Practical English, Book II Unit 6 Part A Unit 6 Part A Do Animals Have a Culture? Lectured by Cheng...

Practical English, Book IIPractical English, Book II

Unit 6 Unit 6 Part APart A

Do Animals Have a Culture?Do Animals Have a Culture?

Lectured by Cheng ChunlanLectured by Cheng Chunlan

• Text A

• Practice

• Assignment

Unit 6: Part AUnit 6: Part A

• Text-related Information

• Pre-reading Activity

• Intensive Study

Unit 6: Part AUnit 6: Part A

Chimpanzee

Apes

Sign Language

Washoe

Text-related InformationText-related Information

ChimpanzeeChimpanzee: an anthropoid ape of Africa, : an anthropoid ape of Africa, with black hair and large, outstanding ears, it with black hair and large, outstanding ears, it is smaller and less fierce than a gorilla. is smaller and less fierce than a gorilla. Chimpanzees communicate through Chimpanzees communicate through vocalizations, facial expressions, posture, vocalizations, facial expressions, posture, touch, and movement. A young chimp is able touch, and movement. A young chimp is able to make at least 32 different sounds, and the to make at least 32 different sounds, and the facial musculature can express a wide range facial musculature can express a wide range of emotions. The animals show great of emotions. The animals show great intelligence in problem solving and the use of intelligence in problem solving and the use of simple tools, such as a stripped twig to draw simple tools, such as a stripped twig to draw termites from their nest. Experiments suggest termites from their nest. Experiments suggest that chimps can even learn to use language in that chimps can even learn to use language in a symbolic sense, but these results are a symbolic sense, but these results are disputed.disputed.


ApesApes: the closest living relatives of humans. Together with hu: the closest living relatives of humans. Together with humans they constitute the superfamily hominoid of the mammamans they constitute the superfamily hominoid of the mammalian order primates. The two extant families of apes are the Polian order primates. The two extant families of apes are the Pongidae (great apes) and the Hylobatidae (lesser apes). Apes anngidae (great apes) and the Hylobatidae (lesser apes). Apes and humans are classified together because they are more similad humans are classified together because they are more similar to each other anatomically, physically, and genetically than tr to each other anatomically, physically, and genetically than they are to the monkeys. Great apes are about equally good at hey are to the monkeys. Great apes are about equally good at solving laboratory problems; gibbons are less successful. Captsolving laboratory problems; gibbons are less successful. Captive great apes are all handy with objects, but in the wild only cive great apes are all handy with objects, but in the wild only chimpanzees are clever tool users. Great apes have learned to chimpanzees are clever tool users. Great apes have learned to communicate with human trainers using symbolic systems. Caommunicate with human trainers using symbolic systems. Captive hobnobs have a remarkable capacity to understand humptive hobnobs have a remarkable capacity to understand human speech, but thus far no apes have talked back— perhaps bean speech, but thus far no apes have talked back— perhaps because they lack humanoid brains or vocal tracts.cause they lack humanoid brains or vocal tracts.


Sign languageSign language: the use of a systematic, : the use of a systematic, organized group of gesture as a organized group of gesture as a medium of communication, where medium of communication, where spoken language is unusable for one spoken language is unusable for one or several reasons. For example, sign or several reasons. For example, sign language may be used where those language may be used where those involved in the exchange cannot hear, involved in the exchange cannot hear, where they speak different languages, where they speak different languages, or, where they are engaged in rituals or, where they are engaged in rituals that require symbolic gestures in place that require symbolic gestures in place of words. The most widely used sign of words. The most widely used sign languages are those employed by the languages are those employed by the deaf. American Sign Language, or deaf. American Sign Language, or ASL, is one of the commonly used ASL, is one of the commonly used languages in the United States.languages in the United States.


WashoeWashoe: Project Washoe (1966— 1970) : Project Washoe (1966— 1970) was the first successful attempt to teach a was the first successful attempt to teach a nonhuman primate to use symbols in nonhuman primate to use symbols in communicating. Researchers taught a communicating. Researchers taught a young chimpanzee more than 130 hand-young chimpanzee more than 130 hand-signs of the American language of the signs of the American language of the deaf. Since then studies of language use deaf. Since then studies of language use among a variety of nonhuman primates among a variety of nonhuman primates indicate that these animals are capable of indicate that these animals are capable of suing sounds as symbols to exchange suing sounds as symbols to exchange information regarding objects in their information regarding objects in their natural environment.natural environment.


1.1. What is culture?

2. What makes human beings different from animals?

A. The ability to use tools.A. The ability to use tools.

B. The learning and sharing of behavior.B. The learning and sharing of behavior.

C. The use of language.C. The use of language.

3.3. Do you think animals have a culture? If yes, give an example.

Pre-reading ActivityPre-reading Activity

CultureCulture is usually defined as learned behavior acquired by is usually defined as learned behavior acquired by

individuals in a social group. It is a set of behavioral rules individuals in a social group. It is a set of behavioral rules

that are transmitted from one generation to another within that are transmitted from one generation to another within

human society.human society.


According to the author, none of the three choices is According to the author, none of the three choices is

considered as a dividing line between human beings considered as a dividing line between human beings

and animals.and animals.


Yes. For example, man not only use tools but actually Yes. For example, man not only use tools but actually

make tools themselves. Of course, there are limits to the make tools themselves. Of course, there are limits to the

culture of animals.culture of animals.


• Introduction

• Outline of the Text

• Language Points

• Summary of the Text

Intensive StudyIntensive Study

As we know, culture is usually defined as learned As we know, culture is usually defined as learned behaviour acquired by individuals in a social group. It is behaviour acquired by individuals in a social group. It is a set of rules that are transmitted from one generation to a set of rules that are transmitted from one generation to another within human societies. What is the point of another within human societies. What is the point of asking whether animals have a culture? We used to think asking whether animals have a culture? We used to think that animals were unable to use tools, that they couldn’t that animals were unable to use tools, that they couldn’t learn or be taught in the way we do. However, the author learn or be taught in the way we do. However, the author in this passage not only raises such a surprising question, in this passage not only raises such a surprising question, but also goes into great details and ends his passage with but also goes into great details and ends his passage with something that might surprise us all — “Perhaps the something that might surprise us all — “Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.” as clear as we used to think.”

Introduction to Text AIntroduction to Text A

B. Some Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain B. Some Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain Animals ( Paras.2—5)Animals ( Paras.2—5)

1.1. the ability to use toolsthe ability to use tools

2.2. the ability to teach and learnthe ability to teach and learn

3. the ability to use language3. the ability to use language

A. The Definition of Culture ( Para.1) A. The Definition of Culture ( Para.1)

Outline of the TextOutline of the Text

C. Conclusion:( Para.6) Animals may also have a culture, though it is

limited when compared with that of human beings.

Do Animals Have a Culture?Do Animals Have a Culture?

11

Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too

. .

When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common

. Culture includes the beliefs and . Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. we learn.

It is the patterns of behaviour

that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of . It is also the patterns of

behaviour that make one group of people behaviour that make one group of people different from aa

nother group.nother group.


2 2

Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses

. Instead, we use tools, . Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and one another, and

communicate in language. But these aspects of human communicate in language. But these aspects of human

behaviour, or “culture”, can also be found in the lives of behaviour, or “culture”, can also be found in the lives of

certain animals.certain animals.


33

We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals

. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case.

Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools

themselves.

This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it

. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves

and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest.

When the termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and

eats them off the end― not unlike our use of a fork!


44 For some time we thought that although human For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught such behaviour. Or even if they could learn, they would such behaviour. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behaviour, not from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a “cultural” difference among animals.


55 We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behaviour from human behaviour. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behaviour. Yet we still have held onto the last feature ― language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language


used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is made used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is made

through gestures, and not by through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response.


66 Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.


Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in human, or if some animals have a culture too.just in human, or if some animals have a culture too.

In recent days social scientists have begun to In recent days social scientists have begun to ask whether culture exists only in human ask whether culture exists only in human society or whether some animals also have a society or whether some animals also have a culture.culture.

Paraphrase:

When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common.of people have in common.

When we talk about culture, it refers to a When we talk about culture, it refers to a way that a group of people share.way that a group of people share.

Paraphrase:

speak ofspeak of : to talk about; mention : to talk about; mention

I I havehave never never spoken ofspoken of these things to anyone before.these things to anyone before.

我从未向任何人提到过这些事。

TranslateTranslate

speak of :speak of : to talk about; mention to talk about; mention

Speaking ofSpeaking of books, have you read books, have you read Gone with the WindGone with the Wind??

谈到书，你读过《飘》吗？

TranslateTranslate

have sth. in common:have sth. in common: to share interests, characteristics, etc. to share interests, characteristics, etc.

They They havehave a lot a lot in common.in common.

他们有许多共同点。

TranslateTranslate

have sth. in commonhave sth. in common: to share interests, characteristics, etc.: to share interests, characteristics, etc.

cfcf.. in common:in common: for or by all of a groupfor or by all of a group

The Browns and the Clarks own the gardenThe Browns and the Clarks own the garden inin common.common.

布朗一家和克拉克一家共同拥有这个花园。TranslateTranslate

attitude:attitude: n. n. 【【 CC 】】 a manner or way of feeling or behaving; a manner or way of feeling or behaving;

opinionopinion

敌对的态度

观望的态度

冷漠的态度

你对新计划的态度是什么？

a hostilea hostile attitudeattitude

a wait-and-seea wait-and-see attitudeattitude

anan attitudeattitude of indifferenceof indifference

What’s yourWhat’s your attitudeattitude to / towards the new to / towards the new plan?plan?

TranslateTranslate

It is the patterns of behaviour that help people to live together.It is the patterns of behaviour that help people to live together.

Culture is the ways that help people behave Culture is the ways that help people behave properly so as to live together.properly so as to live together.

Paraphrase:

be different from:be different from: be unlike; be of a different kindbe unlike; be of a different kind

American carsAmerican cars are different fromare different from ours.ours.

美国造的汽车和我们的不一样 .

TranslateTranslate

be different from:be different from: be unlike; be of a different kindbe unlike; be of a different kind

Your methodYour method isis quite quite differentdifferent fromfrom mine.mine.

你的方法完全不同于我的方法。

TranslateTranslate

Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth and other defenses.claws, long teeth and other defenses.

Although we’ve lost our strength,claws, long Although we’ve lost our strength,claws, long teeth and other abilities that could protect teeth and other abilities that could protect us, our culture helps us to compensate for us, our culture helps us to compensate for that.that.

Paraphrase:

make up for:make up for: to compensate for (what was bad before) with to compensate for (what was bad before) with

something goodsomething good

Hard work can oftenHard work can often makemake upup forfor a lack of intelligence.a lack of intelligence.

勤能补拙。

TranslateTranslate

make up for:make up for: to compensate for (what was bad before) with to compensate for (what was bad before) with

something goodsomething good

Do you think her beauty couldDo you think her beauty could makemake upup forfor her stupidity?her stupidity?

你认为她的美丽能弥补她的愚蠢吗？

TranslateTranslate

cooperate with:cooperate with: to work or act together for a shared purpose to work or act together for a shared purpose

The BritishThe British cooperatedcooperated withwith the French in building the the French in building the new craft.new craft.

英、法两国合作制造这种新式飞船。

TranslateTranslate

cooperate with:cooperate with: to work or act together for a shared purpose to work or act together for a shared purpose

The childrenThe children cooperatedcooperated withwith their parents in preparing their parents in preparing for the guests.for the guests.

孩子们和父母一起为迎接客人做准备。

TranslateTranslate

We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals.line between human beings and other animals.

We thought that the distinct difference We thought that the distinct difference between human beings and other animals is between human beings and other animals is that the former were able to use tools.that the former were able to use tools.

Paraphrase:

……we have found that this is not the case.we have found that this is not the case.

… we have found that this is not true.Paraphrase:

be the case:be the case: to be true; be the actual condition to be true; be the actual condition

She thought she was innocent, but itShe thought she was innocent, but it wasn’t really the case.wasn’t really the case.

她认为她是清白的，但事实并非如此。

TranslateTranslate

This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it.and using it.

This ( tool-making ) is more advanced than This ( tool-making ) is more advanced than simply picking up an object nearby and using simply picking up an object nearby and using it.it.

Paraphrase:

handy:handy: adj. adj. （（ 11 ）） near; at near; at handhand

The shops are quiteThe shops are quite handy.handy.

商店就在附近。

TranslateTranslate

handy:handy: adj. adj. （（ 22 ）） useful and simple to useful and simple to useuse

This is aThis is a handyhandy little safety box.little safety box.

这是一只使用方便的小保险箱。

TranslateTranslate

handy:handy: adj. adj. （（ 33 ）） clever in using the clever in using the handshands

My husband is veryMy husband is very handyhandy at repairing radios. at repairing radios.

我丈夫很善于修理收音机。

TranslateTranslate

……not unlike our use of a fork!not unlike our use of a fork!

… … very similar to our way of using a fork!very similar to our way of using a fork!

Paraphrase:

get rid of:get rid of: to remove or throw something away

Poison willPoison will get rid ofget rid of the rats in the barn.the rats in the barn.

毒药将把谷仓中的老鼠毒死。

TranslateTranslate

get rid of:get rid of: to remove or throw something away

I used weed killerI used weed killer to get rid ofto get rid of the weeds in the garden.the weeds in the garden.

我用除草剂除掉了花园中的杂草。

TranslateTranslate

Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not.this group do not.

Now those monkeys who have never got in Now those monkeys who have never got in touch with the experimental group do not touch with the experimental group do not have the habit (of washing the sweet potato have the habit (of washing the sweet potato to get rid of the sand).to get rid of the sand).

Paraphrase:

come into contact withcome into contact with: to get in touch with: to get in touch with

SheShe comes into contact withcomes into contact with many people. many people.

她和许多人有联系。

TranslateTranslate

come into contact withcome into contact with: to get in touch with: to get in touch with

HeHe came into contact withcame into contact with many new ideas when he was abroad.many new ideas when he was abroad.

他在国外的时候，接触到了许多新思想。

TranslateTranslate

We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling aWe have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behaviour from human behaviournimal behaviour from human behaviour..

We did not regard tool use and invention as We did not regard tool use and invention as ways of telling the difference between ways of telling the difference between animal behaviour and human behaviour.animal behaviour and human behaviour.

Paraphrase:

rule out:rule out: to consider as impossible to consider as impossible

The doctor took X rays andThe doctor took X rays and ruledruled outout the chance of broken the chance of broken bones.bones.

医生拍了 X 光片，排除了骨折的可能性。

TranslateTranslate

rule out:rule out: to consider as impossible to consider as impossible

He said the possibilityHe said the possibility waswas not ruled outnot ruled out for them to for them to meet again in August.meet again in August.

他说他不排除他们八月份再次见面的可能性。

TranslateTranslate

tell…from:tell…from: to tell the difference between to tell the difference between

I can not I can not telltell that boy that boy fromfrom his brother. his brother.

我分不清那个男孩和他的弟弟。

TranslateTranslate

tell…from:tell…from: to tell the difference between to tell the difference between

It is very difficult for us toIt is very difficult for us to telltell artificial silk artificial silk fromfrom real silk. real silk.

我们难以分辨人造丝和真丝。

TranslateTranslate

Yet we still have held onto the last feature — language.Yet we still have held onto the last feature — language.

However we still can find support in the However we still can find support in the last feature— language.last feature— language.

Paraphrase:

hold onto sth. / sb:hold onto sth. / sb:

to keep possession of, esp. in spite of difficulties

这男孩抓住那棵矮树，直到有人爬下悬崖去救他。

The boy kept The boy kept holdingholding ontoonto the bush until someone the bush until someone climbed down the cliff to rescue him.climbed down the cliff to rescue him.

TranslateTranslate

But even the use of language can no longer separate human But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture.culture from animal culture.

But even the use of language can’t be the But even the use of language can’t be the dividing line between the dividing line between the human culture and animal culture.human culture and animal culture.

Paraphrase:

no longer / not…any longer:no longer / not…any longer:

not any more; formerly so but not nownot any more; formerly so but not now

It’s five o’clock. I can It’s five o’clock. I can nono longerlonger wait. (=I can’t wait any wait. (=I can’t wait any longer or I can’t wait any more.)longer or I can’t wait any more.)

5 点钟了，我不能再等了。

TranslateTranslate

no longer / not…any longer:no longer / not…any longer:

not any more; formerly so but not nownot any more; formerly so but not now

He used to drink white wine, but he He used to drink white wine, but he nono longerlonger drinks that. drinks that.

他过去喝白酒，但现在不喝了。

TranslateTranslate

separate…from:separate…from: to mark a division between; cause to become

disconnected

We should We should separateseparate the good ones the good ones fromfrom the bad ones. the bad ones.

我们应该分清好坏。

TranslateTranslate

separate…from:separate…from: to mark a division between; cause to become

disconnected

England England isis separatedseparated fromfrom France by the Channel. France by the Channel.

英法两国由英吉利海峡隔开。

TranslateTranslate

cf. cf. divide…into:divide…into: to separate into parts to separate into parts

The world The world isis divideddivided intointo seven continents. seven continents.

地球分为七大洲。

TranslateTranslate

AttemptsAttempts to teach apes to speak have failed.to teach apes to speak have failed.

We did not succeed in trying to teach apes We did not succeed in trying to teach apes

to talk.to talk.

Paraphrase:

attemptattempt: n. 【 C 】 a try; an effort made to do something

She made She made anan attemptattempt to cook the dinner. to cook the dinner.

她试着做这顿饭。

TranslateTranslate

attemptattempt: n. 【 C 】 a try; an effort made to do something

He made no He made no attemptattempt to escape / at escaping. to escape / at escaping.

他未曾企图脱逃。

TranslateTranslate

cf. efforteffort: n. 【 C 】（ 1 ） trying hard with mind and body

He made He made anan efforteffort to climb the wall. to climb the wall.

他尽力爬上墙。

TranslateTranslate

To finish the work in one day was a very good To finish the work in one day was a very good effort.effort.

一天内完成这项工作是很大的成绩。

TranslateTranslate

cf. cf. efforteffort: n. : n. 【【 CC 】（】（ 22 ）） the result of the result of tryingtrying

But teaching them language has been very successful if we are But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word.

But if we are ready to accept other forms as But if we are ready to accept other forms as language instead of accepting only the spoken language instead of accepting only the spoken word as language, we have succeeded in word as language, we have succeeded in teaching them language.teaching them language.

Paraphrase:

be willing to:be willing to: to ready to; tend to help to ready to; tend to help

AreAre you you willing towilling to help? help?

你愿意帮忙吗？

TranslateTranslate

be willing to:be willing to: to ready to; tend to help to ready to; tend to help

I I am willing toam willing to overlook your mistakes. overlook your mistakes.

我愿意忽略你的错误 .

TranslateTranslate

spell out:spell out: (1) to write or say (a word) letter by letter (1) to write or say (a word) letter by letter

He He speltspelt his name his name outout for me. for me.

他为我拼写他的名字。

TranslateTranslate

spell out:spell out: (2) to explain in the plainest or most detailed way (2) to explain in the plainest or most detailed way

The representative The representative speltspelt outout the government’s plans in the government’s plans in

his speech.his speech.

这位代表在演说中详细地说明了政府的各项计划。

TranslateTranslate

spell outspell out: (2) to explain in the plainest or most detailed way: (2) to explain in the plainest or most detailed way

Can you Can you spell outspell out what he said? what he said?

你能详细地阐述他说的话吗？

TranslateTranslate

It permits more than one-way command and response.It permits more than one-way command and response.

It ( the chimp’s creation of language) makes it possible that the chimp is able not only to receive the order and gives her response but also to communicate.

Paraphrase:

command:command: n. n. 【【 CC 】】 an an orderorder

He gave the He gave the commandcommand that the prisoners (should) be set free. that the prisoners (should) be set free.

他下令释放囚徒。

TranslateTranslate

cf. orderorder: a command or direction or something to be done. It is

less formal but more concrete than “command”.

Father’s Father’s ordersorders are that you must be home by 10 o’clock.are that you must be home by 10 o’clock.

父亲嘱咐：你必须在 10 点钟前回家。

TranslateTranslate

Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals.Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals.

Of course, there are some other things that Of course, there are some other things that the culture of animals cannot do.the culture of animals cannot do.

Paraphrase:

……but this form of language is limited in its ability to but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas.communicate abstract ideas.

……but by the sign language chimps are but by the sign language chimps are incapable of expressing and accepting incapable of expressing and accepting abstract ideas.abstract ideas.

Paraphrase:

Culture is believed to be the thing only human have. Culture is believed to be the thing only human have.

Studies of animals, however, show that chimpanzees can Studies of animals, however, show that chimpanzees can

make and use tools like man. Monkeys can learn to do make and use tools like man. Monkeys can learn to do

something from each other. Apes can even be taught something from each other. Apes can even be taught

some forms of language. We find that certain animals do some forms of language. We find that certain animals do

have culture similar to that of human beings and the line have culture similar to that of human beings and the line

dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.

Summary of Text ASummary of Text A

• Exercise Check-upExercise Check-up

• Listening PracticeListening Practice

• Exercises in Class

PracticePractice

Exercise Check-upExercise Check-up

Assignment CheckAssignment Check

• Exercise 2 (P. 106)

• Exercise 3 (P. 107)

Exercise 2 Circle the best answer according to the passage. Exercise 2 Circle the best answer according to the passage.

1.1. The passage mainly tells us about_________.The passage mainly tells us about_________.

A.A. the history of animal learningthe history of animal learning

B. the difference between animals’ culture and that of B. the difference between animals’ culture and that of human beingshuman beings

C.C. the various aspects of animals’ culturethe various aspects of animals’ culture

D.D. the dividing line between animals and human beingsthe dividing line between animals and human beings

《实用英语 II 》 Unit 6Exercise 2 , P. 106



1.1. The passage mainly tells us about_________.The passage mainly tells us about_________.

A.A. the history of animal learningthe history of animal learning

B. the difference between animals’ culture and that of B. the difference between animals’ culture and that of human beingshuman beings

C.C. the various aspects of animals’ culturethe various aspects of animals’ culture

D.D. the dividing line between animals and human beingsthe dividing line between animals and human beings

2.2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?passage?

A.A. By culture the author means something that people have By culture the author means something that people have in common in relation to their ideas, art, or their way of in common in relation to their ideas, art, or their way of life.life.

B.B. All animals are found to have the same culture as human All animals are found to have the same culture as human beings. beings.

C.C. The ability to use tools used to serve as a dividing line beThe ability to use tools used to serve as a dividing line between human beings and animals.tween human beings and animals.

D.D. Many things that animals used to be considered unable tMany things that animals used to be considered unable to do are now proved possible.o do are now proved possible.

B.B. All animals are found to have the same culture as human All animals are found to have the same culture as human beings. beings.


3. Which of the following examples tells us that the animals 3. Which of the following examples tells us that the animals also have a kind of cultural difference? also have a kind of cultural difference?

A.A. The study of a group of monkeys in Japan.The study of a group of monkeys in Japan.

B.B. The study of a chimpanzee named Washoe.The study of a chimpanzee named Washoe.

C.C. The study of chimps using tools.The study of chimps using tools.

D. The study of termites’ behaviour.D. The study of termites’ behaviour.

A.A. The study of a group of monkeys in Japan.The study of a group of monkeys in Japan.


4.4. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 5?Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 5?

A.A. Animals don’t have the intelligence that man has.Animals don’t have the intelligence that man has.

B.B. Animals can hardly express what they want.Animals can hardly express what they want.

C. Animals can only use sign language for their C. Animals can only use sign language for their communication.communication.

D.D. Animals can not speak the same way as man does.Animals can not speak the same way as man does.D.D. Animals can not speak the same way as man does.Animals can not speak the same way as man does.


5.5. It is implied in the passage that _____________.It is implied in the passage that _____________.

A.A. some animals may also have the ability to use some animals may also have the ability to use language as human beingslanguage as human beings

B.B. human beings, unlike many other animals, no human beings, unlike many other animals, no longer have such features as great strength, claws, longer have such features as great strength, claws, long teeth and other defenseslong teeth and other defenses

C.C. there seems to be nearly no difference between there seems to be nearly no difference between human beings and other animalshuman beings and other animals

D.D. monkeys and chimps seem to have more in monkeys and chimps seem to have more in common with human beings than any other common with human beings than any other animalsanimals


5.5. It is implied in the passage that _____________.It is implied in the passage that _____________.

A.A. some animals may also have the ability to use some animals may also have the ability to use language as human beingslanguage as human beings

B.B. human beings, unlike many other animals, no human beings, unlike many other animals, no longer have such features as great strength, claws, longer have such features as great strength, claws, long teeth and other defenseslong teeth and other defenses

C.C. there seems to be nearly no difference between there seems to be nearly no difference between human beings and other animalshuman beings and other animals

D.D. monkeys and chimps seem to have more in monkeys and chimps seem to have more in common with human beings than any other common with human beings than any other animalsanimals

Exercise 3Exercise 3

Decide whether the statements are True or False according to Decide whether the statements are True or False according to the passage.the passage.

1. Some animals may also use tools, cooperate with one 1. Some animals may also use tools, cooperate with one another and communicate in their own languages.another and communicate in their own languages.

TrueTrue




2. According to the passage, monkeys learn things much 2. According to the passage, monkeys learn things much faster and more easily than any other animals do.faster and more easily than any other animals do.

FalseFalse


3. There would be no difference between human beings and 3. There would be no difference between human beings and animals if animals had vocal organs.animals if animals had vocal organs.

FalseFalse


4. Some animals use sign language instead of speaking to 4. Some animals use sign language instead of speaking to communicate with each other.communicate with each other.

TrueTrue


5. There are not as many differences between animals and 5. There are not as many differences between animals and human beings as we used to think.human beings as we used to think.

FalseFalse


Chen: ___________ to have dinner with me at hoChen: ___________ to have dinner with me at home?me?

Bill: Why, ______________! When shall I come?Bill: Why, ______________! When shall I come?

Chen: ____. I’ll pick you up at seven this evening.Chen: ____. I’ll pick you up at seven this evening.

Bill: ___________ a bottle of wine or something?Bill: ___________ a bottle of wine or something?

Chen:You are considerate. But_______________ Chen:You are considerate. But_______________ ________.________.

Bill: OK. Thank you _________________.Bill: OK. Thank you _________________.

《实用英语 II 》 Unit 6Listening Practice

Part I, P. 118

《实用英语 II 》 Unit 6Listening Practice

Part I, P. 118

2.2. Now listen to a dialogue and fill in the blanks with the Now listen to a dialogue and fill in the blanks with the information you get from the tape.information you get from the tape.

Do you careDo you care

that’s wonderfulthat’s wonderful

OKOK

Shall I bringShall I bring

it’s really notit’s really not

for your invitationfor your invitation

necessarynecessary

Listening PracticeListening Practice

Xin: Hi! I’ve won the top scholarship.Xin: Hi! I’ve won the top scholarship.

Tim: Great! ____________Tim: Great! ____________ （你真棒）（你真棒） ..

Xin: I’d like to __________________Xin: I’d like to __________________ （请你吃饭）（请你吃饭） ..

Tim: Thank you, but _______________________________Tim: Thank you, but _______________________________

（我两点钟有个会）（我两点钟有个会） ..

Xin: Then let’s go to a snack bar.Xin: Then let’s go to a snack bar.

Tim: OK. _____________________Tim: OK. _____________________ （我接受你的邀请）（我接受你的邀请） ..

3.3. Now listen to another dialogue and then translate the Chinese Now listen to another dialogue and then translate the Chinese into English according to the information you get from the tapinto English according to the information you get from the tape.e.

Good for youGood for you

treat you to a dinnertreat you to a dinner

I’m going to have a meeting at 2:00I’m going to have a meeting at 2:00

I accept your invitationI accept your invitation


Manager:Manager: ____________________________________.____________________________________.

Assistant:Assistant: No, I’m sorry. The earliest bus is at half past No, I’m sorry. The earliest bus is at half past six.six.

Manager: _______________________________.Manager: _______________________________.

Assistant: No, don’t bother. It’s a bit too early.Assistant: No, don’t bother. It’s a bit too early.

Manager: _______________________________.Manager: _______________________________.

Assistant: Fine. I’ll be on time.Assistant: Fine. I’ll be on time.


4.4. Now listen to the third dialogue and try to play the Manager’s Now listen to the third dialogue and try to play the Manager’s part.part.

Can you come at 6:00 tomorrow morning?Can you come at 6:00 tomorrow morning?

Shall I go to pick you up in my car?Shall I go to pick you up in my car?

Then shall we meet at seven?Then shall we meet at seven?

Exercise in ClassExercise in Class

• Exercise 4, P. 107Exercise 4, P. 107




Ex. 4Ex. 4Complete the table with the information you’ve got from the Complete the table with the information you’ve got from the passage.passage.

ExampleExample IndicationIndication

Some animals can not only Some animals can not only use tools but also make toolsuse tools but also make tools

A group of Japanese A group of Japanese monkeys at the Kyoto monkeys at the Kyoto University Monkey CenterUniversity Monkey Center

A chimpanzee namedA chimpanzee named WashoeWashoe

Chimps have been seen to Chimps have been seen to eat termiteseat termites

Some animals can learn and share behaviour

Some animals can use “language”




Ex. 5 Ex. 5

Find in the passage the words which match the definition.Find in the passage the words which match the definition.

1.1. not long ago not long ago

2.2. the way you think and feel about the way you think and feel about somethingsomething

3.3. the way of treating othersthe way of treating others

4.4. work together for a shared purposework together for a shared purpose

5.5. near; easily reached near; easily reached

6.6. a home built by insects or birdsa home built by insects or birds

latelylately

attitudeattitude

behaviourbehaviour

cooperatecooperate

handyhandy

nestnest




7. an effort to do something7. an effort to do something

8. having done what one has tried to do 8. having done what one has tried to do

9. all the words someone knows9. all the words someone knows

10. an order10. an order

attemptattempt

successfulsuccessful

vocabularyvocabulary

commandcommand


Ex. 6 Ex. 6 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary.necessary.

command handy defense attitude cooperatecommand handy defense attitude cooperate

strip aspect attempt abstract vocabulary strip aspect attempt abstract vocabulary

1.1. He had an excellent ________ of Latin and Greek He had an excellent ________ of Latin and Greek through self-learning.through self-learning.

2. Some electric food-mixers are really _______, but it 2. Some electric food-mixers are really _______, but it takes time to clean them. takes time to clean them.

3. Your idea on the subject, as far as I can see, seems 3. Your idea on the subject, as far as I can see, seems somewhat _________.somewhat _________.

commandcommand

handyhandy

abstractabstract


《实用英语 II 》 Unit 6Exercise 6, P. 108

《实用英语 II 》 Unit 6Exercise 6, P. 108

Practical English, Book II Unit 6 Part A Unit 6 Part A Do Animals Have a Culture? Lectured by Cheng...

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