sense of constant flow ofocean.Saptakhani and navadwar4 Both these terms represent the external channels of the body .former includes bothears .eyes, nostrils and mouth where as latter has mana and buddhi too.Panth and path 5The words represent the meaning marga (path or passage).YAJURVEDA In Shukla yajur veda,the word nirabhi srawanti has been mentioned for srotas hereas a synonym and physiological base srawanti and sira are uses as srotas 6.In chant panthan word is used for marga, which is the synonym of srotas 7.Other words are also used in yajurveda for the meaning of srotas,viz-srutyaya,vashantyaya,pathyaya,kulyaya and sarasyaya 8. UPANISHADSAtmopanishad 9 In this text the word srotas is resembled with fountain or waterfall or transportationof water.Padmapurana 10The term srotas is described in sharirotpatti adhyaya of this antique classicComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page7

28. Ayurvedic Review CONCEPT OF SROTAS The description about srotas is present in ancient system of medicine. theanatomical, physiological as well as pathological concepts about srotas are broadlymentioned in Ayurveda samhitas.Charaka samhita:- Charak has described many facts about srotas in meaning the structure through whichthe SRAWANAM kriya takes place 11Sushrutha samhithaSushrutha has described very well about the number kinds and functions of srotas incontext of srotovidddha laxanas (symptoms of injury).as may have been inflicted ontheir moolas.probably the mode of approach in this case is that of surgeons. he hasmentioned eleven pairs of srotas. Sushruta has also mentioned distinguishing featuresof srotas from sira and dhamanies 12.Astanga samgrahaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page8

29. Ayurvedic ReviewRegarding srotas,acharya vagbhatt has similar opinion to acharya charak.vagbhatt hastold that there are indefinite number of srotas in body and whole body is made of withthe network of minute srotasas 13.Human body is made up of srotas and and stoats are same in number as structureentity in it.Vagbhatt mentions external and internal, two types of srotas .he have described nineexternal and thirteen internal srotasas in his text.Astanga hridayamSrotas are same described in astanga samgraha except that there are three extra srotasin female. 14Bhel samhita The descrption about srotas is found in a separate chapter in this text but the scatteredmatter about srotas is found in many chapters.in chikitsa sthan adhyaya 19 and 28,several synonyms of srotas are described in number of diseases in the sense of srotodushti(morbid state of srotas).Kashyapa samhithaKashyapa has described about two types od srotas-sukshma and mahan.nabhi(umbilicus) andRoma kupa (hair follicle) are included in sukshma type of srotas where as mahansrotas are nine in number, in which two are in lower part of body and seven are in thehead.15Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page9

30. Ayurvedic ReviewSharangdhara samhitaSharangdhara at the place of srotas as synonym uses the term randhra. He has toldthat every flesh and blood has large orifices namely one in eye, nose and ear, one inurethra, one in rectum, one in mouth and tenth is in head. Women have three more,one each in two breasts and third in the uterus. He has also told that innumerableminute pores are found in the skin.16 DERIVATION OF THE TERM SROTAS The vyupatti (origin) of term storas are described in various literatures (other thanayurvedic) and ayurvedic literature is as follows-AMARAKOSA According to amarakosa, srotas has been defined as stotambhu saranam swatah.SABDHAKALPADRUMAAccording to shabdha kalpadrum the term srotas is originated from the main root srumeaning gatau. Sravateeti srugatau+sruiribhyam tut+cha+iti asunut cha+ swatoambu saranamityamarahai.e. srotas is that where sravan kriya takes place with motion .this flow is working selfwithout any cause.VACHASPATYAM AND VEDIC SHABDHA SINDHUComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page10

31. Ayurvedic ReviewAccording to both these texts, meaning of the term srotas is conduicts,chidra and dwarof body.CHARAKAAccording to acharya charak the term srotas is defined as srawanat srotamsi i.e. thestructure through which srawanam kriya takes place.Several other ayurvedic veterans and commentators have given their owninterpretation about the derivation of srotas as follows-1)- Chakrapani dutt: According to chakrapani duttta,the term srawana refers to circulation of poshak dhatuand other nutrient dhatu takes place.162)-Kaviraj gangadhara:srawanad rasadi srawapathatwat srotansya uchyanyante3)- Kaviraj ganathsen:sravanam syandanamAll the above interpretations reveal that passage; channel or structure through whichthe syandanam circulation ,of poshak dhatus takes place is srotas.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page11

32. Ayurvedic Review DEFINITION OF SROTAS Acharya charak has described the exact nature of the functions performed bysrotas.he has defined srotas as srawanat srotamsi meaning the structure Throughwhich the srawanam takes place.Further charak has defined srotas as transporting passage of dhatus undergoingtransformation.17The term srotas means channel, it is derived from the Sanskrit root sru srawanemeaning to exudates, to ooze,to filter and to permeate.Charak observes srotamsi serves as ayan mukhas to both the malakhya andrsasdakhya dhatus.The nourish the different species of sthai dhatus and requisitequantities of appropriate nutrition.The term ayanmukhani and mala prasadkhyanam dhatunam,the term former iscomposed of two words viz.ayan and mukhani.ayan is derived from the root vangatou meaning to go or to move through which movement of materials take place.18Acharya charaks definition of srotas as srawanat srotamsi is also similar.chakrapani dutta,in his commentary on the passage under reference,has interpretedthe term ayanani as the place of entry.the reference here is to the functions ofComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page12

33. Ayurvedic Reviewsrotamsi,which in his view,serve twofold purposes viz.serve as conduits throughwhich both Prasada dhatus(nutrient) as well as mala dhatus(waste products andproducts of degradation) are transported and as structures through the pores of whichPrasad dhatus and malas to and from the sthai dhatus.in other words,the channels oftransport,entry and exit of both the poshak dhatus and malas are not distinct anddifferent entities,that is to say,the channels ,which serve as vehicles of transport ofboth Prasad and mala dhatus,also serve the purpose of their egress and ingress. Chakrapani has made a different mention of the specificity of srotamsi.he observessrotamsi do not transport sharer dhatus but only the dhatus which are undergoingmetabolic transformation.the dhatus ,which are formed consecutively form the poshakdhatus ,are the sthayi dhatus.the nutrient material of a particular dhatu does notnourish it through a srotas other than its own,because of the location of poshyadhatus,in different parts of the body.19Sushrutha has excluded sira and dhamani from scope of srotas and compared thesrotas to the fine channels present in the lotus stem through which fluids circulate andexude.20Dalhana ,the renowned commentator of sushrutha samhitha,has accepted in hiscommentary 9/13 that all structures through which prana,anna,lala,rasa,rakthacirculare are srotas. Vagbhatta has like wise compared srotases to extremely fine passages and porespresent in the lotous stem.he observes that rasa spreads throughout the body very finedwaras(pores) of srotamsi which are distributed extensively in the body,very muchlike minute channels present in the lotous stem.21Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page13

34. Ayurvedic Review Therefore all visible and invisible structures,having influence of akash maha bhootaand lumens ,are srotas which transport the progressively variabledhatus,upadhatus,malas,anna,jaja,prana,mana,shabdha etc from one place to anotherplace in the bocy due to this srawan kriyathey are told as srotas. PANCHA BHAUTIC COMPOSITION OF SROTASAcharya charak says that vayu creates the gross and subtle channels with dominanceof akash mahabhoota22Charaka describes the development of srotas as aresult of bhedan karma done by vyanvayu.sushrut has same opiniaon .he says taht vata with the help of ushma(heat) makessrotas by dharan karma(splitting) 23In the formation of srotas the constitution is panchabhutic although there is dominace 24of akasa mahabhoota. MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF SROTASCharak says that each srotas has colour similar to that dhatu which is transportedthrough it.srotas may be vritta(cylindrical or tubular).sthula or anu,dirgha(large),orpratan (reticulated) in shape. 25 Acharya vaghbhatta also shares the same opinion.26According to sushrut ,khani (pores) are found in the walls of dhamanies. very muchlike the minute passages present in a stem of lotus through which they supply rasa toall parts of the body.27Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page14

35. Ayurvedic ReviewVagbhatta has the same idea but he uses the term dwar instead of khani.sushruta hasfurther cited that pratan (reticulation) of srotases are found in mamsadhara kala.27He has further described that srotases are channels ,which have their origin inkhadantaram i.e. an organ cavity,the hridaya for example and spread through out thebody transporting rasadi dhatus(poshak dhatus).sushrut exclodes sira and dhamanifrom srotas. 28On the basis of external features srotas are limited in number, but if they are countedseparately onthe basis of their number then invisible srotas cannot be numerated likepranavaha, mamsavaha etc. Srotases are innumerable.in ayurvedic classics,it isaccepted that purush is a group of srotas,but the only principle behind it that stoats areinnumerable TYPES OF SROTASAccording to Charaka samhitha Srotas has the types as many as corporeal entities.without srotas there is no 28existence of any corporeal entity. A human body is the aggravation of srotas because of their perderves anddiffusiveness of the agents,which aggragate and pacify all dosas.this is nat the reasonthat which srotas belong to which they carry,nourish and where they are situated,allthis is different from the srotas themselves. 29 A few person state that srotas are innumerable because they are many in numberwhere as some persons say that srotas are innumerable.According to Sushruta samhitha:Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page15

36. Ayurvedic Review Srotas respectively conveyingtheprana,anna,udaka,rasa,rakta,mamsa,meda,purisha,shukra and artava naturally fallwith in the scope of shalya tantra.many authotities assert that the srotas areinnumerable and perform different functions in their different aspects.According to Astanga SamgrahaSrotas are innumerable .acharya further mentioned that purush has nine srotas:two ineyes,nose and ears,one in mouth,in rectum,and in urethra.Stree(female) has threemore srotas;two in breasts and one in vagina.other srotas is the place of life,which isthirteen in number i.e. prana,udaka,anna,dhatus,and malas carrying passage.According to Astanga Hridaya Astanga hridaya give the similar description as that of astanga samgraha.30In Kasyapa SamhitaKashyapa has described about two types od srotas-sukshma andmahan.nabhi(umbilicus) and Roma kupa(hair follicle) are included in sukshma type ofsrotas where as mahan srotas are nine in number,in which two are in lower part ofbody and seven are in the head.In Sharangadhara SamhithaSharangdhara at he place of srotas as synonym uses the term randhra.He has toldthat every flesh and blood has large orifices namely one in eye ,nose and ear,one inurethra,one in rectum,one in mouth and tenth is in head. Women have three moreComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page16

37. Ayurvedic Review,one each in two breasts and third in the uterus.he has also told that innumerableminute pores are found in the skin.In Bhavaprakasha Samhitha Bhava prakasha has clarified that mana,prana,anna,udaka,vata pitta,kapha,rasadidhatu,upadhatu,mala,mutra,purisha are carried through the passage known assrotas.srotas is infinite.in place of srotas ,he also uses the term randhra likesharangdhara.He also explained that purusha has ten and sthree has thirteen randhra intheir body. 31Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page17

38. Ayurvedic Review TERM MOOLA IN CLASSIC IN MANU SAMHITHA:- In manu samhitha,term moola is used for different meanings likeshipha,brandhna,angari,kanda,vrindha ,jata,pada,bhakshya and bhojya. Moola is also used as vita or dhana(money) and karana(reason or cause)32 IN MAHABHARAT:- This term is used as addyam (origin or starting) in mahabharat.33 IN CHARAKA SAMHITHA:- Charaka has used this term for reference of karana or adha(reason /cause or base)34 IN SUSHRUTHA SAMHITHA AND ASTANGA HRIDAYA:- MOOLA word is used as a prob or tracer,director,governing center. Dosa dhatu mala moolam hi shareeram ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI:- Moolamithi prabhavasthanam In his commentary the term moola is used as origin place.35.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page18

39. Ayurvedic Review CONCEPT OF HRIDAYAM AS AN INNATE PART OF KOSTHA The visceral organs collectively are considered as kostha. Susrutacaryamentioned that, amasaya , agnyasaya , pakvasaya , mutrasaya , rudhirasaya , Hridaya ,unduka , and phupphusa are to be called together as kostha AS PRANAYATANA Hridaya is one of the organs of pranayatanam. Pranayatanam is also called asjivitadhamam. Ayatanam means resting place and dhamam means residence.These are the resort of life. There are ten pranayatana or jivitadhama situated in ourbody. These are murdha (head), kantha(throat), Hridaya(Heart), nabhi (umbilicus),gudam(anus), vasti(bladder), ojas, sukram (sperm with semen), sonitam (blood) andmamsa (muscle). Out of these the first six organs are said to be marma.AS A MADHYAMAROGAMARGAIn the samprapty (pathogenesis) of a disease there are different courses of spreadingof dosas that is continuously happening in the srotomaya deha. Three rogamargashave been mentioned. Rogamarga means the paths of diseases or channels of diseases.These rogamargas are- Bahyarogamarga (external path of diseases),Madhyamarogamarga (middle path of diseases) and Abhyantararogamarga ( internalpath of diseases). The madhyamarogamarga (middle path of diseases) includesMurdha (head), Hridaya (Heart), vasti (uninary bladder) & other marmas and asthisandhi (articulations of asthi) with their related tendons.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page19

40. Ayurvedic ReviewAS ONE AMONG THE TRIMARMA Vasti (uninary bladder), Hridaya (Heart) and sira (head) are the most importantthree marmas of our body. There are a total of 107 marmas in our body. Of these thethree major marmas are considered in the Trimarma group. The vital anatomical sights, junctions or parts of the body are considered as Marma.Injury of any marma leads either deformity of the body of death of the person.AS A MATRJABHAVA Matrja means maternal. Bhava means existence or innate property. The mrdu (soft)parts like mamsa (muscle), sonita (blooda), medas (fat), majja (bone-marrow), Hrt(Heart) nabhi (umbilicus), yakrt (liver), pliha (spleen), antra (intestine), guda (anus)etc. ate matrjabhava (origin of maternal innate property). ETYMOLOGY OF HRIDAYAM HRIDAYAM is traced to hrdi+ayam -> HRIDAYAM or hridyam. That is this selfis in the heart. That means it is a self controlling organ. HRIDAYA has two synonym. 1. Mahat 2. Artha. In Atharva veda it is mentioned that, Atharva inseparably sutured together hisHridaya (Heart) and Murdhana (Head). Vayu which is located in the adhisiras andfrom the mastiska controls the body.EMBRYOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HRIDAYAM (..)Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page20

41. Ayurvedic Review Hridaya is said to be a collective essence of sonitaprasadam andkaphaprasadam. That is sonitaprasadam and kaphaprasadam are the pureconcentrated essence of the matter of the origin of the organ Hridaya. Hence it is saidSonitakaphaprasadajam Hridayam.MONTHWISE DEVELOPMENT OF HRIDAYAM IN EMBRYONIC STAGE (.. ) : (..) ................ (...) : : : : (..) In the early stage of pregnancy hridaya developes from the basis elements ofsonitaprasadam and kaphaprasadam. In the third month of pregnancy the five pindaka (rudiments) of arms, legs andhead are formed and all parts of the body and their sub-divisions appear in subtleforms. In the fourth month of conception almost all parts of the body takes form. Inthe same month itself the garbha hridaya (foetal heart) manifests with its own shapeand cetanadhatu becomes very clear in it.PRESENCE OF MANDALASANDHI : (..)Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page21

42. Ayurvedic ReviewHridaya contains mandalasandhis (circular joints). It is mentioned that there areeighteen mandalasandhis situated in Hridayaklomanadi.COLLECTION OF CETANA IN HRIDAYAM (..) (..) The organ Hridaya is considered as the collection of caitanya (more potential)in our body. Susruta says the Hridaya is the seat of centana (consciousness).According to caraka Hridaya is the only organ with the predominance of cetana(consciousness). Moreover, Caraka says that Hridaya is the only major substratum ofojas ANATOMY OF HRIDAYAMANGAREKHANKANAM (SURFACE MARKING) ...................... : (.. The organ Hridaya is situated in the uras (thoracic region) and is located in the stanamadhya (between the two breasts) occupying the urahkostham (mediastinum) near the amasayadvaram (cardiac orifice of the stomach). AKARAM (SHAPE) (..: ) (..- )Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page22

43. Ayurvedic Review The shape of Hridaya looks like a Pundarika. (..- )Dalhanacarya indicates that, Hridaya is one of the siramarma and its shape is likekamalamukulam (lotus bud). The breadth of Hridaya is measured as four angulam In the fifth month of intrauterine life the manas (mental faculty) of the foetusbecome very much developed. Cetana of the foetus become obvious in this month.DASAMAHAMULAS OF HRIDAYAM : (..) The Artha ie; Hridaya has been closely related with dasamahamula ordasamulasira. These mahamulas support the body in many ways. Susrutacary saysthat Hridaya is an organ of siramarma. These dasamahamulas are divided into 24 and are nomenclatured on the basisof its directions. The ten dhamani which are directed upwards are named asurdvadhamanis. Ten dhamani which are directed downwards are named asadhodhamanis. The other four dhamanis which are directed obliquely are named astiryagdhamanis.PHYSIOLOGY OF HRIDAYAMIMPORTANCE OF HRIDAYA FUNCTIONComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page23

44. Ayurvedic ReviewIt is explained that sadangam (head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs), angam(other viscera), vijnanam (knowledge or consciousness), indriyas (sense faculties-cognitive and conative organs), indriyarthas (five objectives of the special sense-sound, touch, vision, taste and smell), atma (soul), atmagunas (qualities or attributesof atma), ceta (mind) and cintyam (objects of mind) depend on the activities ofHridaya. Hridaya and dasadhamani are the site of origin of rasavaha srotas . Hridayaand mahasrotas are the site of origin of pranavaha srotas .IMPORTANCE OF VATA, PITTA and KAPHA : (.. ) (.. ) Depending on the different types of specific functions of tridosa, vata pittakapha have been mentioned; the functional units VYANA VAYU, SADHAKAPITTA and AVALAMBAKA KAPHA are situated in Hridaya for its specificfunctions. Out of these, vyanavayu has a major role .RASADHATU AND RAKTADHATU Rasadhatu promotes upacaya, balam , varnam , sthiti and hani . Deha (body) is the product of ahara(food). Rasadhatu is the sarabhaga of aharaafter digestion. Ahara is the combination of pancamahabhuta ( prithvi, ap, tejas, vayuand akasa). The chewed, swallowed, drunk and licked types of food materials have sixdifferent tasts (madhura, amla, lavana, tikta, usana, and kasaya) or is of two virya (-Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page24

45. Ayurvedic Reviewusna or sita) or eight fold properties (guru-heavy, laghu-light, snigdha- unctuous,ruksa-roughness, hima-cold, usna-hot, mrdu-soft, tiksna sharp) and of a variety ofother active or functional qualities. The food is fully digested in the asaya with thehelp of pacakagni giving rise to rasadhatu. This rasadhatu is extremely thin,attenuated in its consistency and forms the essence of the assimilated food. Therasadhatu spreads through the whole organism and permeates the entire body. Rasahas its primary seat in Hridaya. Susrutacarya says that asitam (swallowed), khaditam (chewed), pitam (drunk) andlidham (licked) food materials are digested in proper time by pittatejas (heating actionof pitta). Ranjakagni is one of the five pitta which is situated in yakrt (liver) andpliha (spleen). This ranjakagni imparts its characteristic pigment to rasa in the courseof its circulation and thus becomes reddish in colour. The term rasa is derived from the root rasa which means to go. That isthe dhatu which is always continuously moving is called the rasa. : : : (.) Rasadhatu exercise a soothing effect upon the entire human body and tends tocontribute its attributes to the formation of rakta (blood). Rakta gives complexion .nourishment of mamsa and maintenance of vitality is also done by raktadhatu.CIRCULATION ( ) : :Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page25

46. Ayurvedic Review : (.) : (: )Vyanavayu plays a major role in the function parivrtti of rasadhatu. The seat ofVyanavayu is Hridaya (heart). Vyanavayu has an extraordinary property ie; toperform all types of coordinated movements at the same time. This property ofVyanavayu is mentioned in ayurveda sastra as Yugapat sarvatah. This Yugapatsarvatah (coordinated regular rhythm) can be considered as the all or none-lawproperty of heart..CAKRAVAT (IN CIRCULATION) Due to the integrated function of Vyanavayu the rasadhatu is continuouslycirculating throughout the entire body. It is said that the all pervading(krisnadehacara) and mighty speedful (mahajava) Vyanavayu stimulates the rasadhatufor a continuous flow in our body. This rasadhatu nourishes all the dhatus. Circulation of rasarakta happens due to Parivriti. This process called parivrtti undergoes a circular manner and this ismentioned as Cakravat Carakacarya also mentions the process Parivrtti asSamvartamanam. I.e. cyclic rotation. Bhelacarya has indicated the circulation of rasadhatu as mentioned above.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page26

47. Ayurvedic Review On the basis of this cyclic rotation of rasaraktadhatu, the function viksepa(contraction) ans samharana (dilatation) of HRIDAYAM is collectively considered asParivrtti. RESPIRATION AND HRIDAYAMRELATED ORGANS OF RESPIRATION . The site of origin of pranavahasrotas and rasavahasrotas have beenmentioned in Hridayakriyasarira chapter. Hridaya has been mentioned in both thesrotases. The site of origin of annavahasrotas (channels carrying annam (food andnutrients) includes amasaya (stomach) and vamaparsvam (lungs). The mahasrotah mentioned in pranavahasrotas and vamaparsvam mentioned inannavahasrotas have a major role in svasakriya.IMPORTANCE OF PRANA Hridaya is depended by all pranavahadhamanis. Pranavata has a major role inthe function of svaskriya. It is mentioned that prana should be protected for themaintenance of all the other vayus-udana, vyana, samana and apana. This indicatesthat the normal state of prana is highly essential for the harmony of body. Ifpranavayu is deviating from its normal position then it has to be brought back tonormalcy to maintain the integrity of the body. Otherwise pranavayu will have anadverse influence on the ten important ayatanas (seats) if its own. These ayatanas aresankha (temples), marmatraya (sira, vasti and Hridaya), kantha (throat), rakta (blood),sukra (sperm including semen), ojas (vital energy) and gudam(rectum)Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page27

48. Ayurvedic ReviewSVASAKRIYA (RESPIRATION) . In Sangadhara samhita the above function is described in another manner. Thepranavayu which is situated in nabhi (naval region) comes in contact with the antaraof hrt kamala(interseptum of Hridaya). The pranavayu flows outwards form kantha(throat) to take inside the visnu padamrtam (oxygen). After drinking thisambarapiyusam (oxygen) the pranavayu from nabhi again and again continues this actin a regular manner. It is also indicated that this process supplies energy to thejatharagni (digestive enzymes) and nourishes the whole body. This process isapplicable in both respiration and circulation.MIND AND HRIDAYAM ( ) ............. : ( ) ( )Sariram (body) and sattva (mind) constitute the substrata of vyadhi (diseases) andsukha (positive health). It has already been mentioned in the kriyasarira chapter thatcetah i.e. citta (mind) and cintyam (objects of mind) are included in the activities ofHridaya. Hridaya is said to be the organ of Caitanya samgrahah (the controller ofmind).Susruta says that the marma Hridaya is the seat of satvarajastamas. When tamogunabegins to control the Hridaya, then the individual falls into a deep sound sleep. Thedosasamgraha (pathogenic factors) in the Manas (mind) are rajas and tamasComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page28

49. Ayurvedic Review.From this explanation it is clear that manas (mind-mental faculty) has a major role toplay in the harmony of the dosas and the proper function of HRIDAYAM.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page29

50. Ayurvedic Review PRANAVAHA SROTASPranavaha srotas according to Charaka samhitha Hridaya and maha srotas aare the sites of origin of the channels carrying pranavayu36Pranavaha srotas according to Sushrutha samhitha Channels of passage of prana vayu are two their moolasthana are hridaya andrasavahini dhamani 37Normal functions of vata dosa in the bodyWhen vata is in normal state it reflects in the form of enthusiasam,inspiration,expiration,movments,normal metabolic transformation of tissues andproper elimination of excreta .38Functions of abnormal functions of vata dosa in the bodyThe diminution of vata,pitta and kapha is indicated by the decrease in their respectivenormal actions or increase in their respective opposite acionsPoof of existence of lifeHere prana is refered to as inspirationThe existence of life is represented byInspiration and expirationTwingling of the eyesLifeMental perceptionComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page30

51. Ayurvedic ReviewShift from one object of sense organ to another, shift from visual perception to tactileperceptionMobility and stability of mindJourney to another country in dreamsAnticipation in deathKnowledge of something visualised in the right eye by the left eye etc All these are signs of a living being(with prana)these signs are not available inrespect of a dead bodyChakrapani comments on this as That prana and apana refers to as inspirarion and expiration procedurePrana explained according to Sushrutha samhitha Vayu that moves in the oral cavity it supports the body allows the ingested foodinside the alimentary tract and maintain the functions of prana, when vitiated it 39produces hiccup, dysponea etcExplanation of respiration Sharangdhara Samhitha Sharangdhara has explained that prana which is located in the nabhi touches thestructure Hrid kamalam refered to as hridayam to collect the Vishnupadamruth andexpelled out through the kantha and collects the ambara peeyusha spreads all over thebodyto give preenana and strengthns the jatara agni40 .Bahya parana and abhyantara pranaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page31

52. Ayurvedic ReviewThe body is supported by bahya prana and abhyantara prana whose function is tosupport the pancha bhootakatwa of the bodySroto dushti karanas explained Charaka samhita Prana vaha srotas get vitiated by fasting,suppression of natural urges,indulgence in ununctuous things,performance of excercise ehile hungary and such other harmfulregimens.41Sroto dushti laxanas explained by Charaka samhitha Increase or obstruction of flow of contents of the channels appearance of nodules inthe channels and diversion of flow of contents to improper channels- these are ingeneral signs(results)of vitiation of channelsLine of treatment explained by Charaka samhitha Therapies for the treatment of vitiation of prana,are same as that of swasakriya42 Sroto viddha laxanas explained by Sushrutha samhitha Pranavaha srotas when injured symptoms such as cryig with pain,bending of thebody,delusion,loss of consciousness,giddiness and tremors or death manifest.Srotho dushti explained by charakaThe characteristic manifestations of vitiation of the channels are too long toorestricted,aggravated,shallow or frequent respirations associated with sound and pain. C.S/vim/5/7-8Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page32

53. Ayurvedic Review RASA VAHA SROTUSRasavahasrotas according to Charaka samhitha 43The channels carrying rasa has its moolasthana as hridaya and dasadhamaniRasavaha srotas according to sushrutha samhitha The channels of rasa are two in number these are hridaya and rasavahini dhamani. 44 Circulation of rasa in the body45 Food composed of panchamahabhootas prithvi,ap,thejas.vayu akasa of fourkinds of ahara which composes of six tastes in combination with two types of viryaand eight types of virya and showing the effect of twenty gunas which will undergoing paka and get separated as sara and kitta bhaga, the sookshma amsa of this sarabhaga which is composed of prasada bhaga is known as rasa.Definition of rasa 46 That which flows is explained as rasa according to sushrutha samhitha Rasathi raso dravadathutuchyathae;thena rudiraadeenamapi dravanaam grahanam bhavathiAccording to chakrapani,commentary ,rasa stands for all circulating fluids in the bodyincluding the blood. Thejobhoota param sookshmaah sa raktharasa uchyathae 47The completely digested essential and minutest material is called rakta rasa.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page33

54. Ayurvedic ReviewCirculation of rasatmaka ojas 48 The ten great blood vessels connected to heart carry rasatmaka ojas ,on which thewhole life process itself is dependent.Location of rasa 49 Thasya hdidayam sthanamThe location of rasa dhatu is mentioned as hridaya.Importance of rasa 50Since rasa dhatu contains all the nutrients required for the body it can be assumed thatliving body is a product of rasa ,hence one must be carefull in protecting the rasadhatu by proper diet,waterintake and proper behaviour.Role of Vyana vayuVyana vayu is responsible for the movement of rasa dhatu all over the body.Vyana vayu constantly makes rasa dhatu to get forcefully ejected and get circulatedall over the body to perform its function .(of providing nutrition) 51Seat of Vyana vayu 52Vyana is located in the heart ,moves all over the body with great speed,attends thefunctions such as movements,expansion,contraction,upward movement,opening andclosing of the eyelids,yawning,feeling the taste of the food,clearing of thechannels,causing the flow of sweat and blood,bringing the male reproductive tissue into uterus,separating the nutrient portion and waste portion of the food and supplyingnourishment to all dhatus in proper order.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page34

55. Ayurvedic ReviewRole of samana vayu and rasa dhatu 53Samana vata goverens the process of re entry of rasa in to the heart.Normal functions of rasa 54Rasa provides a sense of satisfaction,nutrition and nourishment to rakta in normalcondition.Increased functions of rasa 56Rasa undergoing vriddhi causes excess salivation,anorexia,bad taste inmouth,nausea,obstruction,of the channels,awersion to sweet taste,body aches andother symptoms of increased kapha dosa.Decreased functions of rasa57Rasa dhatu undergoing ksaya produces inability to withstand noise ,increase of heartrate,tremor,emaciation,pains,emptiness of organs,pulsations,and rubbing,exhaustioneven by sight activity and feeling of fear.Relation between rasa and raktha 58According to sushrutha rasa even being watery attains red colour when it goes to theliver and spleen.According to sharanghadhara samhitha dhamanis are the structures which carry rasaand maruta(vata) in the body. 59 60Rasa vaha srotas according to CharakaHridaya and the ten vessels are the site of origin of the rasa vaha srotas.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page35

56. Ayurvedic ReviewRasavaha srotas according to Sushrutha 61There are two moolasthanas explained for rasavaha srotas hridaya and rasavahinyadhamanyah.Rasavaha srothas according to VaghbhattaThe moolasthana of rasa vaha srothas according to vaghbhata is hridaya and dasadhamani.Rasavaha sroto dushti according to Charaka61The following are the conditions of vitiation of rasa vaha srotas which is exactly sameas that of vitiation of rasa dhatu explained in Asradha (disinclination of food) Aruchi (anorexia) Asya vairasya(tastelessness) Arasanjatha Hrillasam(water brash) Gowravam(heaviness) Tantram(giddiness) Jwaram(fever) Panduthwam(anaemia) Srotho rodham(obstruction of channels)Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page36

57. Ayurvedic Review Klaibyam(impotence) Anga sadam(inability to do things) Krishangatha(emaciation) Agni nasam(loss of digestive power) Valayam(wrinkling) Palitham(greying of hair)Rasavaha srotho vidha laxanas according to SushruthaWhen the moolasthanas of rasa vaha srotas is injured it leads to sosha(emaciation) andsymptoms of pranavahasrotas as well that is when injured symptoms such as cryigwith pain,bending of the body,delusion,loss of consciousness,giddiness and tremors ordeath manifestCirculation of rasa in the bodyRasa gets ejected out of the heart moves all over the body and there after returns tothe heart through the blood vessels called siras ,so siras also originate in heart.62Theories of circulationKhale kapotha nyayam (selective process)This theory explains the autom regulation of blood flow by tissue factor.blood flow toeach tissue is regulated depending on metabolic needs of the particular tissue.thisexample given for the theory is that of different pigeons ,picking up the grains fromComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page37

58. Ayurvedic Reviewthe same feild and returning to the original places.Here ,the choice regarding theamount of grains purely depends on the need of individual pigeon.Kedara kulya nyayamAccording to this theory aahara rasa reaches rasa dhatu through rasavaha srothas.thereit nourishes rasa dhatu and attains the charecteristis of rasa dhatu,and from there itgoes to raktha dhatu attains the quality of raktha dhatu and then to presiding dhatus. 63Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page38

59. Modern review EMBRYOLOGY OF THE HEART 1 The heart is like (all blood vessels) is mesodermal in origin. It is formed fromsplanchnopleuric mesoderm lying immediately cranial to the prochordal plate. Thismesoderm constitutes the cardiogenic area. It is closely related to the pericardialcavity (which is derived from part of the intra embryonic coelom).Heart is first seen in the form of a right and left endothelial heart tubes that soon fusewith each other. The single tube thus formed shows a series of dilatations.These are bulbous cordis ventricle (primitive ventricle) atrium (primitive chamber) sinus venosus The ventricle and atrium are connected by narrow atrio-ventricular canal. Thesinus venosus has prolongations that are refered to as it left horns. The bulbus cordis lies at the arterial end of the heart. It is divisible in to threeparts, i.e, proximal, middle and distal. The proximal one third is dilated and does nothave any special name; the middle one third is called conus and the distal one third isknown as truncus arteriosus. The t runcus arteriosus is continuous distally with aorticsac. The arotic sac is continuous with right and left pharyngeal arch arteries .thesearteries arch backwards to become continuous with the right and left dorsal arotae.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page38

60. Modern review The sinus venosus lies at the venous end of the heart .it has right and left horns.one vitelline vein(from yolk sac) ,one umbilical vein(from the placenta) and onecommon cardinal vein(from the body wall)join each horn of sinus venosus.Major developments Heart develops from the splanchnopleuric mesoderm related to that part of theintra embryonic coelom that forms the pericardial cavity .this mesoderm is thecardiogenic area. Two endothelial heart tubes (right and left) appear and fuse to formone tube .this tube has a venous end and an arterial end.A series of dilatations appear on this tube. This is 1.bulbous cordis2.ventricle.3.atrium.4.sinus venosus. Further subdivisions are named as follows. the bulbous cordis consists ofproximal one third(which is dialated),a middle one third called conus and a distal onethird called the truncus arteriosus. The narrow part connecting atrium and ventricle isthe atria-ventricular canal. The sinus venosus has right and left horns. The right and left atria of the heart are formed by the partition of the primitiveatrium. This partition is formed by the septum primum and septum secundum. avalvular passage, the foramen ovale ,is present between these septa. that allows theflow of blood from the right atria to the left atrium. The dialated proximal one third of the bulbus cordis is, the conus, and primitiveventricle unite to form one chamber. This portioned to form right and left ventricles.This partition is made up of following.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page39

61. Modern review 1. Interventricular septum (that grows upwards from the floor of the primitive ventricle. 2. The bulbar septum (that divide the conus in to two parts) 3. The gap between these two is filled by proliferation of atria-ventricular cushions that are formed in the atria ventricular canal.The truncus arteriosus is continuous with the aortic sac. This sac has right and lefthorns .each horn is continuous with six pharyngeal (or aortic) arch arteries. Thesearteries join the dorsal aorta(right and left).the first, second and fifth arch arteriesdisappear. the caudal parts of the right and left dorsal aortae fuses to form one medianvessel.The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk are formed from the truncus arteriosus.The arch of aorta is formed by the aortic sac, its left dorsal aorta and partly formed thefused median vessel.The brachiocephalic artery is formed from right horn of the arotic sacThe common carotid artery is derived from part of the third arch artery.The pulmonary artery is derived from sixth arch arteryThe arteries to the gut are formed from ventral splanchnic branches of dorsal aorta.The renal, supra renal and gonadal arteries are formed from splanchnic drenches ofdorsal aorta.Arteries to the body wall and limbs are derived from dorsolateral (somaticintersegmental) branches of the aorta.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page40

62. Modern review The left subclavia artery is derived from part of the seventh cervical intersegmentalartery. The right subclavian artery is formed partly from the seventh cervicalintersegmental artery and partly from the seventh cervical intersegmental artery andpartly from the right fourth arch artery.The portal vein is formed from right and left vitelline veins and anastomoses betweenthem.The superior venacava is derived from part of the right anterior cardinal vein and fromright common cardinal vein.The inferior venacava receives contributions from several veins (and anastomosesbetween them).These are right posterior cardinal vein, the right sub cardinal vein, theright supra cardinal vein and right hepatic cardiac channel.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page41

63. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page42

64. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page43

65. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page44

66. Modern review Further detailsThe internal surfaces of the heart and of all blood vessels are lined by allayer offlattened cells called endothelium. The endothelium is supported on the out side byvarying amount of muscle and connective tissue .all components of heart and bloodvessels i.e. endothelium ,muscle and connective tissue are of mesodermal origin.The primitive heart begins to pump blood through the network of vessels with theresult that nutrition from the placenta and yolk sac can be made available to thegrowing embryo.The heart is there fore, the first organ of the body to start functioning.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page45

67. Modern review The heart develops the angioblastic tissue that arises from this splanchnopleuricmesoderm.which is therefore, called the cardiogenic area.The splanchnopleuric mesoderm lining the dorsal side of the pericardial cavityproliferates to form a thick layer called the myopericardial mantle(or epi myocardialmantle).This gives rise to the cardiac muscle (myocardium) and also to the visceral layer ofpericardium(epicardium).the parietal layer of pericardium is derived fromsomatopleuric mesoderm. Valves of the heartThe mitral valve and tricuspid valve are formed by proliferation of connective tissueunder the endocardium of the left and right atrioventricular canals.The pulmonary and arotic valves are derived from endocardial cushions that areformed at the junction of the truncus arteriosus and the conus.Pulmonary valve is at first ventral to the arotic valve. Subsequently, there is a rotationto the pulmonary valve comes to lie ventral and to the left of the aortic valve. It isonly after this rotation that cusps acquire their definitive relationships.(pulmonarytrunk: one posterior, two anterior,Aorta:one anterior ,two posterior.Conducting system of heart At the stage when there are two heart tubes, a pacemaker (which later formsthe Sino atrial node) lies in the caudal part of the left tube.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page46

68. Modern review The atroventricular node and atrio ventricular bundle form in the left wall ofthe sinus venosus, and in the atrio-ventricular canal. After the sinus venosus isabsorbed in to the right atrium, the atrio-ventricular node comes to lie near theinteratrial septum.CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES Dextrocardia Ectopia cordis Atresia or stenosis Abnormal growth Defective formation of septa Combined defects-fallots tetralogy interventricular septal defect aorta overriding the free upper edge of the ventricular septum Pulmonary stenosis Hypertrophy of the right ventricle OTHER DEFECTS 1. Pericardium may be partially or completely absent 2. There may be congenital defects in the conducting system of the heartComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page47

69. Modern review 3. Anomalies of the chamber 4. Transposition of great vessels 5. Taussig-Bing syndrome 6. The superior vena cava can end in left atriumComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page48

70. Modern review MAJOR EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYESTEM2AGE DEVELOPMENT AL EVENTS3rd WEEK Blood and blood vessels forming cells. The cardiogenic area Heart tubes and pericardium have formed.4th week Heart and pericardium lie ventral to forgut Subdivisions of heart tube are visible. Heart begins to beat Formation of septa Aortic arches start appearing in cranial to caudal sequence. Most of the first aortic arch disappears at the end of the 4th week Veins start forming5th week The spiral septum is formed Formation of aortic arches is complete Lymphatic sacs form. The cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins are formed6th week Conduction system of heart forms7th week Coronary circulation is established. Atrio ventricular valves and papillary muscles are forming. Heart septa are completely formed. Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page49

71. Modern review PICTURE FOETAL CIRCULATIONComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page50

72. Modern review ANATOMY OF HEARTHEARTGeneral organizationThe heart is a pair of valves muscular pumps combined in a single organ Although thefibromuscular framework and conducting tissues of these pumps are structurallyinterwoven, each pump (the so-called right and left hearts) is physiologicallyseparate, and is interposed in series at different points in the double circulation.Despite this functional disposition in series, the two pumps are usually describedtopographically in parallel.Of the four cardiac chambers, the two atria receive venous blood as weakly contractilereservoirs for final filling of the two ventricles, which then provide the powerfulexpulsive contraction that forces blood into the main arterial trunks.The right heart commences at the right atrium, and receives the superior and inferiorvenae cavae together with the main venous inflow from the heart itself via thecoronary sinus. This systemic venous blood traverses the right atrioventricular orifice,guarded by the tricuspid valve, to enter the inlet component of the right ventricle.Contraction of the ventricle, particularly its apical trabecular component, closes thetricuspid valve and, with increasing pressure, ejects the blood through the muscularright ventricular outflow tract into the pulmonary trunk. The blood then flows throughthe pulmonary vascular bed, which has a relatively low resistance. Changes inpressure, time relations and valvular events are described below. Many structuralfeatures of the right heart, including its overall geometry, myocardial architectureand the construction and the relative strengths of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves,Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page51

73. Modern review accord with this low resistance, being associated with comparatively low changes inpressure.The left heart commences at the left atrium, which receives all the pulmonary inflowof oxygenated blood and some coronary venous inflow. It contracts to fill the leftventricle through the left atrioventricular orifice guarded by its mitral valve. Thevalve is the entry to the inlet of the left ventricle. Ventricular contraction rapidlyincreases the pressure in the apical trabecular component, closing the mitral valve andopening the aortic valve, enabling the ventricle to eject via the left ventricular outflowtract into the aortic sinuses and the ascending aorta, and thence to the entire systemicarterial tree, including the coronary arteries. This vast vascular bed presents a highperipheral resistance that, with large metabolic demands (especially the sustainedrequirements of the cerebral tissues), explains the more massive structuralorganization of the left heart. The ejection phase of the left ventricle is shorter thanthat of the right, but its fluctuations in pressure are very much greater. Because of itscontrasting functional demands, the heart is far from a simple pair of (structurallycombined) parallel pumps, even though the right and left ventricles must deliver moreor less the same volume with each contraction. The heart has a complicated, spiral,three-dimensional organization which is markedly skewed when compared with theplanes of the body. Terms such as left and right, anterior and posterior, superiorand inferior, therefore, do not always assist the descriptions of cardiac anatomy.Another potential source of confusion is the usual study of isolated whole or dissectedhearts, with the subsequent difficulty in relating details to the heart as it is positionedwithin the body. The following preliminary description emphasizes such difficultiesin order to circumvent certain misconceptions, before proceeding to an account ofmore detailed structure.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page52

74. Modern review The right heart, while forming the right aspect or border follows a gentle curve andcovers most of the anterior aspect of the left heart (except for a left-sided stripincluding the apex). Thus the right heart forms the largest part of the anterior surface,its outflow tract ascending until it terminates on the left side of the outflow tract fromthe left ventricle. The sites of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves are widely separatedand on different planes, the flat cavity of the right ventricle (crescentic in its section)splaying out between them. Conversely, the left heart (except the left-sided stripmentioned above) is largely posterior in position and when viewed from the front isobscured by the chambers of the right heart. The inlet to the left ventricle (containingthe mitral valve) is very close to its outlet (the aortic valve), the two being embracedby the wide tract linking inlet and outlet components of the right ventricle. The planesof the left ventricular orifices, although relatively inclined, are more nearly co-planarthan those of the right. The left ventricular cavity is narrow and conical, and its tipoccupies the cardiac apex. Most of the base of the heart is made up of the left atrium.CARDIAC SIZE, SHAPE AND EXTERNAL FEATURESThe heart is a hollow, fibromuscular organ of a somewhat conical or pyramidal form,with a base, apex and a series of surfaces and borders. Enclosed in the pericardium itoccupies the middle mediastinum between the lungs and their pleural coverings. It isplaced obliquely behind the body of the sternum and the adjoining costal cartilagesand ribs. Approximately one-third of the mass lies to the right of the midline.An average adult heart is c.12 c