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Dr. Ma. Asuncion G. Beltran

PracticalGoat Raising

GOATS ARE COMMONLY

KNOWN AS

“POOR MAN’S COW”

“LIVING MOWERS”

NOW

“LIVING ASSETS”

(GOAT IS GOLD)

POTENTIALS OF GOAT RAISING

Animals Capital Feed Expense

Housing Expense

Overall Mgt.

Integration Market Diseases

Contri. in Nutrition

Broiler X X X X X X X OK

Layer X X X X X X X OK

Duck X X X X X X X OK

Fattener(Swine)

X X X X X X X OK

Breeder(Swine)

X X X X X X X OK

Cattle X LESS LESS X X OK

Carabao X LESS LESS X X OK

Goat LESS LESS LESS EASY OK VG LESS OKSheep LESS LESS LESS EASY OK LESS OK

GOAT INVENTORY (as of 2010)

Total Head Count: By Farm Type:

3800

3850

3900

3950

4000

4050

4100

4150

4200

4250

2008 2009 2010

4,177,700

3,929,200

4,182,500

Pop

ulat

ion

(‘000

hea

d)

Year

98.53

1.47

Backyard

Commercial

Goat Inventories 2010 (BAS)

2009 2010 %Change %Share

Jul Jan Jul JulTotal 4182.5 4177.7 3929.2

(6.05) 100.00

Backyard 4224.4 4131.4 3871.5 (8.35) 98.53

Commercial 41.7 46.3 57.6 38.13 1.47

Source: FGASPAPI, 2010

GOAT: Quarterly Inventory by Region, 2009-2010(in heads) (BAS, 2010)

REGION

PHILIPPINES 4,222,234 4,224,217 4,177,721 3,929,167 (1.05) (6.98)

LUZON 1,561,804 1,577,936 1,573,670 1,483,506 0.76 (5.98) CAR 62,478 67,290 64,659 65,118 3.49 (3.23) REGION I 527,761 520,350 494,057 455,208 (6.39) (12.52) REGION II 137,453 131,253 130,485 116,853 (5.07) (10.97) REGION III 321,286 345,556 349,823 354,683 8.88 2.64 CALABARZON 222,857 223,941 231,167 220,363 3.73 (1.60)

MIMAROPA 168,396 162,729 173,682 159,213 3.14 (2.16) REGION V 121,573 126,817 129,797 112,068 6.76 (11.63)

VISAYAS 1,258,269 1,256,326 1,265,291 1,180,099 0.56 (6.07) REGION VI 606,039 603,327 604,618 574,408 (0.23) (4.79) REGION VII 533,949 540,972 550,889 507,162 3.17 (6.25) REGION VIII 118,281 112,027 109,784 98,529 (7.18) (12.05)

MINDANAO 1,402,161 1,389,955 1,338,760 1,265,562 (4.52) (8.95) REGION IX 160,460 155,223 118,869 114,415 (25.92) (26.29) REGION X 239,847 240,674 241,955 236,342 0.88 (1.80) REGION XI 374,783 384,899 391,559 383,410 4.48 (0.39) REGION XII 293,958 271,185 256,718 249,028 (12.67) (8.17) CARAGA 71,490 65,852 61,143 56,277 (14.47) (14.54) A R M M 261,623 272,122 268,516 226,090 2.63 (16.92)

P- Preliminary

2009 2010

JAN 1 JUL 1 JAN 1 JUL 1 P

INVENTORY PERCENT CHANGE

2010/2009

JAN 1 JUL 1 P

Current SituationGoat population – 3.929M goats (BAS, July 2010)

Ave. Mature Live Weight of Philippine goat – 18 to 20kilos

Average Carcass Weight at 2 years old – 8 kilos

Per Capita consumption – 0.34kg (BAS)

Annual Goat Meat Production – 78K MT LW(BAS) No. of heads slaughtered - 9,750 heads/yr

Production Estimates by Region %

ShareLuzon - 14,446K MT -

36.95

Visayas - 9,413K MT - 24.07

Mindanao - 15,242K MT - 38.98

REGION BACKYARD COMMERCIAL TOTAL % CONTRIBUTION

Region VI (Western Visayas) 547,431 3,000 550,431 14.79

Region I (Ilocos Region) 490,242 1,193 491,435 13.21

Region VII (Central Visayas) 469,224 2,337 471,561 12.67

Region XI (Davao Region) 332,290 3,358 335,648 9.02

Region IV (Southern Tagalog) 292,123 1,630 293,753 7.9

Top Goat Producing Regions*:

*- Regions Producing the top 58% of the total Philippine Goat Population

Introduction

• Goats are important elements on the pathway out of poverty for people in Central Luzon;

• Important for the poorest livestock keepers and for the landless who could start to raise livestock;

• With the presence of SRC, CLSU, TCA, SUCs, DA-RFU 3, OPVets, LGUs, strong support to farmers were given on integrated goat management (FLS-IGM);

• Linkage with PCARRD, BAI, LDC and other gov’t agencies were tapped.

Uses of Goats

Meat Products

Protein SourceCash Crop

Milk Source

Organic Manure

Add-in Enterprises

Current Status of the Goat Industry

in the Philippines

Backyard Farming

Low reproduction

For family useLimited buck

Limited stock

making Goats RED... a community-based approach to the transformation of rural assets

National R&D Programs on Goats

Regional R&D Programs on

Goats

Goat FarmPerformance

ProgramDevelopment

of HerbalDrugs Project

RED Program

CVARRD(AI & ChevonProcessing)

CLARRDEC

(Feed resources

& technologyTransfer)

Halal Goat

Program

AlternativeTechnology

Options

Other goat-focused programs

SupplyChain

ImpactAssess.

Enhancing

demand for ANFR

grads thru S&T

STBF-goat

ISP Targets 2020i preweaning mortality 25 – 10 %

h slaughter weight 15 – 30 kg i kidding interval 9 – 8

mos.h natural conception rate 80 – 95 %

FLS-IGM

E-learning

Private sector-led programs

Goat congresses

Goat shows

Breederimportation

Meat cut fabrication

IEC, CIN

The National Goat S&T Program

Courtesy of Dr. Wilson Cervito

Why Raise Goats?

Why Raise Goats? Small initial investment;

Can integrate with crop-based farming system;

Provides meat, milk and skin for processing into high-value products;

Short period of getting the ROI;

Goat manure is used as fertilizer;

They thrive in marginal vegetations; fodder in rainy days;

Wives and children can handle goats; they docile.

Why Raise Goats?cont..Have inherent advantages over other ruminants

Mature earlier; higher fertility (8 months);

Capable of multiple births; have shorter gestation period

Can be milked for 5 months

First kid crop-less than a year

Popular for kilawen, papaitan, caldereta

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Increasing demand for goat and sheep

meat

Prospects and Opportunities:- Demand for meat, milk and products are

increasing but supply is low.

- Price is increasing every year

- Chevon has a high water holding capacity and is therefore very suitable in meat processing.

- Offers a good source of sustained income

- Technologies on improved goat production and processing are now being available

History of the GoatThe modern

domesticated goat is believed to be the first livestock domesticated by man about 10,000 years ago.

It descended from the Bezoar goat Capra aegagrus from South West Asia.

The Goat Breeds Over the years, goats were bred according to

the type or product they are about to produce:

- Meat (Chevon)- Dairy- Cashmere/ Leather- Miscellaneous Breeds

Some Exotic Breeds

Angora Goats -bred for their fine cashmere that is processed into various kinds of apparel-can also be made as pets.

Pygmy Goats- miniature goats most suitable as pets- only stands 16-23 inches at the whithers.

Playing Dead?

Fainting Goats- More or less the size of a native goat.

- Meat breed

Goat Breeds Commonly Found in the Philippines

Anglo- Nubian

Anglo-nubian• developed in Great

Britain of native milking stock and goats from the Middle East and North Africa

• due to Middle-Eastern heritage, can live in very hot climates and have longer breeding season

ANGLO-NUBIAN (Nubian)

• distinguishing characteristics: large, pendulous ears and a "Roman" nose

• Because of its elongated ears and sleek body, the Nubian has a variety of nicknames, including "Lop-eared Goat", "Rabbit Goat", "Long-eared Goat" and "Greyhound Goat"

• has different colors with long, floppy ears, convex nose, and large structure;

• large in size and carries more flesh than other dairy breeds

• temperament is sociable, outgoing, and vocal

Anglo-nubian

ANGLO-NUBIAN (Nubian)

• Large; size makes it a very useful dual purpose animal

o does – 60 kg, 30 inches (76 cm)

o bucks –75 kg, 35 inches (88 cm)

•high butterfat, 5% or more; but produces less volumeof milk than other dairy breeds

Boer

- Meat Type, Originated from Southern Africa

- Fast growth rate, good mothering ability, docile.

- Mature bucks weighs about 110-135kg; does 90-110kg.

- Characteristic white body and red head

Saanen

SAANEN

• white or cream-colored• large and big-boned, but graceful

and refined in bone• largest of the dairy goat breeds

Does: 150 lb(68 kg) ↑Bucks: 200 lb (91 kg) ↑

• ears are erect, nose straight or dished

• usually have beards and horns

Saanen• commonly used

for commercial milking

• “Queen of dairy goats”

• produces the most milk on average

• Saanen nanny: 1 gal (3.8 li.) a day

• Milk has lower butterfat content, 2.5%-3.0%

Saanen

• breed is usually pure white in color;

• medium to heavy built, with straight or dished face;

• heavy milk producers;

• yield best in much cooler environment.

SAANEN

• Named after Saanen valley in Switzerland

• “Sable Saanen” is the term for non-white Saanen

• calm and mild mannered

• typically breed every year,producing one or two kids

• Sensitive to too much sunlight, performs best in cooler regions

Toggenburg

• Oldest known goat dairy breed from Switzerland

• Performs well on cool climates• Smaller built

Toggenburg

Toggenburg

• breed varies in color from light fawn to dark chocolate;

• medium built, sturdy, energetic, and active;• highly developed udder ;• high level of milk production.

TOGGENBURG• named after Toggenburg

valley, Switzerland

• medium in size

• have compact bodies

• does have high, well-attached udders

• straight or dished faces, but never roman noses

• generally a friendly, quiet and gentle breed, and are good as pets

• moderate in production, and have relatively low butterfat content (2-3%) in their milk

TOGGENBURG

• color is solid varying from light fawn to dark chocolate

• With distinct white markings as follows:

owhite ears with dark spot in middle

otwo white stripes down the face from above each eye to the muzzle;

ohind legs white from hocks to hooves;

oforelegs white from knees downward with a dark line (band) below knee acceptable;

oa white triangle on either side of the tail.

Alpine• Rock alpines;• Swiss alpines;• US alpines

• with 4.8 butterfat content;• larger, stronger, and healthier than many other goat breeds;• they tolerate heat better than Saanens and Toggenburgs.

Alpine• breed can have

different colors except all white and light brown with white markings;

• It has a straight face, standing ears, and medium body built;

• It is a common dairy goat breed because of the amount of milk it is able to produce.

ALPINE

• a medium to large size animal;

• does - 57 kg 0.8 meters or 30 inches tall

• alertly graceful

• hardy, adaptable animals

• hair is medium to short

• have erect ears, horns, and have a dish-face (straight)

ALPINE

• aka “French Alpine;” originated in the French Alps

• can range in color from white or gray to brown and black

• have no set markings

• heavy milkers

• milk can be made into any dairy product

ALPINE

Alpine colors are described by using the following terms:

•Cou Blanc (coo blanc) - white neck & front quarters, black hindquarters, black or gray markings on the head

•Cou Clair (coo clair) - "clear neck," front quarters tan, saffron, off-white, or shading to gray with black hindquarters.

•Cou Noir (coo nwah) - literally "black neck" black front quarters and white hindquarters

•Sundgau (sundgow) - black with white markings such as underbody, facial stripes, etc.

What’s missing?

La Mancha• “earless” goat which

was developed from several goats from Spain;

• a dairy goat which can thrive under harsh conditions

LAMANCHA

• have ears, but pinna is shrunken; 2 types of ears

• Gopher ear: very small, 'shriveled‘; no fold, must not exceed 1 inch (2.5 cm). (This is the only type of ear which will make bucks eligible for registration. )

• Elf ear: max. length 2 inches; end of the ear must be turned up or down, and cartilage shaping the small ear is allowed.

ear tags or ear tattoos are not used; tattoos are normally placed on the tail web

La Mancha• breed can be of any color;• one of its distinct characteristics is

that it has almost unnoticeable ear ;• relatively small but very sturdy ;• its milk is high in butterfat.

LAMANCHA

• noted for its apparent lack of, or much reduced, external ears

• medium in size

• generally calm, quiet, and gentle in temperament

• comes in just about any color

• hair is short, fine and glossy

• dairy breed with high butterfat

PHIL. NATIVE GOAT• not a dairy breed but for

upgrading (e.g. with Anglo-Nubian) increases milk yield

• small, stocky and low set

• red, white or black or combination of these colors

• Mature weight: 20 – 25 kilograms

• Ave. milk prod’n: 0.4 liter

• Lactation Period: 187 days

Upgrades

Upgrades

25% Native and75% Anglonubian

Pix courtesy of SRC, CLSU

Breeds Raised in the Philippines

Native Goats Anglo-nubian Boer

Saanen Toggenburg Upgrades/Triple crosses

Goat Products

Chevon

Cheese

Cashmere

Milk

Soaps

Leather

DISHES OUT OF GOAT’S MEAT

• Tapa• Adobo• Kilawin• Papait• Goat steak• Braised meat chop• Higado• Sinampalukan

• Barbeque• Caldereta• Asado• Menudo• Pochero• Afritada• Cocido

SELECTION OF FOUNDATION STOCKS

Part II

SELECTION AND CULLING• Selection – choosing animals with desirable

traits that are fit for production

• Culling –removing animals that are below average in production, unsound or undesirable

Traits to consider for selection:growth rate, milk yield, prolificacy, body size, resistance to disease, adaptability to environment, and production conditions

Characteristics of Male Breeding Stock1.Healthy with no deformities2.Straight and strong legs3.Active and with high libido4.Normal testicles 5.With good pedigree6.Clean, shiny,healthy coat7.6-8 months and not < 25 kg

Characteristics of Female Breeding Stock• Healthy with no deformities• Straight and strong legs• Normal genitals• With good mothering ability• Normal teats(smooth, firm, no

infection and swelling)• Good pedigree• 6-8 months of age & not <20

kg

Other Desirable Characteristics

Strong Legs Shiny Hair coat

Prolific Normal Teats Even testicles

Reasons for Culling

• Overshot and undershot jaws• Cryptorchid• Extra teats• Twisted legs or feet• Poor kid size• Poor maternal instinct• Poor milkers

Reasons for Culling

Overshot mouth

Undershot mouth

Reasons for Culling

Extra teats

Split testicles

Reasons for Culling

Twisted or folded ears

Reasons for Culling

Abnormal legs

Weak legs

Reasons for Culling

Deformed hooves

Abnormal horn growth

Age Determination Thru Dentition

Milk teeth (<1 year old) A pair of permanent teeth (1-1 ½ year old)

Two permanent teeth (2-2 ½ years old)

Three permanent teeth (3-3 ½ years old)

Four permanent teeth (4-4 ½ years old)

Teeth start to fall-off (>5 years old)

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS

Fresh milk for ulcers, allergies and lactose intolerance

Butter for wounds

Aphrodisiacs

Skin Care (Soap, Lotion)

Possible participation of members of the family

and Easy to integrate with other

farming systems

INTEGRATION PROJECTS

WITH GOATS

GOAT-MANGO INTEGRATION

GOAT-RICE INTEGRATION

Goat-Poultry Integration

FARM WASTE RECYCLING

Organic Fertilizer -Legumes

STARTING A GOAT ENTERPRISE?

Basic Requirements

HOUSING SYSTEM OF GOATS

FLS-IGM, Pangasinan

SRC, CLSU

SRC, CLSU

Recommended Floor Space for Goats:

Doe - 1.5 sq. m

Buck - 2 sq. m

Young Stocks - 1 sq. m

1. Options on goat pen designs

-The provision of housing lowers markedly worm load, thus decreasing mortality of goats by 80-85%. Space requirement of 1 m/hd reduces death and for security reasons

2. Options on feed resource establishment and management

Optimizes use of local available feeds while meeting the nutritional requirements of the animals. Napier, ipil-ipil, kakawate, rensonii, flemingia, indigofera, acacia pods, hulls, camote vines, are most commonly available.

Almost all farm by-products are used as goat feeds. It ensures food production the whole year round.

Acacia pods Molasses

Napier Paragrass Arachis Flemingia macrophylla

Ipil-ipil Rensonii

Kakawate Indigo Sesbania

Pictures taken at SRC, CLSU

Paragrass

GrassesGrassesGuinea grass

StargrassNapier

Paragrass

Guinea grass

Forage corn

Sorghum

Cut-and-carry plots

Cut-and-carry plots

LegumesLegumesDesmanthus Centrosema

Flemingia Stylo

Arachis Siratro Calopogonium

Calopogonium

Centrosema

Stylo

Arachis pintoii -manimanihan

Desmanthus

Acid Ipil-ipil

Mani-manihan-

Kamote

Natural bushes

and trees Rensonii

Acacia Kakawate Indigo

Sesbania Katuray Ipil-ipil

Flemingia

Rensonii

Indigofera

Kakawate

Katuray

Silkworm plant

Madre de Agua

Malunggay

Banana

Pigeon Peas- Kadyos

Pigeon Peas- Kadyos

LEGUME STRATA

Seed Production Integration

Pics courtesy of CLSU-SRC

Agro-industrial by-products

MolassesPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC

Crop residues

Corn stovers

Soybean pods

Rice strawAcacia podsPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC

Processed Feeds

UMMB

Concentrates

SilageUTRSPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC

3. Alternatives to traditional health management - Deworm kids at 3 months old,

repeat after 3 months;

- Deworm older goats before onset of rainy season, and repeat monthly until Sept. Pregnant does-2 wks before giving birth.

- Deworming and the use of leaves with anthelminthic qualities like kakawate, atis, pineapple reduces egg per gram of feces by 90%.

3. Alternatives to traditional production management

- Ipil-ipil leaf based for concentrate supplements preparations, with stall feeding of grasses and tree leaves and complete confinement during the rainy season and semi confinement during the dry season, improved production by 60%.

- complete confinement

Ipil-ipil

Courtesy of SRC, CLSU

Semi-confinement method

4. Alternatives to traditional grazing management

- Start grazing goats at 9 am, when the dews on the leaves of grasses are already dry to avoid eating of larvae of parasites contaminating the leaves of grasses. The practice RRG for larger lands, and transfer to another paddocks within 3 days reduce considerably worm loads among goats.

RAPID ROTATIONAL GRAZING

Pics courtesy of CLSU-SRC

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

5. Alternatives to traditional breeding management

- Avoidance of breeding during the months of February and March of each year ;

XXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXX

Triple Cross(Native-Anglo-Boer)

Courtesy of: SRC, CLSU

Native Goats

The practice of upgrading….

FLS Graduates with their new upgrades

FLS Camiling

• Improvement or enhancement of the performance of the animal to increase productivity

• Meat• Milk• Dual• Breeder• Money

WHY UPGRADE GOAT ?

ANSWER TO LOW

QUALITY BREEDERS

PROBLEM

Purebred buck Native doe

F1(50% Purebred:50% Native)

X

1

Purebred buck F1

F2(75% Purebred:25% Native)

X

2

Purebred buck F2

F3(87% Purebred:12.5% Native)

X

3

• Using purebred buck

Upgraded buck (40 kg)(75% AN:25% N)

Native doe (20 kg)(100% N)

F1 (30 kg)

(37.5% AN:62.5% N)

X

1

Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)

F1 (30 kg)(37.5% AN:62.5% N)

F2 (40 kg)

(68.75% AN:31.25% N)

X

2

Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)

F2 (40 kg)(68.75% AN:31.25% N)

F3 (50 kg)

(84.37% AN:15.63% N)

X

3

• Starting with an upgraded buck

Triple Cross(Native-Anglo-Boer)

Courtesy of: SRC, CLSU

Native Goats

The practice of upgrading….

FLS Graduates with their new upgrades

FLS Camiling

5. Alternatives to traditional breeding management

- Avoidance of breeding during the months of February and March of each year ;

XXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXX

NATIVE 100% 50% N & 50% AN 25% N & 75% AN

Pics courtesy of CLSU, SRC

REPRODUCTION RATE

• Doe-3 kiddings per 2 years = 6 kids

• First Offspring – 2 kiddings = 4 kids

• Second offspring – 1 kidding = 2 kids

TOTAL = 12 kids

Production Benefit Mature weight of the animals (kg)

Production Stage

I II III

Doe 20 (Native) 30 (F1) 40 (F2)

Buck 40 (Upgraded) 50 (Purebred) 50 (Purebred)

Offspring 30 (F1) 40 (F2) 50 (F3)

Weight Difference 10 20 30

Economic Benefit

Weight Difference 10 20 30

Price/kg P70.00 P100.00 P150.00

Price Difference P700.00 P2,000.00 P4,500.00

Cost-Benefit Analysis

7. Goat-based Add-InEnterprises

Cajetas CandyFetta Cheese

White Cheese

Fresh Goat’s MIlk

Jeff Lim’s produce

FLS-IGM Highlights

6. Proper husbandry practices

Farmers learn to:

- castrate

- hoof trim

- ear tag

- disbud

- make farm record

- mix their farm goat feeds

- - awareness of AI

Technologies taken/FLS-IGM Baskets of Options (BOO):(Alternative Approaches to traditional practices)

3 for Php 100.00

Php 75.00

•Pasteurized;• Shelf life is 3 weeks;• “Natural Tarlac” Logo

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

• 150 grams “kesong puti” processed from 1 L of goat’s milk;

• One week shelf life;• Php 100.00 each

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

Fetta Cheese

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

• 280 grams fetta cheeze in virgin oil;• Php 220.00/bottle

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

GOAT MILK CAJETAS10 pcs per pack- Php 60.00

Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac

Goat Soap Making

Soap used for mange in dogs, skin diseases for goats…etc.

Vermi-compos production using goat’s manure

Summary• Before entering into a goat enterprise, capacity building is a must;

• Train your caretaker, the life of your farm.

• Before buying goats, construct a goat house and plant grasses and legumes;

• Kailangan may sipag at tiyaga!• Magne”goat”syo tayo!

Pasture area• Conclusion:

• There is money in goat production;

• With skills and diligence, extensionists, veterinarians could influence farmers to venture on goat-based enterprises;

• Demand is high, but supply is low.

Acknowledgment• PCAARRD-FLS-GM Team

• Ms. Ana Marie Alo-Program Developer, PCAARRD

• Dr. Edwin Villar- Director, LRD, PCAARRD

• LGU Camiling

• GASPAT

• TCA-Dr. Max P. Guillermo

• DA-BAR-for funding the research

• Mr. Tony Obligado-DA-BAR

• SRC, CLSU

• JSJ Farms, Mountain Goat Farms, Rofanso Farms

Thank you!

So you GOAT to believe!

Angie’s kid