Practical Application of Space Research Science & Engineering to … › departments › physics ›...
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Practical Application of Space Research Science & Engineering to Health-care & Bioscience Event
12th March 2009
XMM-NEWTON
Case Study 4:High Count Rate Imaging Photo-multipliers for Biology
Jon Lapington
Chandra – HRCMicrochannel plate detectorUniversity of Leicester
Space Research Centre
Microelectronics GroupHigh speed ASICs
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First solar x-rayspectrum-1946 XMM-Newton-1999
The rapid pace of technological change drives detector performance
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Unexploited opportunities exist for fast imaging and event timing detectors in many fields
Space Science Atmospheric Science Biological Sciences Chemistry Environmental science Forensics Materials Science Medicine Physics Security
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FRET imaging using fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy
IntensityG
FP-C
dc42
co
ntro
l G
FP-C
dc42
/ W
T PA
K-m
yc-C
y3
1.8 2.3τ (ns)
1.8 2.3τ (ns)
Lifetime
Figures courtesy Professors Ng, King's College London Vojnovic, Gray Cancer Institute
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Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measures multiple system parameters
Figures courtesy Schwille, “Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy” ebook
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Event timing is used for a variety of other bioscience applications
• Other spectroscopies– Raman, polarization anisotropy, etc.
• Time resolved optical tomography• Time-of-flight PET• Molecular imaging• Luminescence/phosphorescence
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"HiContent“ & “IRPICS”- a family of detectors designed specifically for life science applications
Detector attributes• Multi-channel / imaging• Photon counting• Time resolved• High throughput• Miniaturized electronics• Flexible, multi-purpose• Commercial product
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Window
Photocathode
MCP stack
Electrode array
Readout electronics:PCB with ASIC electronics underside
Photon
Photoelectron
MCP electron gain
Current collected on readout electrode
ASIC preamp and discriminator timesphoton event
LVDS logic out TDC + FPGA processing
Detector Design
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18 mm FOV
~20 mm
Multi-layer ceramic
8 x 8 array of independent 25 ps channels
Electronics on coupled PCBoutside vacuum
Vacuumenclosure
HiContent Detector Envelope
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Prototype Tube Design
Multi-layer ceramic construction
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The end goal is a 32 x 32 array, effectively 1024 independent PMTs
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Electronics Design• Totally parallel, multi-channel design
– for high throughput operation
• Miniaturization and integration– Multichannel ASICs + compact 3D layout
• CERN NINO ASIC– 8 channel preamplifier/discriminator– Fast, 1 ns peaking time– Low noise (<5000 e- rms)– Low timing jitter (<20 ps above 100 fC)
• CERN HPTDC ASIC– 8/32 channel time-to-digital converter– 25/100 ps time resolution– 75 ns pulse pair resolution
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NINO ASIC
Parameter Value
Peaking time 1ns
Signal range 100fC-2pC
Noise (with detector) < 5000 e- rms
Front edge time jitter < 25ps rms
Power consumption 30 mW/ch
Discriminator threshold 10fC to 100fC
Differential Input impedance 40Ω< Zin < 75Ω
Output interface LVDS
Input stageIn+
In-
Diff.Stage
× 6
Diff.Stage
× 6
Diff.Stage
× 6
Diff.Stage
× 6
Low Frequency Feedbackto control offset
and apply threshold
Pulsestretcher
LVDSOutput Driver
Out+
Out-
Hysteris
OR
OR
NINO channel
Input resistance adjustment ??Input resistance adjustment ??
Threshold adjustment(10 fC minimum)
Threshold adjustment(10 fC minimum)
Stretcher ON/OFF+ Stretch length adjustment
Stretcher ON/OFF+ Stretch length adjustment
Hysteresis ON / OFFHysteresis ON / OFFOther
channels
Other channels
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64 Channel Prototype PCB
120 mm
NINO ASIC
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Current Status• HiContent Prototype (8 x 8 Pixel2 )
– Detector and electronics design and manufacture complete– Measured time resolution (end-to-end electronics) – 37 ps rms– Initial phase of detector testing has begun– System tests will begin spring 2009– End-user field trials will take place in third quarter 2009
• HiContent (16 x 16 Pixel2 )– In-house HPTDC development board completed and under test– 64 channel HPTDC daughterboard design started– 256 channel system design under development
• IRPICS– Change to 40 mm detector format to maximize throughput– 1024 channel readout multi-layer ceramic design started– 32 channel low power NINO mk3 chip designed and manufactured– System design in progress
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Project Goals• Economic goal – an affordable solution for FLIM and FCS
– Our goal ~1% of the cost per channel c.f. conventional systems– Single channel TCSPC system - £20k, max rate ≈ 1M Count/s
• Performance goal – challenge current TCSPC limitations– Overall event rate projected ≤ 100 M count/s
• Flexible operation for multi-purpose application– User selectable channel grouping for optimal performance trade-offs
• Several modes of FLIM operation – “Single pixel” detector with:
• up to 100 MHz rate capability • Simultaneous event capability (escape TCSPC single event per pulse limit)
– Multi-pixel simultaneous imaging• Detector pixellation used for simultaneous imaging of an illuminated area• Selectable “pixel” size by channel grouping• Provides image resolution versus count rate trade-off
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We are exploring promising new detector materials:
Diamond Dynode Detectors
1) Basic Technology fundedProof of concept project
2) STFC PIPSS funded“High speed imaging with diamond dynode detectors ”
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Smart materials such as diamond offer new opportunities
• Simple to produce– chemical vapour
deposition• Boron doped
– tuneable conductivity• Wide band-gap
– low noise / high temperature operation
• Robust– air-stable, easy to
reactivate
Images courtesy of Dr. Paul May, Diamond Group, University of Bristol
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Dimaond is easily patterned and structured
SEM micrographs courtesy of Dr Paul May, University of Bristol
Sub-micron thick diamond membranes over apertures machined in silicon Dr. Bob Stevens - RAL
33 micron diameter dots of mono-crystalline diamond grit deposited by inkjet onto conductive glass.Dr. Neil Fox, University of Bristol
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Advantages of diamond as a dynode material
• Negative electron affinity– high secondary electron yield = gain
• High gain– lower dynode count required
• High gain– lower gain variance per dynode
• Lower gain variance– improved signal to noise– event “energy” resolution possible– less demanding of electronics
• Lower dynode count– excellent time resolution
• Narrow energy and angular range– excellent time resolution
δθ
δE
Conventional materialN ≤ 15
δθ
δE
CVD DiamondN ≤ 80
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Diamond yield characterization
Photograph (upper) and 2D “image” of secondary emission yield (lower) from 3 diamond samples using e-beam scanning
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Secondary emission results –conventional versus CVD diamond
Conventional dynode materials
CVD Diamond
Our best result observed for H-terminated CVD-diamond
Measurements in black - J. E. Yater, A. Shih, and R. Abrams, Phys. Rev. B, V56, R4410.
Photonis PMT Handbook
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Diamond detector configurations being investigated
-
Support Substrate
Diamond dynode
Primary electron -
Amplified signal
Transmission Reflection
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Proof of principle exists already…in non-imaging mode
55 ps rise-time88 ps FWHM
The World’s fastest photomultiplier tube
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Possible bioscience applications
• High resolution timing applications• Time-of-flight PET• Fluorescence life-time imaging• Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy• FRET imaging• Single molecule imaging• Time resolved optical tomography• Luminescence/phosphorescence• High content, high throughput analysis
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Vision – opportunity for a revolution in detector design and performance
2D MicroPMT pixel arrays micro-machined in silicon large area devices monolithic, flat panel high speed imaging high time resolution
Analogous to the CRT to LCD revolution …
Diamond technology offers to revolutionize photon-counting detector design
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AcknowledgementsHiContent and IRPICS Collaborators• CERN – Pierre Jarron & co-workers• Photek – Jon Howorth & co-workers• Gray Institute, Oxford University – Boris Vojnovic• Manchester University – David Clarke• Funding bodies – STFC, BBSRCDiamond dynode project collaborators• Bristol University – Paul May & Neil Fox• Photek – Jon Howorth & co-workers• Atomic Weapons Establishment – Colin Horsfield• Central Microstructure Facility, RAL – Bob Stevens• Funding bodies – RCUK, STFC & AWE