PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TO INVERSE TRANSLATION.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TO INVERSE TRANSLATION

Transcript of PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TO INVERSE TRANSLATION.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONOF

CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

TOINVERSE TRANSLATION

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PRACTICAL

APPLICATION ????OF

CONTRASTIVE: 2 distinct linguistic CODES

INTERFERENCE

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Real language in CONTEXT

TO

INVERSE ????TRANSLATION ????

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONTRASTIVE

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TO INVERSE TRANSLATION

Unlike GRAMMARReal language produced as Communicative Act in a

CONTEXT affects

InterpretationAdequacy

Meaning

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CONTEXT

“Llevamos 30 años de ETA”

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TRANSLATION

Involves:

a. UNDERSTANDING (de-coding)

Text 1-(language 1)

&b. PRODUCING (en-coding)

Text 2- (language 2)

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De-coding and en-codingLINGUISTIC CODE

Set of elements SIGNS: Lexical system

combined following a

Set of rules SYSTEM: Morphosyntactic system

in order to COMMUNICATE MEANING

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COMMUNICATION (?)1 2 3

Coca ~Cola

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COMMUNICATION (?)

“El niño presenta su capacidad lúdica descendida”

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CORRECTNESS vs. ADEQUACY(Context)

Principle of

UNOBTRUSIVENESS OF LANGUAGE

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UNDERSTANDING text 1Decoding

Knowledge of the codeKnowledge of the topicKnowledge of the contextComprehension of the speaker´s intentionLinguistic CompetenceKnowledge of the world

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CODE

SIGNS IN CONTEXT

• “Los sindicatos denuncian el paro”

• “Los sindicatos apoyan el paro”

• “Los sindicatos apoyan el paro en denuncia del paro”

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CODE

SYSTEM• “Trajo rota la bicicleta” Predicativo Objetivo

(¿cómo estaba cuando la trajo?)

• “Trajo la bicicleta rota” Modificador Directo(¿cuál bicicleta trajo?)

• “Pintó la puerta verde” Modificador Directo(¿cuál puerta pintó?)

• “Pintó verde la puerta” Predicativo Objetivo(¿cómo quedó al pintarla?)

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CODE

KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD

• “Trajo la cara rota”• “Trajo rota la cara”

not possibly “MODIFICADOR DIRECTO”, it cannot mean: “¿CUÁL CARA?”

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“Grammar is but a feeble attempt at describing

the wondrous variety of the live language”

Aldo Blanco

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KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOPIC

-¿De qué vas a hablar?-Aplicación práctica del análisis contrastivo del discurso a la traducción inversa

…………………………………..-¿Y en castellano ?

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KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOPIC

“La técnica de baja fricción utiliza brackets pasivos de autoligado con una serie de arcos superelásticos que mantienen las

fuerzas aplicadas sobre las piezas individuales a nivel de la “biozona o zona

de fuerza óptima”.

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KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOPIC

-Vi un pullover hermosísimo, lo miré todo el viaje para contarte; era de un rosa precioso, con unas mangas lindísimas, con unas cositas acá.

-¿Rosa Dior o bebé? - ...... Y, era ... rosa clarito - ¿Mangas raglan o pegadas?- ..... Nada, no vi nada.

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KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOPIC

“Se utilizó una bomba de protones”

*“A protons bomb was employed”

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LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

“En Omán se encontraron camellos infectados con un virus similar a una nueva enfermedad letal que el año

pasado ha causado la muerte de docenas de personas, marcando un importante

avance en los esfuerzos para comprender cómo se extiende”

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LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

• “Es fuerte el dolor que implica para un matrimonio el hijo deseado que no puede llegar”

• “Si entre los fines del matrimonio está la procreación, ¿un matrimonio que no logra tener hijos deja de ser matrimonio por faltarle ese fin?”

(Article in the magazine of the Colegio de Abogados)

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LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

• “Villa Elisa es una pintoresca localidad en el centro este de la provincia de entre Ríos, mejor conocida como La ciudad Jardín.”

• “Este nombre no es un capricho de sus habitantes sino una realidad, visible para los turistas que circulan por las calles del radio urbano, con sus jardines de aceras amplias y avenidas parquizadas.”

• “Plazas y parques son cuidados por vecinos que quieren convivir en un espacio verde digno de habitar.”

(article in Cielos de Entre Ríos, complimentary copy)

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EN-CODING

En-coding difficulties: (signs or system)

• Conscious: awareness of gap in knowledge

• Unconscious: INTERFERENCE

Correct form has not been learned Correct form has not been internalisedNO AWARENESS OF DIFFERENCE

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LINGUISTIC INTERFERENCEA case study of Portuguese interference in abstracts translated into English

Gabriela C. T. Galvao-Växjö University-2005 www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/.../FULLTEXT01.pd

MOST COMMON CAUSE: Syntactic/grammatical interference

Total No. Abstracts

No. abstracts presenting interference

% interference

in 50 abstracts

% interference in the fields

Total No. Abstracts

50 28 56 ---

Humanities/Social Sciences/History

30

22

44 73

Natural Sciences/Technology

20 6 12 3

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MANIFESTATIONS

• Phonological system•MORPHSYNTACTIC SYSTEM• LEXICAL SYSTEM• Pragmatic level

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LINGUISTIC INTERFERENCE

How can the enemy be turned into an ally?

Creating and increasing

AWARENESS

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AWARENESS RAISING

• Technical-specific language: ritualised register» Specialised Glossaries

»Discourse Analysis• Non-specific language: differentiated registers

» development of linguistic maturity» development of ability to

-detect :Vocabulary Recovery

-explain: footnotes-define: conceptualisation (interpreting)

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CONTENT DIFFICULTIES

“Los niños disléxicos no perciben que cada letra representa un fonema, ... . La presentación de

los paradigmas fonémicos

/ka/ /ke/ /ki/ /ko/ /ku/-/sa/ /se/ /si/ /so/ /su/

y su representación ortográfica requiere especial atención”.

Prof. Jacobo FeldmanFonoaudiología-UMSA

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

“Epilady helps prevent the appearance of in-grown hairs”

“He limped, he had an in-grown toenail”

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

• For full flavour of the wine, open the bottle 2 hours before serving for it to chambrè.

• The introduction of horizontal tempering of glass eliminated tong marks.

• Differentiation of surfaces is of prime importance; printing on the tin surface instead of on the fire surface of the glass will result in colour change of the enamel.

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

• Cocina con mesada y pileta centrales

• Medias con motitas antidelizantes

• Lecho del río

• Viento de cola

• Jugar con los sentimientos de alguien

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

• The plane arrived early; we had tail winds for most of the flight.

• The dry, parched riverbed was evidence of the long time since the rainy season.

• ..., the type of socks with nubs to prevent slipping.• It was no formal meal, we stayed in the kitchen and

just sat at the island nibbling at the leftovers.• You´re toying with him, don´t; he is a great boy and

doesn´t deserve it.• We are planning to remodel the kitchen, the counters

will be in red granite.

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

• Cover the cannelloni with plastic wrap.• The baby offered her the sippy cup.• Her suitcase fell off the luggage carousel.• It is not easy to give up the gargle; there are

days I crave a drink so badly I could easily murder a whole bottle, but I´ve been sober for 5 months.

• Oily skin can produce enlarged pores, which can be blocked and result in blackheads.

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TYPES OF RECOVERY

• “Transparent” lexical items

• “Labouring out” a translation

• Visualization

• Approximation to meaning(knowledge of the world)

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VOCABULARY RECOVERY

• Culture-specific lexical items (no equivalence)

• Different register

• False cognates

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CULTURE SPECIFIC

• Del Hotel de Inmigrantes generalmente pasaban a un inquilinato, en su mayoría casas chorizo.

• El potrero del barrio y los picados eran indiscutibles niveladores sociales.

• El rin-raje se asociaba con la pertenencia a un sector social inferior.

• “Varonera” era un término estigmatizante, equivalente a promiscua o “fácil” .

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MISMATCHES CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

FOCUS ON DIFFERENCES, NOT DESCRIPTION

• Morphosyntactic Level• Lexical Level• Register• Connotation

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MISMATCHESMORPHOSYNTACTIC LEVEL

• Comparison and contrast through 2-way translation

• Creation of paradigm if possible• Anticipation and remedy of interference

ENHANCEMENT OF

AWARENESS

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MISMATCHES MORPHOSYNTACTIC LEVEL

• Many people had their houses destroyed• I’ve seen many girls leave the show who deserved to

stay• That wasn´t the only time she´d done that• She signed while still fully conscious

• On opening, the surgeons detected a second tumor• While recording, absolute silence is required • When travelling abroad, use traveller´s cheques

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MISMATCHESLexical Level

• Different Register

• False cognates

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VOC. RECOVERY-MISMATCHES

• Animals on fur farms spend their entire lives confined to tiny, filthy cages, constantly pacing to and fro from stress and boredom.

• Some fur farmers kill animals by electrocution. Animals who are electrocuted experience the intense pain of a heart attack while fully conscious.

• PETA caught one fur farmer killing animals by injecting an insecticide into their hearts. This crude method of killing causes animals to convulse for up to 10 minutes before they die.

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VOC. RECOVERY-MISMATCHES

• Other killing methods include gassing and suffocation. Sometimes animals are only stunned and may be skinned alive.

• Animals caught in steel-jaw traps endure excruciating pain from the steel bars clamped on their legs, paws or torsos. Sometimes they chew off their own paws to escape.

• Trapped animals suffer in traps for hours or even days before having their chests stomped on or their necks broken by trappers.

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MISMATCHES

“A los 8 llegué a la ciudad”“El padre de mis hijos vive en Mendoza”“A los 17 conocí al padre de mis hijos”“Disfruto de sus trabajos, pero es su hijo quien debe

hacer la tarea escolar” (maestro a padre)“Existe hoy en los colegios un bajo nivel de exigencia”“Somos 18 en el curso”“El tumor primitivo estaba alojado en la mama”“Este tumor tiene frecuencia relativamente baja”

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APPLICATION

• La semana pasada hemos firmado el acuerdo.• Llevamos meses trabajando en el tema.• Este problema tiene años.• Va a hacer 5 años que trabajamos en el tema.• Desde las 10 de la mañana comenzó a romperse el glaciar.• Si un asteroide impacta de lleno, será el fin de la vida sobre el

planeta.• Es impresionante la cantidad de accidentes diarios en las rutas

tanto provinciales como nacionales.• Descubrieron la causa de una enfermedad común que afecta a

un elevado porcentaje de niños.

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SEMANTIC FIELD

DAMAGE• To what? • With what? • Result • Objective• Intensity • Loss of perfection• .......

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SEMANTIC FIELD

LLENO• Ideas bullendo en su mente• Cabeza llena de piojos• Balde lleno de agua• Balde lleno de agujeros• Ensayo repleto de errores• Edificio plagado de ratas• Jardín lleno de caracoles