CONSTRUCTION PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENTPRESENTED BY: LTJG RUFINO B KHO JR PN

M O D U L E I GENERAL DISCUSSION ON DEFINITION AND TERMS RELATED TO MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER AND INSPECTOR IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL Definition of Materials Testing Importance of Materials Testing

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON DEFINITION AND TERMS RELATED TO MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL

IN ENGINEERING POINT OF VIEW, MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL HAS TWO ASPECTS NAMELY : MATERIALS TESTING QUALITY CONTROL

WHAT IS MATERIALS TESTING ? is the basic means or a tool by which an engineer or an inspector can be used to determined whether the materials should be allowed to be incorporated or be rejected into the work. It is a documented proof of the quality of materials indicating it meets or it fails the desired properties as called for in the specifications requirements of an approved contract. There can be no quality assurance without adequate quality control at the source or manufacturer or at construction, therefore testing is a tool for measuring quality control in project implementation.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS TESTINGEngineers do not guess !!!So without testing even in the field or in the laboratory, no one can state definitely if the quality of materials is satisfied or not, even the expert. Testing is an important complement of quality control in engineering works Materials testing is not done by sight or other means without the benefit of laboratory tests. If it is done by sight, it is pure and simple guessing.

WHY WE NEED TO KNOW & LEARN TESTINGProject Engineers, Materials Engineers and Laboratory Technicians who are involved in the implementation of various infrastructures needs to learn & know testing technology in construction materials to enhance and strength their capabilities in the implementation of Quality Assurance Program in a project.

WHAT BENEFITS WILL YOU ACQUIRED IN LEARNING MATERIALS TESTING Recognize the basic technologies in testing of construction materials. Identify and familiarize the required tests on specific construction materials Identify and understand the basic properties of materials Understand the significance of tests on the materials Aware of the importance of materials testing in project implementation

Perform effectively field/laboratory sampling and testing of construction materials in accordance with the standard methods/procedures. Familiarize in the application of the proper method of sampling of materials in the field and laboratory Identify and familiarize in all laboratory testing apparatus / equipment for materials sampling and testing Learn and familiarize standard methods and procedures of laboratory testing of various construction materials Learn to check the accuracy and proper maintenance of laboratory testing apparatus/equipment

Evaluate, analyze and interpret test results of construction materials for the purpose of acceptance and rejection. Learn proper computation and check result of tests performed Know the proper reporting system of test reports Understand the application of materials standard specifications based on the result of tests Learn how to analyze and evaluate result of tests indicated on official test reports from testing laboratories Learn the proper recommended measures in the acceptance or rejection of materials

HOW MATERIALS IS REPRESENTED BY A TESTThe usual procedure is to make a test for a certain quantity of materials representing the quantities to be incorporated into the work or in accordance with the minimum testing requirements prescribed in each project. The requirements specify the kind and number of tests for each items of works. It should be emphasized that what are specified are the minimum number of testing only. Additional number of test can be require to the materials if the owner/inspector is in doubt of the quality of materials or the finished structure.

When the Testing of Materials be Conducted An aspect of testing which is very important and most often overlook is when testing should be conducted. Testing of material is conducted prior to incorporation into the work.If the test is not conducted at the proper time, there is no quality control since it will then be too late to correct anything that is defective. If someone will attempt to evaluate the quality of materials without testing he is taking a big risk because he is guessing.

What is Quality ? is a judgment by the customer or users of a product or service. It is the extent to which the customer or users feel the product or service surpasses their needs and expectations. the characteristic of a product that provides a level of performance in terms of service and life.

What is Control ?It is usually used in relation to something in need of checking or regulating due to some important and compelling reasons. It is used to correct something which has gone wrong or in other words, control is instituted as a (corrective) preventive measure. There is another form of control which is now widely and increasingly used in most industries to gauge theperformance and excellence of work and product. It is the combination of the above two-words we have just defined and the name is Quality Control.

In the implementation of quality control in the engineering construction, two-items are checked. What is checked?Materials and methods of construction or workmanshipQuality Control therefore includes all procedures which are necessary to insure that the materials used and workmanship employed conform to the standard of quality specified in the approved plans and specifications If quality control is done by sight or other means without the benefit of laboratory tests, and lately executed, it is pure and simple guessing.

Quality Control is being increasingly instituted in the construction industry, not necessarily as a corrective measure, but more asa preventive tool.

Preventive measures are always economical and this is true, if the finished structure is defective or fails, the cost of repair and/or maintenance will be very high. Quality Control in construction is checking for conformity to the requirements of the approved plans and specifications.An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure ,was originally a medical advice, but it is equally applicable to engineering.

The Modern Concept of Quality Control - The modern concept of Quality Control is that, it is a system which involves the joint but independent efforts of the owner and the contractor to achieve the level of quality desired by the owner as established in the project specifications. The owners task is to verify that the contractors quality control system is functioning and the completed structure is of the specified quality The contractors task is to regulate, test and inspect the procedures, equipment, materials, and manpower so that the completed facility will comply with the requirements.

What is the Purpose of the Quality Control? to insure the highest quality of work to extend the service life of any structure by constructing according to the prescribed plans and specifications to check and regulate the use of construction materials to economize the cost of construction of a structure

Quality Control Procedures 1. Quality Control Program In the construction or improvement projects of the Department of Public Works & Highways, the following quality control procedures are commonly used/practice:3. Pretesting of Manufactured Materials 6. Inspection 2. Certificate of Quality Control Assurance 4. Monthly Materials Report5. Accomplishment of Quality Control Logbook

Quality Control Program ( QCP) A program of quality control works in a certain project which involve inspection and testing of materials to be incorporated into a work. It specifies the minimum number of tests required for an item of work which corresponds to the quantities stated in the approved Program of Work of a project It is prepared by the concerned Materials Engineer of the owner and be approved by the Project Engineer assigned in the project.

QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMPROJECT: Restoration of Nueva Ecija Pangasinan Road Sta. 3+930 to Sta. 14+360, Nueva Ecija Tests to be Performed Item No. Description Unit Quantity No. of Test (Min.) 103 (1) Structure Excavation cu.m. 41 None 103 (6) Exc. For Pipe Culverts cu.m. 85 None 104 (1) Emb. From Rd. Excavation cu.m. 659 GPC 1, D-7 104 (2) Emb. From Borrow cu.m. 1657 GPC 1, D-17 105 (1) Subgrade Preparation sq.m. 21,808 GPC 3, D-44 200 (1) Agg. Subbase Course cu.m. 4811 GP-16,C-4,D-64, Q-4, CBR-2 201 Agg. Base Course cu.m. 7474 GP-25, C-5,Q-5, D-100, CBR-3 311 PCCP sq. m. 34,181 a. Cement bags 61,526 Q 31 b. Fine Agg. cu. m. 3419 Q 3, G- 46 c. Coarse Agg. cu. m. 5264 Q 4, G-71 d. Steel Bars kg. 700 Q 1 e. Concrete cu. m. FS 91 sets CB f. Completed PCCP, 200mm. , thk. 5 cores/km/lane

B. INSPECTION: Continuous quality control inspection on all Items of Works shall be done as construction work progresses. Inspection Report to be submitted as required. Prepared and Submitted By: Approved By:__________________________________ _______________________________ Materials Engineer Project Engineer

Certificate of Quality Control Assurance ( CQCA) In the DPWH, engineering works should emphasize that Quality Control is the responsibility of the contractor while the Quality Assurance is the responsibility of the Implementing Office ( Owner ) Cerificate of Quality Control Assurance (CQCA) is an assurance report prepared and accomplished by the project implementing office stating the accomplished quantity per item of work as the work progresses and certifying the quality of materials completed works.CQCA is accomplished and submitted weekly by the Materials Engineer and both duly signed by the concerned Project Engineer and Materials Engineer and it is a required documents when a contractor is requesting for partial or final payment of the completed works.

__________________________ DateCERTIFICATE OF QUALITY CONTROL ASSURANCEProject ____________________________________________________________________ Contractor _________________________________________________________________ We hereby certify that we have conducted an inspection and verification on work accomplished on the above mentioned project for the period ______________. We further certify that we found that the quality of materials in the following items of work corresponding to the quantity accomplished conforms with the Standard Specifications and Special Provision of the Contract, viz: Item No. Description Quantity Accomplished

__________ ________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________ __________________________ Note: To be submitted every quarter of the month 1 st report 1 7 2 nd report 8 15 3 rd report 16 22 4 th report 23 30/31

MONTHLY MATERIALS REPORT The Materials Engineer shall prepare and submit to the Project Engineer a Monthly Materials Report containing the individual tests conducted on the materials incorporated into the works and the status of tests accomplished based on the approved Quality Control Program. The report shall include the following:Status of tests performed and the balanced of tests as required in the approved Quality Control Programb. Summary of field and laboratory tests c. Back-up test results of all tested construction materialsd. Photographs and Inspection Reports covering materials used during the month.

Accomplishment of Quality Control LogbookProject Control Logbook is being accomplished by the Project /Resident Engineer , stating the daily construction activities in the project, but another control logbook (Materials Quality Control Logbook) where the daily entries of activities undertaken relative to sampling, testing, inspection and other quality control activities/ comments in the project shall be properly encoded by the concerned Materials Engineer.Materials Quality Control Logbook shall contain all information and/ or observation relevant to materials quality control and shall be duly signed by the concerned Materials Engineer of the project.Logbook must always be kept available at all times for inspection.

Inspection- An activity which is complimentary to quality control - It is done on items of works not subject to testing. Construction activities such as proper placing of forms, building up an embankment in layers, benching of the hillside prior to filling, placing of reinforcement or curing of concrete are encompassed by inspection. When the Inspection should be done? Like in testing, it is also important that inspection is done at the proper time and should be done as the work progresses.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEER AND INSPECTOR IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL

Whose Responsibility for Quality Control ? The concept that quality control rests solely on the Materials Engineer is wrong. Quality control is the responsibility of everyone involved in the construction. It is the responsibility of the engineers, inspectors, technicians and even an ordinary laborers. Quality control is a team effort, it is like a chain that a weakness in any one link will cause the whole chain to fail, all parties involved in the construction must do their part in order to insure success of a quality control program.

DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES

( MATERIALS AND QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF A ROADWAYITEM 311 - PCCPITEM 201 Aggregate Base CourseITEM 200 Aggregate Subbase Course Item 104 - EmbankmentSUBGRADE or NATURAL GROUNDITEM 506 - STONE MASONRYITEM 505 GROUTED RIPRAP

ITEM 102 EXCAVATION

ITEM 104 - EMBANKMENT

ITEM 200 AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

REINFORCING STEEL BARS

ITEM 704 MASONRY UNITS

ASTM C 90 - Load Bearing Concrete Masonry Units Strength Requirements Individual : 5.5 Mpa ( 800 psi ) Average : 6.9 Mpa ( 1000 psi )ASTM C 129 - Non Load Bearing Concrete Masonry Units Strength Requirements Individual : 3.45 Mpa ( 500 psi ) Average : 4.14 Mpa ( 600 psi )

Proper Storage of Cement

Storage and Protection of Steel Bars

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION OF SAMPLESMATERIALS MINIMUM TESTING MINIMUM QTY./VOL. REQUIREMENTS OF MATLS. FOR EACH SAMPLE SUBMITTED 1. Cement 1 Sample per 2000 bags 10 kg 2. Asphaltic Matls. 1 Sample per 40 tonnes 5 L or 200 drums 3. Asphalt Mix 1 Sample per 130 tonnes 20 kg4. Aggregates 1 Sample per 1500 cu.m. a. Coarse Agg. 70 kg b. Fine Agg. 50 kg5. Soil Agg. 1 Sample per 1500 cu.m. a. Classification 20 kg b. Routinary tests 50 kg c. Moisture Density Relation & CBR 50 kg 6. Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipe 2 Pipes min./0.5% of no. of Pipes 2 pipes

7. Reinforced Conc. Pipe 1 Sample per 50 pipes or 2% of no. of pipes 1 pipe (1 m length)8. Steel Pipe (Galvanized) 1 Sample per 500 m length 2 pcs. of 100 mm long taken from both ends w/o thread9. Conc. Hollow Blocks 1 Sample per 10,000 units a. Complete test 6 units b. Strength 3 units c. Moisture Content 3 units 10. Steel Bar 1 Sample per 10,000 kgs. 1 meter 11. Steel Sheet (Galvanized) 1 Sample per 1,000 sheets 1 sheet 12. Wire Strand (Strap) 2 meters13. Gabions 1 m x 2m14. Paints 1 Sample per 100 cans 1 ( 4L can) 1 ( 20L can) MATERIALS MINIMUM TESTING MINIMUM QTY./VOL. REQUIREMENTS OF MATLS. FOR EACH SAMPLE SUBMITTED

15. Joint Filler ( Pre-mold ) For every shipment 1 ( 400 mm x 400 mm )16. Curing Compound For every shipment 1 liter 17. Concrete Cylinder 1 Set of 3 cylinders 1 set of 3 cylinders for every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6 x 12 ) 18. Concrete Beam 1 Set of 3 beams for 1 set of 3 beams every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6 x 21 ) 19. Concrete Core 5 cores/km/lane - 20. Asphalt Cores 1 core/100m/ lane -21. Water Analysis a. Chemical Analysis 500 ml b. Sediment Analysis 500 ml22. Structural Steel Sheet Reduced Section (as prescribed) MATERIALS MINIMUM TESTING MINIMUM QTY./VOL. REQUIREMENTS OF MATLS. FOR EACH SAMPLE SUBMITTED

MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

ON DPWH ITEMS WORKS

MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTSThe prescribed tests on the construction materials to be used in a project based on approved contract quantities The requirements which specify the kind and number of tests for each pay item of worksIt should emphasized that what are specified are the minimum number of testing only. Additional number of test can be require to the materials if the owner/inspector is in doubt of the quality of materials or the finished structure

ITEM 102 EXCAVATION and ITEM 103 - STRUCTURE EXCAVATION * If excavated materials are wasted, the volume involved shall be reported, so that quality control requirements may be adjusted accordingly. Submit Project Engineer Certificate of Waste * If excavated materials are to be incorporated into the work:For every 1500 m3 of fraction thereof: Tests:1 G, Grading Test1 P, Plasticity Test ( LL. PL. PI )1 C, Laboratory Compaction Test

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based on the results of compaction trials;At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof

ITEM 104 - EMBANKMENTMinimum Testing Requirements:Tests:For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:1 G, Grading Test1 P, Plasticity Test ( LL, PL, PI )1 C, Laboratory Compaction Test

For each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill or fraction thereof at least one group of three in-situ density tests. The layers shall be placed not exceeding 200 mm in loose measurement or based on the result of compaction trials.

ITEM 200 AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE Minimum Testing Requirements:Tests: For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof :1 G, Grading Test1 P, Plasticity Test ( LL, PL, PI )For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof :1 C, Laboratory Compaction TestFor every 2500 m3 or fraction thereof :1 CBR, California Bearing Ratio Test For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based on The results of compaction trials.At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each500 m2 or fraction thereof. 1 - Q, Quality Test for : ( Grading, Plasticity and Abrasion )

ITEM 201 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE Minimum Testing Requirements:Tests :Same as in Item No. 200

ITEM 202 CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE Same as for Item 201 except:Tests:Minimum Testing Requirements:1 F, Fractured Face

ITEM 300 AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSEMinimum Testing Requirement:Same as in Item No. 202Tests :

ITEM 307 BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX SURFACE COURSE - GENERAL A. AggregatesTests: For every 75 m3 / 200 t or fraction thereof:1 G & P, Grading and Plasticity TestsFor every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof :1 Q, Quality Test for: ( Grading, Plasticity, Abrasion, Stripping and Bulk Specific Gravity )1 F, Fractured FaceB. Bituminous MaterialsQuantity: 5.0 to 8.0 mass % of total aggregateTests: 1 Q, Quality Test for each 40 T or fraction thereof

C. MixTests: For every 75 m3 / 130 T or fraction thereof:1 G, Grading Test1 Ext., Extraction1 Sty., Stability 1 C, Laboratory CompactionD. Hydrated LimeTests: For every 100 t or fraction thereof:1 Q, Quality Test

E. Mineral FillerTests: For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:1 G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests ( LL, PL, PI )F. Compacted PavementTeats: For each full days operation:D & T ( Density and Thickness Tests )- at least one (1) but not more than three (3) samples shall be taken.

ITEM 310 BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAIDTests for Aggregates, Bituminous Materials, Mix, Hydrated Lime, Mineral Filler and Compacted PavementSame as in Item 307

ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTCementQuantity: 9.00 bags / m3 ( 40 kg / bag )Tests : For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof:1 Q, Quality TestB. Fine AggregatesQuantity : 0.50 m /m3 ( if rounded course aggregate is used ) 0.54 m3/m3( if angular course aggregate is used )Tests : For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:For a source not yet tested, or failed in previous quality test:1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation ( Wash ) Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Content, Unit Weight, % Clay Lumps and Shale.

b. For a source previously tested and passed quality test: 1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption and Mortar TestFor every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:1 G, Grading TestC. Course AggregateQuantity: 0.77 m3/m3 concrete ( if rounded coarse aggregate is used ) 0.68 m3/m3 concrete ( if angular is used ) Tests: For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:a. For a source not yet tested or failed in quality tests:1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight

b. For a source previously tested and passed quality test:1 Q, Quality Test for : Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption and AbrasionFor every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:1 G, Grading TestD. WaterTests: 1 Certificate from Project Engineer or 1 - Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable E. Joint Filler1. Poured Joint Filler Tests: 1 Q, Quality Test on each type of ingredient for each shipment 2. Premolded Joint FillerTests: 1- Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipment

F. Special Curing AgentTests : 1 Q, Quality Test for each shipmentG. Steel BarsTests : For every 10,000 kgs. or fraction thereof for each size1 Q, Quality Test, Bending, Tension and Chemical AnalysisH. ConcreteTests : Flexural Strength Test on Concrete Beam Samples1 set consisting of 3 beam samples shall represent a 330 m2 of pavement, 230 mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day. Volume of concrete not more than 75 m3

I. Completed PavementTests:Thickness determination by concrete core drilling on a lot basis Five (5) holes per km per lane or five (5) holes per 500 m when two (2) lanes are poured concurrently.

ITEM 404 - REINFORCING STEELBar reinforcement for concrete for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for each size:1 Q, Quality Test for Bending, Tension and Chemical Analysis B. Wire and Wire Mesh1 Q, Quality Test

ITEM 405 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETEA. Cement : Quantity : ( 40 kg./bag )Class A ----------- 9.0 bags / m3 of concreteClass B ------------ 8.0 bags / m3 of concrete Class C ------------ 9.5 bags / m3 of concrete Class P ----------- 11.0 bags / m3 of concreteTests: For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof :1 Q, - Quality TestB. Fine Aggregate Quantity : For Rounded For AngularClass A --- 0.50 m3/m3 of conc. 0.54 m3/m3 of concreteClass B --- 0.45 m3/m3 of conc. 0.52 m3/m3 of concrete Class C --- 0.53 m3/m3 of conc. 0.59 m3/m3 of concreteClass P --- 0.44 m3/m3 of conc. 0.47 m3/m3 of concrete

Tests: For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:a. For a source not yet tested or failed in previous quality test: 1 Q, Quality Test for : Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities, Unit Weight, % Clay Lumps and Shaleb. For a source previously and passed quality test: 1 Q, Quality Test for : Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption and Mortar Strength For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof: 1 G, Grading Test

C. Coarse AggregateQuantity:Class A -----0.77 0.68 m3/m3 of concrete Class B ---- 0.82 0.73 m3/m3 of concreteClass C----- 0.70 0.68 m3/m3 of concrete Class P----- 0.68 0.65 m3/m3 of concreteTests : For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: a. For a source not yet tested or failed in previous quality test:1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight b. For a source previously tested and passed quality test1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Absorption, Bulk Specific Gravity and AbrasionFor every 75 m3 or fraction thereof :1 G, Grading Test

For Rounded CAFor Angular CA

D. WaterTests: 1 Certification from Project Engineer 1 Q, Quality Test, if source is questionableTests: 1 Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipmentE. Premolded Filler for expansion jointsF. Steel ReinforcementTests : 1 Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 kgs. or fraction thereof:G. ConcreteCompressive strength test on concrete cylinder samples.One (1) set consisting of three (3) concrete cylinder samples and to represent not more than 75 m3 of concrete Or fraction thereof. Tests :

ITEM 411 - PAINTTests : 1 Q, Quality , One 20 L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof or1 Q, Quality, 4 L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereofITEM 500 PIPE CULVERTS AND STORM DRAINSA. PipesTests: 1 pipe for every 50 pieces ( Strength, Absorption, and Dimension )Alternative Requirements:1 set consisting of 3 concrete cylinder samples for not more than 25 pcs. cast in the field and1 Inspection Report for each size for not more than 25 pcs. cast in the fieldB. Mortar for JointTests: Cement, Fine Aggregates and Water Same as for Item 405

ITEM 505 RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAPA. CementQuantity: 3 bags / m3 Tests : For every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof:1 Q, Quality TestB. Fine AggregatesQuantity : 0.17 m3/m3 Tests: For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:1 G, Grading TestC. StoneTests: Inspection ReportD. WaterTests: 1 Certificate from Project Engineer or1 Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable

ITEM 506 STONE MASONRYA. CementQuantity: 2 bags of cement / m3Tests: Same as in Item 505B. Fine AggregatesQuantity and Tests: Same as in Item 505C. Stone Tests: Same as in Item 505D. WaterTests: Same as in Item 505

ITEM 509 - SHEET PILESA. Timber Sheet PilesTests: Inspection ReportB. Concrete Sheet PilesTests:Concrete same as in Item 405Reinforcing Steel Bar - same as in Item 404C. Steel Sheet PilesTests: 1- Q, Quality Test or Mill Certificate for each type of materials used1 Inspection Report for each type and shipment of metal used

ITEM 511 GABIONS AND MATTRESSESA. Wire Mesh BasketTests: 1 Q, Quality Test for each shipment ( Tensile Strength, Diameter of Body & Selvedge Wire and Weight of Coating-Zinc )B. Rock FillTests: 1 Soundness Test for each source1 - Inspection Report on Rocks used C. Lacing Wire and StiffenerTest: 1 Tensile Strength and Diameter for each shipment

ITEM 704 MASONRY UNITSTests: 1 Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 units or fraction thereof ( Compression, Absorption and Dimension ) ITEM 709 - PAINTS Tests: 1 Q, One (1) 20-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof or1 Q, One (1) 4-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof

ITEM 712 - STRUCTURAL METALTests: 1 Q, Quality Test or Mill Certificate for each type of materials used1 - Inspection Report for each type and shipment of metal used

EXERCISES IN THE USAGE OF THEMINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMPROJECT: Restoration of Nueva Ecija Pangasinan Road Sta. 3+930 to Sta. 14+360, Nueva Ecija Tests to be Performed: ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY NO. OF TESTS(Min.) 103 (1) Structure Excavation cu.m. 41 None 103 (6) Exc. For Pipe Culverts cu.m. 85 None 104 (1) Emb. From Rd. Exc. cu.m. 659 GPC 1, D-7 1O4 (2) Emb. From Borrow cu.m. 1657 GPC 2, D-17 105 (1) Subgrade Preparation sq.m. 21,808 GPC 3, D-44 200 (1) Agg. Subbase Course cu.m. 4811 GP-16,C-4,D-64, Q-4, CBR-2 201 Agg. Base Course cu.m. 7474 GP-25, C-5,Q-5, D-100, CBR-3

Item 311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement ( PCCP ) sq. m. 34,181 a. Cement bags 61,526 Q - 31 b. Fine Aggregate cu. m. 3,419 Q 3, G - 46 c. Course Aggregate cu. m. 5,264 Q 4, G - 71 d. Reinf. Steel Bars, 16 mm kg. 3,000 Q - 1 e. Concrete FS 92 sets of CB f. Completed PCCP, 200mm.,thk. 5 - coresItem 500 Pipe Culvert, 910 mm pcs. 45 Q - 1 Item 505 Grouted Riprap cu. m. a. Cement bags 2,500 Q - 2 b. Fine Aggregates cu.m 3,450 G- 46, Q- 3 c. Stone Inspection Rep. Alternative: In case no available Pipe Tester: 2 sets of concrete cylinder and 2 Inspec- tion Report on Casting

Computation:Item 103 ( 1 & 6 ) Structure Excavation No test is required, excavated materials is wastedItem 104 (1) Embankment from Road Qty: 659 m3 Excavation GPC = 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereofD = 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _659 / 0.20 / 500 = 6.59 say 7 ( For each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill or fraction thereof at least one group of 3 in situ density tests. The layers shall be placed not exceeding 200 mm in loose measurement. Item 104 (2) Embankment from Borrow Qty: 1657 m3 GPC = 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereofD = 17 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1657 / 0.20 / 500 = 16.57 say 17 ( Same as in I-104 (1)Item 105 Subgrade Preparation Qty: 21,808 m2GPC = 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ 21,808 x 0.20 / 1,500 = 2.90 say 3 D = 44 _ _ _ _ _ _21,808 / 500 = 43.6 say 44

Item 200 Aggregate Subbase Qty: 4811 cu.m. G,P = 16 For every 300 cu.m. or fraction thereofQ, C = 4 For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof CBR = 2 For every 2,500 cu.m. or fraction thereofD = 64 4811 / 0.15 / 500 = 64 ( At least one-group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof and for every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth. Item 201 Aggregate Base Course Qty: 7474 cu.m. G,P = 25 For every 300 cu.m. or fraction thereof Q,C = 5 For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereofCBR = 3 For every 2,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof D = 100 7474 / 0.15 / 500 = 99.65 say 100 ( Same as in I- 200 )

ITEM 311 PCCP Quantity : 34,181 sq. m. Cement : 61,526 bags Q = 31_ _ _ For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof Fine Aggregates 3,419 cu.m. Q = 3 _ _ _ For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof G = 46 _ _ _For every 75 cu.m. Or fraction thereof Course Aggregate 5,264 cu.m. Q = 4 _ _ _ For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereofG = 71 _ _ _ For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereofRSB, 16 mm dia. 3,000 kgs. Q = 1 _ _ _ For every 10,000 kgs. or fraction thereofConcrete 34,181 sq.m. FS = 92 sets of Concrete Beam

( 34,181 x 0.20 / 75 = 91.15 sets say 92 For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof )ITEM 500 PIPE CULVERT Quantity : 45 pcs. 910 mm. dia. Pipe, 910 mm. dia. Q = 1, ( 1 Q, for every 50 pcs. of delivered pipes Alternative: 2 sets of concrete cylinder & 2 - Inspection Report for pipe casting ( 1 set of conc. cyl. & 1- I.R for every 25 pcs. or fraction thereof of casted pipe )

ITEM 505 GROUTED RIPRAP Cement : 2,500 bags Q = 2 _ _For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof Fine Agg. 3,450 cu.m. Q = 3_ _ For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof Stone Inspection Re[port

TESTS ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE METHOD A - MECHANICAL SPLITTERMechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for coarse aggregate having the largest particle not over 37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.). For fine aggregate, a splitter having chutes 13 mm (1/2 in.) wide will be satisfactory when the entire sample will pass a 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) Sieve.

METHOD B - QUARTERINGApparatus: 1. Straightedge scoop, 2. Shovel or trowel 3. Broom or brush Quartered Sample

METHOD C - MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING (Damp Fine Aggregate Only)APPARATUS:Straightedge scoopShovel, or trowel for mixing the aggregateSmall Sampling ThiefSmall scoop or spoon for sampling

Quartering on a Canvass BlanketMixing the SampleQuartered Sample

TESTS ON SOILS AND SOIL AGGREGATE MATERIALS

TESTS ON SOILS, SOIL AGGREGATES, ASPHALT & CONCRETE AGGREGATES I. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENTII. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILSIII. AMOUNT FINER THAN 0.075 MM SIEVEIV. DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT V. DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEXVI. COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION TEST OF SOIL VII. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE BY THE SAND CONE METHOD IX. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TESTVIII. ABRASION TEST X. DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SANDS FOR CONCRETEXI. EFFECT OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE ON STRENGHT OF MORTAR XII. SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE USE OF SODIUM OR MAGNESIUM SULFATE

I. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENTSIGNIFICANCE:Moisture content has an important characteristic in the soil material where the behaviour of soil is markedly influenced by the amount of moisture it contains.Moisture content is the ratio of the weight / mass of water in the soil to the weight /mass of water in the dry soil after it has been dried to a constant weight / mass at a temperature of 110 deg. Centigrade. Size of sample ranges from 25 g 1000 g depending on the maximum grain size of soil material which is subjected to test. Moisture Content, MC % = W1 - W2____________W2 - WCx 100Where: W1 = weight / mass of container plus wet soil W2 = weight / mass of container plus dry soil Wc = weight of containerCALCULATION:

II. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILSSIGNIFICANCE :Grain size distribution is widely used in the classification and identification ofsoils. It is an important criteria in the classification ofhighway subgrade materials. It is also related to permeability and capillarity of cohesionless soils.Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size distributionin soils by sieve, hydrometer, or a combined analysis. The method which should be used depends on the size of the soil.For materials examined for any particular type of work or purpose,only such fractions shall be reported as are included in the specificationsor other requirements for the work purpose.

III. AMOUNT OF MATERIAL FINER THAN 0.075 MM SIEVE SIGNIFICANCE :This test method is used on the sample of soils and soil aggregates prior to the dry sieving to determine the wash loss or the amount of finer material than 0.075 mm sieve which is considered dirt on the tested material.Material finer than the 0.075 mm ( N0. 200 ) sieve can be separated from larger particles much more effectively and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry sieving. If the amount of finer material finer than 0.075 mm ( No. 200 ) sieve is larger as obtained during dry sieving process, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked or it could be an indication of degradation of the aggregate. CALCULATION:% Materials Passing 0.075 mm = Original Dry Wt./ Mass - Dry Weight after Washing____________________________Original Dry Weight / MassX 100-

SIGNIFICANCE:The liquid limit gives a certain measure of the shearing resistance of a soil when mixed with water. It is a measure of the potential cohesion which in turn depend upon the Total size of the contact areas, or the fineness and shape of the grains. Required Soil Sample: Material passing 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve weighing 100 gRequired no. of determinations Ranges of blows : Four (4) determinations & from 15 to 35 blows Required amount of water tobe added during mixing : One (1) to three (3) ml incrementsBalance Apparatus required for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g Liquid Limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to 25 blowsCALCULATION:% Moisture = _____________ W1 - W2 W2X 100W1 = weight / mass of wet sampleW2 = weight / mass of oven-dried sampleDETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT

V. DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEXSIGNIFICANCE :The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to control the characteristics of soil which are to be incorporated in roadways.The Plastic Limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil can be readily molded without breaking or crumbling.Plasticity Index indicates compressibility of a soil and also related topermeability; the higher the P.I. The lower the permeability; and vice-versaRequired Soil Sample: Material passing 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve weighing 20 gRequired Balance Apparatus for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g Plastic Limit is expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dried weight / mass of the crumbled soil thread.The Plasticity Index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limitCALCULATION:Plastic Limit = ____________ Wa - Wb WbX 100Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit Where: Wa = wt. of crumbled soil thread Wb = wt. of oven-dried crumbled soil thread

VI. COMPACTION TEST / MOISTURE RELATION TEST OF SOILSIGNIFICANCE:Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition of water as lubricant It results in reduction of pore spaces and increasedensity by rearrangement of particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes more stable and impermeable which are desirable characteristics of foundation.The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of utmostsignificance. A properly compacted fill will not settle very much even afterthe loads are imposed. Compaction also makes the fill impervious, thus it reduces the detrimentaleffects of infiltrating surface water. Maximum stability is attained by compaction.

Standard Methods Use for Determining the Moisture Density Relation of SoilAASHTO T 99 Method C AASHTO T 180 Method DSoil Material Passing 19.0 mm ( in. ) Passing 19.0 mm ( in. ) Size of Mold 102 mm ( 4 in. ) 152 mm ( 6 in. )Rammer 2.5 kg. ( 5.5 lb. ) 4.54 kg. ( 10.0 lb. ) Height of Drop 305 mm ( 12 in. ) 457 mm ( 18 in. ) No. of Layers in Molding 3 layers 5 layersNo. of Blows per Layers 25 blows 56 blowsVolume of Mold 0.000943 m3 0.002125 m3Temperature of Test Sample 60 deg. Centigrade, max. 60 deg. Cent., max.

The purpose of the laboratory compaction test is to determine the right amount of mixing water in compacting a soil fill, in order to obtain the maximum density under the applied energy.It also serves as reference in checking in-place densities of fills under construction. In the test, the soil is compacted at a number of moisture contents ranging from slightly dry to wet, by a specified amount of energy applied in a specified manner. The dry density and moisture content are determined, then plot is made of dry densities against the corresponding moisture contents and a smooth curve is drawn through the points. The highest point on the curve indicates the Maximum Dry Density ( MDD ) and the corresponding moisture content is called Optimum Moisture Content ( OMC ).

Four Distinct Stages In Compaction1. Wetting - when the soil particles are relatively dry, the water is added is absorbed by the soil particles, thus the frictional resistance to granular rearrangement is high. After the absorption capacities, the soil is satisfied. 2. Lubrication Stage the addition of water replaces some of the entrapped air, the soil flows more readily under the lubricating effect of the added water and the soil particles move closer together, a resulting increase in density. This effect is continued until the optimum water content is reached, at which point of maximum density is attained. At optimum moisture content the lubricating limit is reached and at this point, the pressure of the compacting equipment has overcome the resistance offered by the cohesive water film and the friction between particles.

3. Swelling After the lubrication limit is passed, addition of water results in increased film thickness and dispersion of particles. This is the swelling stage, since further lubrication is not possible the soil grains are forced apart by the water added , thus the density is reduced. 4. Saturation all free air is expelled and replaced by water if further pressure is applied to the soil mass, tendency is reduced the volume. This is however is impossible in a saturated system since the free air has been replaced.

DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN OLACE BY THE SAND - CONE METHOD SIGNIFICANCE: Field density test is widely used as a control test to ensure adequate compaction of in-placed embankment, subbase, base and gravel surface courses in a road construction. The test is conducted in every fill and compacted layer of soil and the results is used in the acceptance and determi- nation of pay quantity of in-placed materials Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit volume. It is a very significant engineering property of soils as strength is dependent upon density. Required Size of Sand for Use in Density Apparatus : Passing 2.0 mm ( No. 10 ) sieve and Retained on 0.075 mm ( No. 200 ) sieveRequired Balance Apparatus for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g with 10 kg. capacity

Wet Unit Weight, kg. / m3 = ______________________________Total Material taken from hole, kg.Volume of Hole, m3Dry Unit Weight, kg. / m3 = ___________________________ Wet Unit Weight Ave. Actual Moisture Content__________________________ 100+ 1Degree of Compaction, % : ___________________ Dry Unit Wt.* Maximum Dry Densityx 100 CALCULATION :* Data obtained from Moisture Density Relation or Laboratory Compaction

VIII. ABRASION TEST Abrasion test evaluates the structural strength of granular aggregates on soil. It gives an indication of quality as determined by resistance to impact and wear. Percentage of wear is express the difference between the original weight of material coarser than 1.70 mm sieve as a percentage of the original weight of test sample. The test also determines the hardness property of course aggregates. Hard aggregates gives low crushing value; the lower the value of percent wear on aggregates shows a hard/good quality of soil aggregate materials. SIGNIFICANCE:Test Sample : Aggregates shall be dried to a constant weight / mass at 110 deg. centigrade plus-minus 5 deg. centigradeA total weight / mass of 5,000 grams are required for all four (4) Grading Test SampleAbrasive Charge : consist of cast-iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 46.8 mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 and 455 grams.

GRADING AND WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE FOR ABRASION TEST37.5 mm 25 mm 1250 + 25 - - -25 mm 19 mm 1250 + 25 - - - 19 mm 12.5 mm 1250 + 10 2500 + 10 - - Passing Retained A B C D 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 1250 + 10 2500 + 10 - -9.5 mm 6.3 mm - - 2500 + 10 -6.3 mm 4.75 mm - - 2500 + 10 - 4.75 mm 2.36 mm - - - 5000 +10Number of Spheres 12 11 8 6 Weight of Charge, g 5000 + 25 4584 + 25 3330 + 20 2500 + 10 S i e v e S I z e Grading & Weight of Test Sample, g

ABRASION TESTLos Angeles Machine

IX. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST ( CBR ) The most common method of assessing strength and stiffness of both subgrade and pavement materials. The test involves measuring the resistance of soil to penetration by a cylindrical piston, expressed as a percentage fraction of a standard resistance which was originally measured in tests on a good quality crushed rock. The CBR depends not only on the nature of the material but to a large extent on its moisture content and its state of compaction.SIGNIFICANCE:Loading Device : compression type apparatus capable of applying a uniformly increasing load up to 44.5 N at a rate of 1.3 mm per min.Test Sample : Soil sample weighing approximately 11 kgs. with material passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve

No. of Specimens to be Compacted : Three (3) specimens molded in a cylindrical mold of 152.4 mm dia. with 10, 30,and 60 blows per layer for compacting specimens 1,2, and 3, respectively. Soaking Time of Molded Specimens : 96 hours ( 4 ) daysRate of Loading required during Penetration Test : 1.3 mm per minuteCBR is generally selected at 2.54 mm penetration. If the ratio at 5.08 mmPenetration is greater, the test result shall be rerun. If the check test givesa similar result, the ratio at 5.08 mm penetration shall be used. The CBR Value of the soil material shall be obtained at the maximum drydensity ( MDD ) as determined by AASTHO T 180, Method D.CALCULATION :CBR = ______________________ Corrected Load Value Standard ValueX 100

X. DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SANDS FOR CONCRETESIGNIFICANCE :The test determines the presence of injurious organic compounds in naturalsands which are to be used in cement mortar or concrete. The purpose of the test is to furnish a warning that further tests of the sand are necessary before they are approved for use.Test Sample : Sample of sand weighing about 450 gramsChemical Reagents Required : Sodium Hydroxide Solution (3 %) dissolve 3 parts by weight in 97 parts of water Interpretation of Results : If the color of the supernatant liquid above the test sample with that of the reference standard color solution is darker, the sand under test shall be considered to possibly contain injurious organic compounds and it is advisable to perform the effect of organic impurities on the strength of mortar.

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SANDS FOR CONCRETE

XI. EFFECT OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE ON STRENGHT OF MORTARSIGNIFICANCE:This method is of significance in making a final determination of the Acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the requirements of standardspecification for fine aggregates for Portland Cement Concrete.This test is only conducted only on those samples of fine aggregates for concrete found to have failed on test on organic impurities to determine the acceptability of the tested material.Test Sample : Mold three (3) 50 mm cubes of mortar in 3-batches and test at 7- days age for compressive strength using the fine aggregates tested in the organic impurities mix with Portland Cement Type I that will yield a water cement-ratio of 0.6 by mass. ( 600 g of cement & 360 ml of water for a 6 cube batch )

EFFECT OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE ON STRENGTH OF MORTARMolding of Cube SampleBreaking of cube samples for compressive strength

CALCULATION :Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen by dividing the maximum load it carried during the test by the cross-sectional area. Average the strengths of the three specimens from each batch.Calculate three strength ratios by dividing the average strength for a batch containing unwashed aggregates by the average strength for the corresponding batch containing washed aggregate.REPORT :Report the average of the three ratios, expressed as a percentage, as the relative strength for the aggregate under test.

XII. SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE USE OF SODIUM OR MAGNESIUM SULFATESIGNIFICANCE :The test determines the resistance of aggregates ( Course and Fine ) to disintegration by saturated solutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate which furnishes information helpful in evaluating soundness of aggregate subject to weathering action. Test Sample : Fine Aggregate ( Passing 9.5 mm )Passing Sieve Retained on Sieve Weight/Mass of Test Fraction, g 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 1004.75 mm 2.36 mm 1002.36 mm 1.18 mm 1001.18 mm 0.600 mm 1000.600 mm 0.300 mm 100

Course Aggregate ( Retained on 4.75 mm Sieve )Passing Sieve Retained on Sieve Weight/Mass of Test Fraction, g 63.0 mm 37.5 mm 300037.5 mm 19.0 mm 150019.0 mm 1.18 mm 1000 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 300 Immersion Period of Samples to Saturated Solution of Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate : to 18 hours at 21 deg. Centigrade plus minus 1 deg. Centigrade to a depth of at least 12.70 mmImmersion and Drying of aggregates sample shall be done for five (5) cyclesCALCULATION :To determine % Soundness Loss, compute the Loss in Mass between mass of test fraction before test and after the test and determine the % Passing Sieve after Test ( Actual Loss ) on all No. of Sieves used then compute for the Mass Average ( Corrected % Loss )

SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE USE OF SODIUM OR MAGNESIUM SULFATESieve with Pan and CoverPreparation of Sodium Sulfate SolutionSoaked samples (FA and CA) with sodium sulfate solutionOven drying of samples

M O D U L E II TESTS ON CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TESTS ON ASPHALT CEMENT AND ASPHALT MIX AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TESTS ON CEMENT, REINFORCING STEEL BARS, STRUCTURAL STEEL AND PAINT MATERIALS CORE DRILLING ON COMPLETED ASPHALT AND CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AND TESTS ON DRILLED CORES STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ON DPWH ITEM OF WORKS TEST REPORTS EVALUATION, INTERPRETATION AND FIELD APPLICATION

TESTS ON CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS I. DETERMINATION OF SLUMP OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND CONCRETE III. MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE AND FLEXURAL TESTS SPECIMENS IV. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENSV. DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETEVI. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITSVII. EXTERNAL LOAD CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE BY THREEE EDGE BEARING METHODII. SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETE

I. DETERMINATION OF SLUMP OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND CONCRETE SIGNIFICANCE :This test determines the workability of fresh concrete mix during pouringof the structure. It also has a relation to the water-cement ratio that affect the designed strength of concrete.Standard Size of Slump Mold : In the form of lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with a base measuring 203 mm ( 8 in. ) in diameter, the top with 102 mm ( 4 in. ) in diameter and height of 305 mm ( 12 in. )Molding of Specimen : Fill the mold in three (3) layers, each layers approximately one third the volume of the mold and rod with 25 strokes by using 16 mm dia. tamping rod. CALCULATION :Slump = 305 mm - millimeter of height after subsidenceRecord the slump in terms of millimeters to the nearest 6 mm ( in. ) of subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Slump Test on Concrete Mix

II. SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETESIGNIFICANCE :Sampling of fresh concrete in obtaining a representative sample fordetermination and verification of the desired properties shall needs the use of every precaution that will assist in obtaining samples that are truly representative of the nature and condition of the batched concrete mixture.Poor sampling procedures employed in obtaining the representativesamples will greatly affect the result of tests on various properties of the concrete and will lead to the rejection of the batched mix which is costly and waste of time. Required Elapsed Time Between Obtaining the 1st & Final Portions of the Composite Samples : 15 minutes, maximumRequired Time for Slump and Air Content Tests : Start tests within 5 min. after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.Required Time for Molding Specimens for Strength Tests : Start molding within 15 min. after fabricating the composite sample.Size of Sample for Strength Tests : 28 liters ( 1 cu. ft. ), min.

Sampling from Stationary MixersSample the concrete at two or more regularly spaced intervals during discharged of middle portion of the batch. Do not obtain samples from the very first or last portion of the batch discharge.Sampling from Paving MixersSample the concrete after the contents of the paving mixer have been discharge. Obtain samples from at least five (5) different portionsof the pile and then composite into one sample for test purposes.Sampling from Revolving Drum Trucks Mixers or AgitatorsSample the concrete at two (2) or more regularly spaced intervalsduring discharged of the middle portion of the batch. In any case do not obtain samples until after all of the water has been added tothe mixer; also do not obtain samples from the very first or last portions of the batch discharged.

III. MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE AND FLEXURAL TESTS SPECIMENS SIGNIFICANCE :This method provides standard requirements for making, curing, protectingand transporting concrete test specimens under field conditions.Standard Size of Molds for Concrete Specimens : Cylinder Molds : Right Circular Cylinder in shape having 152 mm ( 6 in. ) in diameter and 305 mm ( 12 in. ) in heightBeam Molds : Rectangular in shape having 152 mm x 152 mm x 533 mm ( 6 in. x 6 in. x 21 in. ) Molding of Concrete Specimens for Cylinder and Beam No. of Layers No. of Strokes/Layer Diameter of Rod Cylinder 3 equal 25 16 mm ( 5/8 in. ) Beam 2 equal one (1) for each 2 in.2 16 mm ( 5/8 in. ) ( 13 cm2 ) top surface area

SAMPLING AND CURING OF CONCRETE TEST SPECIMENS IN THE FIELD Sampling of concrete cylinderCuring of Cylinder Sample in Water Storage Tank

IV. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENSSIGNIFICANCE :The results of this test may be used as basis for quality control of concrete proportioning, mixing and placing operations; determination of compliance with specification. Rate of Loading of Compression Machine : At a constant rate within the range of 0.14 to 0.34 Mpa per second ( 20 to 50 psi per second ). CALCULATION :Calculate the Compressive Strength of the specimen by dividing themaximum load carried by the specimen during the test by the average cross-sectional area and express the result to the nearest 69 kPa (10 psi ).

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS Compression MachineBreaking of Cylinder Samples

V. DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETESIGNIFICANCE :The results of this test may be used as basis for quality control of concrete proportioning, mixing and placing operations; determination of compliance with specification. Rate of Loading of Flexural Beam Tester : Between 861 kPa and 1207 kPa ( 125 psi and 175 psi ) per minuteCALCULATION :1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the middle third of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula : R = ______ PLBd 22. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula : R = ________3 PaBd 2

If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of cases 1 and 2, discard the results of the test. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span length by more than 5 percent of the span length, discard the result of the test. where: R = modulus of rupture, kPa, ( or psi ) P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, N ( or LBf ) L = span length, mm ( or in. ) a = average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support on the tension surface of the beam, mm., ( or in. ) b = average width of specimen, mm, ( or in. ) d = average depth of specimen, mm, ( or in. )

VI. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITSSIGNIFICANCE :Compression test is performed on concrete masonry units such assolid load, hollow load, and non-load bearing blocks in order todetermine its strength properties. The test is important for the evaluation of compressive strength as a basis of acceptance.Test Sample : 3 full-size units taken from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereofThickness of Steel Plates as Bearing Block : 12.7 mm; min.CALCULATION :Compressive Strength = _________________________________________Maximum Load, newtons ( or pound-force )Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2 Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2 = is the total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load, including areas within cells.Report the results to the nearest 69 Kpa ( 10 psi ) separately for each unit and as average for the three units.

Dimension measurement of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)

Compression test of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)

DETERMINATION OF ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS Significance Absorption and moisture content tests of concrete masonry units are performed so as to determine the actual percentage of water and the absorption characteristic of the concrete when subjected in a saturated condition. The values of this are necessary in the evaluation relative to its permissible value of acceptance. Apparatus 1. Oven with temperature control up to 115 C 2. Balance sensitive within 0.5 % of the weight 3. Container for saturating samples Test Specimen 1. Three (3) full size units shall be used and taken from six (6) units selected from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.

Calculation 1. Calculate the absorption by the following formulas: Absorption, kg / m3 = ( Wet Weight Dry Weight ) x 100 ( Wet Weight Suspended Immerse Wt.)Absorption, % = (Wet Weight Dry Weight ) x 100 Dry WeightCalculate the moisture content of the units at time of sampling, expressed as percentage of the total absorption, by dividing the difference between the average weight as sampled and the average dry weight by the difference the average dry weight, multiplied by 100, or

Moisture Content, % = ( Weight as sampled dry weight ) x 100 ( Weight as sampled dry weight )

Weighing and soaking of CHB specimen for Absorption test

Absorption test of Concrete HollowBlock (CHB)

VII. EXTERNAL LOAD CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE BY THREEE EDGE BEARING METHODSIGNIFICANCE :The crushing test can be either a quality control test performed toestablish that the finished pipe has sufficient strength to withstandthe crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of designtesting performed to prove the adequacy of design.Rate of Loading required for Concrete Pipe Tester:A minimum uniform rate of 120 N/ linear meter of pipe persecond and a maximum uniform rate of 610 N / linear meterof pipe per second.Record the load to produce a 0.3 mm crack. The 0.3 mm crack load is the maximum load applied to the pipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occurs throughout a continuous length of 300 mm or more measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of pipe barrel.

CALCULATION :The load in kilo-newtons per linear meter required to produced the 0.3 mm crack shall be calculated by dividing the total load onthe specimen at the time the indicated crack occurs by the layinglength of the pipe. The crushing strength , or ultimate load in kilo-newtons per linearmeter shall be calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to thespecimen by the laying length.

Concrete Pipe Tester

Measurement of thickness, innerdiameter and laying length ofReinforced Concrete Pipe

Verification of in-place reinforcement on concrete pipe

TESTS ON ASPHALT CEMENT AND ASPHALT MIX AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TESTS ON ASPHALT CEMENT III. DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALSIV. DETERMINATION OF DUCTILITY OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS V. DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT BY CLEVELAND OPEN CUPII. DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY OF ASPHALT MATERIALS TESTS ON CUTBACK ASPHALTI. DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITYII. DETERMINATION OF DISTILLATION I. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND DENSITY

TESTS ON EMULSIFIED ASPHALTI. DETERMINATION OF STORAGE STABILITY OF ASPHALT EMULSIONII. DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE BY DISTILLATIONTESTS ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURESI. DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN FROM BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURESII. IMMERSION COMPRESSION TEST ( COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ) III. DETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS MIXTURESTEST ON CONCRETE JOINT SEALERS

TESTS ON ASPHALT CEMENT I. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND DENSITYSIGNIFICANCE :Values of specific gravity are used for converting volumes to unitsOf mass as required in ASTM Standards and in sales transactions.Water Bath Apparatus : Capable of maintaining temperature within 0.1 deg. centigrade ( 0.2 deg. Fahrenheit ) of test temperature. CALCULATION :Specific Gravity = ( c a ) / ( ( b a ) - ( d c ) )Where : a = mass of pycnometer ( plus stopper ) b = mass of pycnometer filled with water c = mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt d = mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water

II. DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY OF ASPHALT MATERIALS SIGNIFICANCE :This test is a measure of the solubility of asphalt in trichloroethylene. The portion that is soluble in trichlorethylene represents the active cementing constituents.Test Sample : 2 grams of asphalt sample in a fluid condition. In case asphalt sample is not fluid, heat to any convenient temperature, but not in any case not more than 100 deg. Centigrade above the softening point. CALCULATION :Insoluble, % = ____________ABx 100Soluble, % = 100 ( )A__Bx 100Where : A = Total weight insoluble

B = Total weight of sample

DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALSSIGNIFICANCE :The penetration test is used as a measure of consistency. Higher valuesof penetration indicate softer consistency.Normal Test Condition of the Sample :Temperature : 25 deg. CentigradeLoad : 100 gramsTime : 5 secondsNo. of Test Determinations: At least three (3) determinations at points on the surface of the sample not less than 10 mm from the side of the container and not less than 10 mm apart.For Referee Tests : Penetrations at temperature other than 25 deg. Centigrade should be made without removing the sample from the bath.

IV. DETERMINATION OF DUCTILITY OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS SIGNIFICANCE :The ductility of the bituminous material is measured by the distance to which it will elongate before breaking when two ends of a briquet specimen of the material are pulled apart at a specified speed and at a specified temperature.The test shall be made at a temperature of 25 plus or minus 0.5 deg. centigrade with a speed of 50 mm per minute plus or minus 5 %.Period of Keeping Specimen at Standard Temperature in the WaterBath : From 85 to 95 min.Report the average of three normal tests as the Ductility of the sample.Normal Test : is one which the material between the two clips pulls out to a point or thread until rupture occurs at the point where the thread has practically no cross-sectional area. Abnormal Test : if the bituminous comes in contact with the surface of the water or the bottom of the bath. If a normal test is not obtainable on three tests, report the ductility as being un-obtainable under the conditions of the test.

V. DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT BY CLEVELAND OPEN CUPSIGNIFICANCE : Flash Point measures the tendency of the sample to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. The test indicates the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material. Apparatus Used : Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus Thermometer : with temperature range of (-) 6 to 400 deg. centigrade Temperature of the Flash Point : Record the temperature when a flash or fire point appears at any point on the surface of the oil. Report the temperature of flash or fire point to the nearest 2 deg. centigrade.

TESTS ON CUTBACK ASPHALTI. DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY ( KINEMATIC )SIGNIFICANCE :The test measures the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity or its consistency.Test Sample : 20 ml. Of cut-back asphaltCALCULATION :Kinematic Viscosity, cSt = c x tWhere: c = calibration constant of viscometer, cSt / second

t = Efflux time, seconds

II. DETERMINATION OF DISTILLATION SIGNIFICANCE :The test measures the amount of the more volatile constituents in the cut-back asphaltic products. The properties of the residue after distillation are not necessarily characteristic of the bitumen used in the original mixturenor of the residue which may be left at any particular time after application of the cut-back asphaltic product.Total Distillate = the total volume of distillate collected during heating of the sample from 316 to 360 deg. centigrade for a period of not over 10 min. CALCULATION :Asphaltic Residue, R = ( ( 200 - TD ) / 200 ) x 100 Where : R = residue content, in volume percent TD = total distillate recovered to 360 deg. Centigrade, ml. Total Distillate, TD % = ( TD / 200 ) X 100

TESTS ON EMULSIFIED ASPHALTI. DETERMINATION OF STORAGE STABILITY OF ASPHALT EMULSIONSIGNIFICANCE : The test is useful for determining in a comparatively short time storage stability of an asphalt emulsion. It is a measure of the permanence of the dispersion as related to time,but it is not to be construed to have significance as a measure of otherstability aspects involved in use. Test Sample : Two (2) 500 ml. representative of asphalt emulsionCALCULATION :Calculate the storage stability as the numerical difference between the average percentage of asphaltic residue found in the two top samples and that found in the two bottom samples.

II. DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE BY DISTILLATIONSIGNIFICANCE :The test can be used for quantitative determination of residue in asphaltemulsions for specification acceptance, service evaluation, control andresearch. Test Sample : 200 grams of a representative sample of emulsionTotal Distillation Time shall be completed in 60 plus minus 15 minutesTemperature to maintain during the distillation process of the sample : 260 plus-minus 5 deg. centigradeCALCULATION :Calculate and report the percentage residue by distillation after the expiration of the heating period.Calculate and report oil distillate as a volume percentage of the totalemulsion.

TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURES I. DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN FROM BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURESSIGNIFICANCE :The test can be used for quantitative determination of bitumen in hot-pavingmixtures and pavement samples for specification acceptance, serviceevaluation, control and research. Main Apparatus : Extraction Apparatus an apparatus in which the bowl may be revolved at controlled variable speeds up to 3600 rpm. Test Sample : 850 grams to 1000 grams of bituminous mixCALCULATION : Bitumen Content, % by Mass of Aggregate = ________________W1 W2W2X 100 Where : W1 = mass of the test portion ( sample ) W2 = mass of sample after extraction

II. IMMERSION COMPRESSION TEST ( COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ) SIGNIFICANCE :The compressive strength of specimens prepared and tested by this testalong with the density and voids properties are used for laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures.The test also may contribute to the overall mixture characterization and alsoone factor in determining the suitability of the mixture for use under givenloading conditions. Test Sample : weigh at least 2000 grams to 2060 grams of sampleMolding temperature of Sample : 124 plus-minus 3 deg. centigrade for hot mixtures containing asphalt 104 plus-minus 3 deg. Centigrade for mixtures containing road tar Required Loading for Compressing the Specimen :Initial Load : 1.0 Mpa ( 150 psi )Entire Molding Load : 20.7 Mpa ( 3000 psi ) applied for 120 seconds

Period of Curing of Specimens after Compression :Specimens shall be oven cured 24 hours at 60 deg. CentigradeStandard Rate of Loading of Testing Machine during Compression : A uniform rate of vertical deformations of 1.3 mm ( 0.05 in. )per minute per 25 mm ( 1 in. ) of height.For a specimens with 100 mm ( 4 in. ) in height, use a rate of5.1 mm per minute ( 0.2 in / min. )CALCULATION :Compressive Strength = ___________________________________________ Maximum vertical load during deformationOriginal cross-sectional area of the test specimen Not less than three (3) specimens shall be prepared for each asphalt increment and the average of the three shall be reported as the compressive strength.

SIGNIFICANCE :The test may be used in calculating the unit weight of the bituminous mixture and as basis for payment for the density specifications of the completed asphalt pavement. Bulk Specific Gravity of the compacted bituminous mixture is determine either from the laboratory-molded specimens or from bituminous pavement by core drilled specimens.Test Specimens : The diameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or the lengths of the sides of sawed specimens, be at least equal to four times the maximum size of aggregate. The thickness of specimens be at least one and one-half times the maximum size of aggregateDETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES

Required Temperature of Water and Time to Immerse the Specimensin Water : 25 deg. Centigrade plus-minus 1 % C / 3 to 5 minutesCALCULATION :Bulk Specific Gravity = __________AB - CWhere :

A = mass in grams of sample in air

B = mass in grams of surface dry specimen in air

C = mass in grams in water

TESTS ON PORTLAND CEMENT,

REINFORCING STEEL BARS,

STRUCTURAL STEEL

AND PAINT MATERIALS

TESTS ON PORTLAND CEMENTI. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF CEMENTII. DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF CEMENT III. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENTIV. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF SETTING ( BY GILLMORE NEEDLE )V. SOUNDNESS DETERMINATION BY AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION VI. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT MORTARS VII. DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON IGNITIONVIII. DETERMINATION OF INSOLUBLE RESIDUE

I. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF CEMENTSIGNIFICANCE :The value of specific gravity of cement is used in the design mixand control of concrete mixtures.Test Sample : At least 64 grams of cement sampleMain Apparatus Required for Test : Le Chatelier FlaskCALCULATION :Density, g / cm3 = ___________________________64Final reading - Initial reading The density in g / cm3 is numerically equal to specific gravity

DETERMINATION OF DENSITY HYDRAULIC CEMENTLe Chatelier Flask

DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF CEMENT BY THE NO. 200 SIEVES SIGNIFICANCE :The test determines the proper condition of cement as to finenessof its texture and where there should be no appreciable amount of dust contain in the cement. Necessary Apparatus Required : Standard Sieve No. 200 ( 0.075 mm ) and Analytical BalanceTest Sample : 50 grams of cementCALCULATION :% Fineness = 100 - ________________________Wt. Of residue (g) x 100Wt. Of original sample (g)

DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENTBY THE NO. 200 (0.075-MM) SIEVES

III. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENTSIGNIFICANCE :The test determines the amount of water required to prepare hydraulic cement p