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Practices of feeding dairy animals by SNV Client farmers and some recommendations for promising technologies
Presented by Solomon Mogus at the Fodder Roundtable Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, January 27, 2011
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I. Background of the Study• The study was initiated by the Multi Stakeholder Platform
(the “Coordination Group”) of the Milk Value Chain of SNV’s BOAM Programme .
• In total Five sites namely Chancho, Sululta, Debre Markos, Jimma and Addis Alem were visited.
• Innovative farms as comparison visited: the Genesis Dairy Farm, Franco Nardelli Dairy Farms at Debre Zeit, and the Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources (SUN) Project in Oromia located in Northern Shoa
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II. Introduction • Livestock productivity in Ethiopia is very low and the diary
production is not an exception. The low production of milk is attributed to a number of factors including the following:
▫ shortage of feed▫ Lower productivity of local breeds▫ limited access to technologies like AI services▫ Animal Diseases▫ High cost of improved breeds
Feed contributes up to 60-80% of cost of milk production
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II. Introduction ….• Current situation in the country in terms of milk production
▫ The quantity and quality of milk production is very low compared to the number of livestock in the country
▫ Milk contributes 20-25% of the value of the livestock sector▫ Milk consumption is very low estimated at a per capita consumption
of 20 liters which is the lowest even among the neighboring countries
Objectives of the study • Identify and organize different research outputs of different dairy feeds
in improving quantities and quality of milk production • Recommend alternative feed sources which are cheaper in price and
better potential for milk production
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III. Challenges of feeding dairy animals in the study sites 1. Feed is scarce and costly:
• No oil meals or flour meals in the environs of towns such as Jimma and Debre Markos exist.
• The breweries are too far from farmers to make haulage of wet brewer’s grain practical and economical.
• Therefore, the local cooperatives/dairy farmers currently need to bring wheat bran, noug cake and mixed dairy ration from distant towns.
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2. Quality of forage is low and the price of forage high:
• Usually cut-and-carry system is practiced
• Forage is of poor quality and is mainly consists of unimproved pasture grasses .
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3. Straw and forage are fed without being chopped.
• Farmers usually bring either cut-and-carry forage or straw and feed their animals without prior chopping.
• This leads to considerable wastage of straw and fresh forage.
• Practices of ensiling crop residue with molasses and urea spray for twenty one days has been observed at Sululta.
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4. Shortage of land for forage development:
• Almost all farmers members of the Cooperative Association keep their animals in their homestead
• At times there is almost no space for animals to exercise let alone to graze.
• This is particularly the case in the urban settings of Jimma and Debre Markos.
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5. Constraints to use of wet brewers’ grain:
• Wet brewers’ grain is fed in
Sululta, Chancho and Debre Zeit.
• At Chancho every two weeks a truck load of wet brewers’ grain is brought for distribution to the farmers.
• In Nardelli farm for example a
concrete container is built for storage
• salt solution is used as a preservative.
•
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6. Little utilization of improved forage species:
• In general there is limited utilization of improved forages by the smallholder farmers
• In the Debre Markos area, Land O’Lakes has popularized back yard forage production of Elephant grass, fodder beet, alfalfa, vetch, Rhodes grass and Sesbania
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7. Use of “non conventional feeds”:
• Local Brewers grain (atela), false banana stem, and fines from cereals threshing grounds (“Geleba”) or cereal milling by products (“Bitare”) are widely used by smallholder farmers.
• These feeds could be incorporated into the formulation of least cost diets
8. There is some form of supplementation in practice
• Mixture of wheat bran, noug cake with brewers grain/Atela
• shredded barley straw mixed with brewers grain and noug cake .
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IV. Some recommended feeding technologies
1. Chopping of straw and forages:
• A small electric driven chopper for the dairy farmers is a potential input;
• it decrease both the wastage of feeding long straws/hay and forages.
• Through chopping the feed, intake will increase
• It thus reduces the need to purchase alternative costly feeds.
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2. Use of Molasses Urea Block (MUB) as Livestock Feed:
• This technology is not at all in use in the sites nor in the innovative farms at the moment
• the increase in the size of sugar factories will entail more molasses production in the country and its use in the formation MUB should be encouraged
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3. Drying brewer’s grain at the breweries:
• Drying the wet by product and bagging it makes it easy to transport
• It makes it less perishable
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4. Maize and grass silage popularization using plastic bags:
• During the main rainy season, farmers are able to prepare maize or grass silage.
• However, there are few cases of silage use.
• The unavailability of plastic sheet and absence of knowledge and skill of silage making , lack of chopper may be the limiting factors.
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5. Provision of improved seeds/seedlings along with a training package in forage management:
• Providing starter seed • training farmers with
skill on proper raising, harvesting and feeding of the improved forages
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6. Mixing one’s own ration (home mix):
The prerequisites are:
•The availability of
the feed ingredients
• The feed mixing know-how.
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7. Proper timing of harvest of forage and its proper drying:
• Hay preparation is widespread in most of the sites visited.
• However, the grass is normally cut at late maturity.
• The use a drying tripod made of sticks and the provision of shelter to protect the stack from rain is important
• Furthermore, harvesting the hay forage at its nutritionally optimal stage of maturity is matter to be stressed for farmers.
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8. Treatment of crop residue: • Chopping or grinding straw• Treatment of shredded wheat and barley
straw with urea, molasses, salt and water prior to feeding .
• Ensiling crop residues with urea treatment.
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V. General Recommendations and Conclusion1. Strengthening the Cooperatives and Forming
New Dairy Cooperative associations• Creating a distribution center of feed
ingredients to the farmers: These feed ingredients could be oilseed cakes, wheat shorts or (dried) brewers grain or molasses.
• Setting up a feed mill with local ingredients to come up with least cost rations
• Setting up milk collection centers possibly with a cooler.
• Creating a sustainable market linkage for milk
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V. General Recommendations and Conclusion ….2. Training model farmers and/or personnel of
coop• how to use feed ingredients to prepare home
mix using simple methods• Pasture improvement especially over sowing of
Rhodes grass, the growing and utilization of forages
• Dry Season feeding as silage and hay making.• The use of pulverization/chopping of crop
residues to increase utilization• The treatment of crop residues, the use of MUB
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V. General Recommendations and Conclusion ….3. The use of client farmers as a model
farmer in a smallholder community as used in SNV BOAM programme.
• The forum such as open days to bring together farmers and service providers
• Farmers exchange visits as that of the experience of the SUN project in Oromia.
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4. Optimum utilization of brewers grain in the country should be foreseen.
• it is difficult to store wet brewers grain and to transport it as well
• there should be some provision to dry the wet feed at the factories ease transportation and storage.
• This is increasingly important now.
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Acknowledgements
•Multi Stakeholder Platform (the “Coordination Group”) of the Milk Value Chain of SNV’s BOAM Programme for the initiation of this research;
•all value chain members – notably the producers visited in the course of the field work – for their co-operation
• SNV Ethiopia for providing the funds for the project.
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