Practice: The Accounting Dictionaries
Transcript of Practice: The Accounting Dictionaries
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Publications (2006 to 2012)
• Lexikos
• Lexicographica
• Terminology
• International Journal of Lexicography
• Meta
• Ibérica
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Publications (2006 to 2012)
• Hermes
• John Benjamins
• De Gruyter
• Oxford University Press
• Continuum
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Recent Publications
(Selection)
Bergenholtz, Henning 2012. “Concepts for monofuctional accounting dictionaries”. Terminology 18.
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. 2009. Systematic Introductions in Specialized Dictionaries: Some Proposals in relation with the Accounting Dctionaries. In Sandro Nielsen and Sven Tarp (Eds.): Lexicography in the 21st Century. In Honour of Henning Bergenholtz, 161-178. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. [Terminology and Lexicography in Research and Practice 12].
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Recent Publications
(Selection)
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. 2011. Equivalent selection in specialized e-Lexicography: A Case study with Spanish accounting terms. Lexikos 21: 95-119.
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., Gordo Gómez, Pablo, Niño Amo, Marta and Ríos Rodicio, Angel 2010. Expert Knowledge and Translation Equivalents in the English Spanish Accounting Dictionary. In Rosario Caballero Rodríguez and María Jesús Pinar Sanz (Eds.), Ways and Modes of Human Communication, 1083-1090. Ciudad Real: Universidad de Castilla la Mancha.
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Recent Publications
(Selection) • Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. and Nielsen, Sandro 2011.
The Dynamics of Terms in Accounting: what the
Construction of the Accounting Dictionaries Reveals about
Metaphorical Terms in Culture-bound Subject Fields. In
Rita Temmerman & M. Van Campenhoudt (eds.), The
Dynamics of Terms in Specialized Communication. An
Interdisciplinary Perspective. Special Issue of
Terminology. International Journal of Applied Issues in
Specialized Communication 17(1): 157-180.
• Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. And Nielsen, Sandro 2012.
Online dictionaries for assisting translators of LSP Texts:
The Accounting Dictionaries. International Journal of
Lexicography 25 (2): 191-215.
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Recent Publications
(Selection) • Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. and Niño Amo, Marta 2011.
Internet Dictionaries for Communicative and Cognitive
Functions: El Diccionario Inglés-Español de
Contabilidad”. In Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and Henning
Bergenholtz (Eds.), e-Lexicography: The Internet, Digital
Initiatives and Lexicography, 168-186. London & New
York: Continuum.
• Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. and Tarp, Sven 2011.
Lexicography for the Third Millennium: Cognitive-
oriented Specialized Dictionaries for Learners. Ibérica.
Journal of the European Association of Languages for
Specific Purposes 21: 141-162.
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Recent Publications
(Selection)
Nielsen, Sandro and Almind, Richard 2011. From Data to Dictionary. In Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and H. Berhenholtz (eds.), e-Lexicography. The Internet, Digital Initiatives and Lexicography. London and New York: Continuum.
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Joint Work
• Lexicographers
• Experts in Accounting
• Experts in Information Science (Databases and Internet)
• Experts in selling, marketing, etc.
• Fluent Danish, English & Spanish speakers (+ Translators)
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Theoretical Framework
Function Theory of Lexicography:
• Part 1 of this presentation
• New Concepts
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New Concepts
• Definition of Dictionary
• Dynamic Solutions
• Constant Updating
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Definition: Bergenholtz (2012) 1. “Lexicographic reference work
containing dictionary articles related to individual topics or elements of language, and possibly several outer texts as well, which can be consulted if someone needs assistance with text reception, text production or translation or would simply like to know more about a word, part of a word or a combination of words.”
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Definition: Bergenholtz (2012)
2. “Lexicographic reference work consisting of several dictionaries, each of which corresponds to the definition of an individual dictionary”
Definition 1
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Dynamic Solutions: Data
adapted to Users‘ Needs by
using Technical Options
• Lexicography + Internet Technology:
(1) Individualization: Usage Situations
(2) Avoid Information Overload: The Less is More
(3) Recreation and re-presentation?
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Usage Situations
• Translation
• Reception
• Production
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2. The Less is More
• Differentiating:
– Database
– Dictionary Homepage
– Search Engine
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2. The Less is More
• The database contains carefully selected types of data in discrete data fields, which are linked and structured so as to facilitate search and presentation.
• Users consult a dictionary through the homepage and the dictionary sends their queries to the database via a search engine that seeks out matches in the database.
• Once found, the data are sent to the dictionary and presented to users in a predetermined way.
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3. Constant Updating
• Users’s Feedback: (Lexicographer’s)
– E-mails
– Log files
• External Source: (User’s re-use and re-
presentatyion?)
– The EU Single Market
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Result: The Accounting
Dictionaries (2012) 1. 27 usage-based dictionaries, e.g. Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., Henning Bergenholtz, Sandro
Nielsen, Pablo Gordo Gómez, Lise Mourier, Marta Niño Amo, Ángel de los Ríos Rodicio, Ángeles Sastre Ruano, Sven Tarp, Marisol Velasco Sacristán. (2012). Diccionario Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Traducción. Base de Datos y Diseño: Richard Almind and Jesper Skovgård Nielsen. Odense: Lemma.com . ISBN: 978-84-615-7195-6
2. One set of dictionaries: The Accounting Dictionaries
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Reception
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., Henning Bergenholtz,
Sandro Nielsen, Pablo Gordo Gómez, Lise
Mourier, Marta Niño Amo, Ángel de los Ríos
Rodicio, Ángeles Sastre Ruano, Sven Tarp,
Marisol Velasco Sacristán. (2012). Diccionario
Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Recepción. Base
de Datos y Diseño: Richard Almind and Jesper
Skovgård Nielsen. Odense: Lemma.com . ISBN:
978-84-615-6770-6.
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Translation
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., Henning Bergenholtz,
Sandro Nielsen, Pablo Gordo Gómez, Lise
Mourier, Marta Niño Amo, Ángel de los Ríos
Rodicio, Ángeles Sastre Ruano, Sven Tarp,
Marisol Velasco Sacristán. (2012). Diccionario
Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Traducción.
Base de Datos y Diseño: Richard Almind and
Jesper Skovgård Nielsen. Odense: Lemma.com .
ISBN: 978-84-615-7195-6
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Financial income
1. English Definition:
• Financial income refers to income in the form of
dividends, interest accrued on funds invested and
interest paid by borrowers as well as other income
earned in relation to loans and guarantees, e.g. in
the form of fees. Financial income is recognized in
the profit and loss account as a separate item or as
part of the item net financials.
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Financial income
2. Insertable Spanish Equivalent:
2 Ingreso Financiero
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Financial income
3. Spanish Definition:
El ingreso financiero se refiere al ingreso procedente
de dividendos, intereses devengados procedentes
de fondos invertidos e intereses pagados por
prestatarios así como otros ingresos recibidos
procedentes de préstamos y garantías, por ejemplo
en forma de honorarios. El ingreso financiero se
reconoce en la cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias
como una partida separada o como parte de la
partida resultado financiero neto.
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Financial income
4. Grammar and Inflections:
– noun: <a financial income, the financial income,
financial incomes>
– nombre masculino< un ingreso financiero, el ingreso
financiero, unos ingresos financieros, los ingresos
financieros>
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Financial income
5. Translated collocations:
• financial income and expenses
• ingresos y gastos financieros
• financial income from group enterprises
• el ingreso financiero de las empresas del grupo
• other financial income
• otro ingreso financiero
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Financial income
6. Translated example(s):
• Financial income in 2005 rose by GBP500m compared
with GBP1,600m in 2004.
• Al compararlo con los 1.600 millones de libras
esterlinas del 2004, el ingreso financiero del 2005 se
incrementó en 500 millones de libras esterlinas.
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Translation of Collocations and
Examples
Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A., Henning Bergenholtz,
Sandro Nielsen, Pablo Gordo Gómez, Lise
Mourier, Marta Niño Amo, Ángel de los Ríos
Rodicio, Ángeles Sastre Ruano, Sven Tarp,
Marisol Velasco Sacristán. (2012). Diccionario
Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Traducción de
Frases y Expresiones. Base de Datos y Diseño:
Richard Almind y Jesper Skovgård Nielsen.
Odense: Lemma.com . ISBN: 978-84-615-7567-1
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Financial Income
• dividends and other financial income received (IAS/IFRS)
• dividendos y otros ingresos financieros recibidos
• current year net financial income or expense
• resultado financiero neto del año actual
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Financial Income
• total net financial income
• total ingreso financiero neto
• Income classified as other operating income,
financial income and extraordinary income in
company accounts is excluded from turnover.
• Los ingresos clasificados como otros ingresos de
explotación, ingresos financieros e ingresos
extraordinarios en las cuentas de la empresa
están excluidos de la facturación.
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Practice: Making a specialized
dictionary
• Lemma Selection (and) Equivalent Selection
• Grammar and Inflection
• Definitions
• Collocations and Examples
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Practice: Making a specialized
dictionary
• Synonyms, antonyms
• Notes (grammar notes, usage notes, proscription,
etc.)
• Internal cross-references (hyperlinks)
• External cross-references (hyperlinks)
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1. Lemma and (Equivalent)
Selection
• Who?
– Lemma and equivalent Selection Team
• Where?
– Existing Reference Works
– In-house Corpus
– The Internet
– Intensive Reading
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1. Lemma and Equivalent
Selection
• When?
– Constant process (log files)
• How?
– Deductive Methodology:
• Relevance
• Proscription
• Knowledge of the usage situation
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Examples: Spanish lemmas
and Equivalents
Existing Dictionaries
• Around 3,000 terms: they are typical, frequent and traditional one or two-word terms:
Deterioro
amortización
Depreciación
• Many with usage notes for disambiguating culture-traditions.
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Examples: Spanish lemmas
and Equivalents
In-house Corpus + Google Searches
• Around 2,000 terms
• Frequent List + Google Searches: “quoted terms” + “quoted and selected key words”: (e.g “principio” + “contabilidad” + “coste” Eng: “principle” + “accounting” + “cost”)
– Translated cognates (the working of the literal translation hypothesis (usually multiword translated terms): consideraciones de prudencia (consideration of prudence); inventario en considnación (consignement inventory)
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Examples: Spanish lemmas
and Equivalents
Intensive reading
• Around 2,500 terms
• Basic Accounting Texts (IAS; IFRS; Plan General Contable)
• Six-word and seven-word multiword terms: NIIF1
– Primeros estados financieros con arreglo a las NIIF; Primer Ejercicio sobre el que se informa con arreglo a las NIIF; Entidad que adopta por primera vez las NIIF (adoptante por primera vez); Estado de situación financiera de apertura con arreglo a las NIIF
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Example: (bruto)
Spanish term Dictionary Corpus +
Intensive
Reading
Ingreso contable bruto
x
Ratio del beneficio bruto
sobre ventas
x
Beneficio bruto x
Margen de beneficio
bruto
x
Porcentaje de beneficio
bruto
x
Bruto x
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Example: (margen)
Spanish term Dictionary Corpus +
Intensive
Reading
Contrato de margen
sobre coste
x
Ratio de margen de
seguridad
x
Margen de ventas x
Coeficiente de margen
de seguridad
x
Fijación del precio
mediante la adición del
margen de beneficios
x
Margen de solvencia x x
x 42
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Example: (combinación)
Spanish term Dictionary Corpus +
Intensive
Reading
Combinación de
negocios
x
Combinación de
negocios entre entidades
o negocios bajo control
común
x
Combinación x
Combinación de divisas x
Método de combinación
de intereses
x
Combinación de
negocios realizadas por
etapas
x
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369 IAS/IFRS Spanish lemmas
• One-word lemmas: 54 lemmas
(Contabilidad)
• Two-word lemmas: 66 lemmas
(cuenta deudora)
• Three-word lemmas: 97 lemmas
(cuota de amortización)
• Four-word lemmas: 60 lemmas
(amortización por motivos fiscales)
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369 IAS/IFRS Spanish lemmas
• Five-word lemmas: 41 lemmas
(amortización del fondo de comercio
• Six-word lemmas: 29 lemmas
(activo en régimen de arrendamiento
financiero)
• Seven-word lemmas: 13 lemmas
(caída en los precios de la acción)
• Eight-word lemmas: 4 lemmas
(formato de la cuenta de pérdidas y
ganancias)
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369 IAS/IFRS Spanish lemmas
• Nine-word lemmas: 3 lemmas
(Comité de Interpretación de las Normas
Internacionales de Contabilidad)
• Ten-word lemmas: 1 lemma
(costes de transacción atribuibles a un activo
o pasivo financiero)
• Fourteen-word lemmas: 1 lemma
(patrimonio neto atribuible a los tenedores de
instrumentos de patrimonio neto de la
dominante)
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2. Grammar and Inflections
• Part of Speech: noun, adjective, verb,
adverb, etc.
• Singular, Plural, with/without
definite/indefinite article; active voice,
passive voice, present, past, present
perfect, ing-form
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Examples
• sale
• noun <a sale, the sale, sales>
• consistently
• adverb
• order to sell
• an order to sell, the order to sell, orders to
sell
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Examples
• sell off
• verb <sells off, sold off, has sold off,
selling off>
passive <is sold off, was sold off>
• selling profit
• <a selling profit, the selling profit, selling
profit>
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Why?
• The grammar and inflections of
specialized terms do differ from the
grammar and inflections of words
• Solutions offered: Proscription based on:
– Meaning
– Language structure
– Google searches
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Example: Method
• allocation method
• <an allocation method, the allocation
method, allocation methods>
An allocation method is a method for
distributing profits, costs, taxes etc. on
accounting elements or separate entities,
e.g. in a group.
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Example: Method
• acquisition method
• <no indefinite article, the acquisition
method, no plural>
The acquisition method is an accounting method
used for business combinations in which the
acquirer obtains control over the acquired
enterprise. The assets of the acquired enterprise
are recorded at fair value at the date of
acquisition giving rise to goodwill on
consolidation.
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Example: atrasos & back pay
• atrasos
• nombre masculino <no singular, unos
atrasos, los atrasos>
v/Lex
• back pay
• <no indefinite article, the back pay, no
plural>
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3. Definitions: Cobuild-style +
Kinds of Definitions
• Intentional definitions
• Extensional definitions
• Contextual definitions
• Partitive definitions
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Cobuild-style
• Full sentences (the lemma is part of the
definition)
• Most of them target semi-experts and
interested laypersons
• Also very simple definitions of function
and more general words
• Very precise description of the concept by
combining kinds of definitions
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Kinds of Definitions
• Intensional Definitions
Consist of identification of super-ordinate
concepts and delimiting characteristics
which differentiate given concepts from
other related concepts
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Kinds of Definitions
• Extensional Definitions
Consist of listing/enumerating/naming objects
referred to by concept
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Kinds of Definitions
• Contextual Definitions
Consist of exemplifying actual usage
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Kinds of Definitions
• Partitive Definitions
Consist of naming of the parts which make up
a comprehensive concept.
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Examples
English and Spanish definitions for the
same lemma
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Examples (intensional +
contextual)
A rating
An A rating is an assessment of credit risk
and investment quality made by a credit
agency placing the investment (typically a
bond) in the upper medium grade of a
rating system. This means that the
investment is fairly safe, but suggests that
it is susceptible to impairment in future.
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Examples (intensional +
extensional)
credit rating
A credit rating is an assessment of the
creditworthiness of a person or an enterprise to
establish whether and to which extent that person
or enterprise can safely be granted credit. Credit
ratings are expressed by letter grades in various
forms such as A, AA, Aa, BB, CCC, often
combined with plus, minus or figures, and
provided by credit rating agencies such as
Moody's, Standard & Poor's or Dun &
Bradstreet.
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Examples (word)
sell
To sell means to transfer the ownership of
property to a new owner, the buyer,
usually against the payment of money.
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Examples (partitive)
non-voting
Non-voting shares are shares that do not give
their owners the right to vote at the general
meetings of shareholders.
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Examples
ex
Ex is a Latin preposition meaning “without”.
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Examples (contextual)
acquisition:
1 An acquisition is a business combination in
which one of the enterprises, the acquirer,
obtains control over the net assets and
operations of another enterprise, the
acquiree, in exchange for the transfer of
assets, incurrence of liabilities or issue of
equity.
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Examples (word)
acquisition:
2 Acquisition means getting possession or
control of something.
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Examples (partitive)
acquisition:
3 An acquisition is something that has been
taken over, bought or obtained, e.g. a
company.
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Examples
declining-balance method
The declining-balance method is a method of
allocating the cost of a tangible or an intangible
asset over its useful life, in which the
depreciation or amortisation charge for each
accounting period is based on a percentage of the
asset's depreciable or amortisable amount at the
beginning of the period, which means that the
depreciation or amortisation charge is reduced
each year.
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Examples
contract work in progress
Contract work in progress is an item under stocks
and current assets in the balance sheet
representing work that has been started on a job
or combination of interrelated jobs, but not
completed, under a project or construction
contract. Examples of such work are
constructions of bridges, buildings and ships.
The revenue and expenses by reference to the
stage of completion of the contract at the balance
sheet date must be disclosed.
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Examples
defined benefit plan
A defined benefit plan is a pension plan from which the
benefits payable to pensioners are based on salary at
or near retirement and years of service and not on
the contributions paid into the plan and the returns
on the plan's investments. Defined benefit plans do
not include personal pension plans, but are typically
occupational pension plans under which it is the
enterprise's obligation to provide the agreed benefits
to current and former employees whether or not the
amount of such benefits exceed the contributions.
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4. Collocations
26,000 collocations in English, Danish and Spanish
Definition:
• They are word combinations that are typical for
the kind of language in question, and which can
be useful for re-use in text production or for
assisting in text translation.
• They are composed of two or more orthographic
words, do not constitute a full sentence, but offer
potential users the possibility of obtaining
relevant information.
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4. Collocations: Relevant
Information
• Accounting classifications: 115. Reservas por
pérdidas y ganancias actuariales y otros ajustes
• Multiword terms: recognise as income
• User’s needs: a cost plus contract with an agreed
maximum price
• Terminological know-how: business
combination
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Example: business
combination
1 a business combination achieved in stages
• una combinación de negocios realizada en etapas
(fases ?)
2 a business combination agreement (MWT)
• un acuerdo de combinación de negocios
3 a business combination that is an acquisition
• una combinación de negocios que es una
adquisición
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Example: business
combination
4 a major business combination
• una combinación de negocios importante
5 accounting for business combinations
• contabilizando las combinaciones de negocios
6 acquisitions through business combinations
• adquisiciones mediante combinaciones de
negocios (no las)
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Example: business
combination
7 an intercompany business combination (noun)
• una combinación de negocios interempresarial
8 at the date of the business combination
• a la fecha de la combinación de negocios (en?)
9 deferred tax arising from a business combination
• impuesto diferido procedente de una combinación
de negocios
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Example: business
combination
10 deferred tax assets and liabilities acquired in a
business combination
• activos y pasivos por impuestos diferidos
adquiridos en una combinación de negocios
11 effect a business combination
• efectuar una combinación de negocios
12 fair value adjustments made on a business
combination
• ajustes a valor razonable realizados en una
combinación de negocios
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Example: business
combination
13 goodwill arising on a business combination
• el fondo de comercio surgido de una combinación
de negocios
14 operations resulting from the business
combination
• operaciones resultantes de la combinación de
negocios
15 prior to the business combination
• anterior a la combinación de negocios
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Example: business
combination
16 restate all business combinations that occurred
between 30 June 2002 and the date of transition to
IFRSs
• reformular todas las combinaciones de negocios
que ocurrieron entre el 30 de junio de 2002 y el
periodo de transición a las NIIFs
17 subsequent to the business combination
• posterior a la combinación de negocios
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Example: business
combination
18 temporary differences that may arise in a business
combination
• diferencias temporarias que puedan surgir en una
combinación de negocios
19 the cost of a business combination (phrase)
• el coste de una combinación de negocios
20 the residual cost of the business combination
• el coste residual de la combinación de negocios
21 undertake a business combination
• asumir una combinación de negocios
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4. Examples
• 10,000 examples in Danish, English and Spanish
• Definition:
– Full sentence
– Offer relevant information:
• Sales are recognised upon delivery or on the
performance of services. (IAS/IFRS+UK)
• Las ventas se reconocen una vez enviadas o
una vez realizados los servicios.
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5. Synonyms, Antonyms
• 2,800 English lemmas have synonyms:
– payroll cost:
• cost of labour
• payroll
• 490 English lemmas have antonyms:
– profit from operating activities:
• operating loss
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6. Notes
• 208 English lemmas have lexicographical notes:
• Example: Not used in Spanish
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7. Proscription
• 333 English lemmas have proscription notes:
– Not recommended, earnings statement, use instead:
income statement
– 220 Spanish lemmas have lexicographical
notes: – En el Plan General Contable de 2007 no hay ninguna
cuenta específica denominada “cobro diferido”. Este
concepto se ha trasladado a la rúbrica 'deudores'.
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7. Cross-references
• 1,448 English lemmas have internal
cross-references (see also):
– FCFF:
• See also FCFE
• 266 English lemma have external links
– timing difference (IAS 12, paragraph 17)
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Conclusion
• The making of Specialized information
Tools is a collaborative endeavour:
- Lexicographers (lexicographic theory and
practcie)
- Experts in the field
• The Making of Online Specialized
Information Tools:
– Experts in databases and the Internet
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Conclusion
• The Making of Online Specialized
Information Tools can be approached
as a business activity:
– A product of knowledge-based economy
• We also need experts in selling through the
Internet (call centers, payment security,
etc.)