[PPT]PowerPoint Presentation - IASI DENTAIRE -...

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Conf. Dr. Antigona Trofor 12.01.2011 PNEUMOLOGIE Cours 3- Medicine Dentaire

Transcript of [PPT]PowerPoint Presentation - IASI DENTAIRE -...

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Conf. Dr. Antigona Trofor12.01.2011

PNEUMOLOGIECours 3- Medicine Dentaire

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Sommaire Diagnostic de la pleuresie Diagnostic de la pneumonie Abces pulmonaire/Bronchiectasies Arret de fumer

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Pleuresie Accumulation de liquide (clair, pus, sangetc) dans la cavite pleurale

Mecanisme -↑Ph vasculaire/↓P onc=↓c% proteines -Irritation de la plevre pleura=↑c% proteines pleurales

MECANIQUE= TRANSUDATE INFLAMATOIRE= EXSUDATE

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Diagnostic d’une pleuresie Symptomes: douleur thoracique, toux, dyspnee-

inspiratoire Examen Physique: platitude, absence du murmure

vesiculaire/vibrations vocales, des murmures Radiographie: opacite intense, homogene Ecographie Ponction pleurale: DIAGNOSTIC: Exsudate/Transudate THERAPEUTIQUE Biopsie Pleurale Toracoscopie

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Radiographie Pleuresie droite Pleuresie gauche

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Ponction Ponction pleurale pleurale Utile a confirmer le diagnostique, si Utile a confirmer le diagnostique, si

suspect par radiologie etexamen suspect par radiologie etexamen clinique)clinique)

Prelevements pour laboratoire: Prelevements pour laboratoire: biochimie, citologie et bacteriologiebiochimie, citologie et bacteriologie

Afin de: evacuer, introduire des Afin de: evacuer, introduire des medicaments ( antibiotiques, medicaments ( antibiotiques, chemotherapie) dans la plevrechemotherapie) dans la plevre

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TechniqueTechnique Patient est assis sur une chaise, Patient est assis sur une chaise,

sa tete appui sur les antebras sa tete appui sur les antebras et le dos courbeet le dos courbe

Ponction - posterieur, en pleine Ponction - posterieur, en pleine platitude, espaces IC 4,5,6platitude, espaces IC 4,5,6

Rasant au bord superieur de la Rasant au bord superieur de la cote inferieure de l’espace IC cote inferieure de l’espace IC choisi pour ponctionchoisi pour ponction

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Compl ComplicationsCompl Complications

Troubles vagotoniques: transpirations froides, palidite, bradicardie , hipotension arterielle, sincope, lipotimie

Suprainfection a germes pyogenes

Pneumothorax Sindrome d’ intolerance a

l’evacuation rapide du liquide - toux, dispnee, opression thoracique

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Diagnostic d’un exsudate

C% proteines du liquide pleurale >3g/l C% glucose pleurale < 0,6 g/l LDH>200 U.I. pH liquide < 7,3 ADA > 50 U.I. Aspect du liquide (jaune, claire),grande

concentration des cellules, fibrine.

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Pleuresies Exsudatives Neoplasies: cancer pulmonaire,metastases,mesotheliomeMaladies Infectieuses: Bacteries, Tuberculose, Fungi, VirusEmbolie. SarcoidoseMaladies Gastro-intestinales: Pancreatite, Abces Sous-phrenicColagenoses: Poliartrite Rheumatoide, Lupus Eritemateux,etc.Effusions pleurales induites par medicaments: Nitrofurantoin,

Metotrexate, etc.Autres: Insuffisance renale, Asbestose, Infarctus du myocarde,

Radiotherapie

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Diagnostic d’un transudate

C% proteines pleurale < 3 g/l C% glucose pleurale> 0,6 g/l LDH < 200 U.I pH fluide pleurale > 7,3 Liquide: jaune clair, transparent, sans

fibrine, reduction nr. cellules

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Pleuresie Transudative

Insuffisance cardiaque congestive Cirrhose hepatiqueDialyseGlomerulonephriteEmbolieSarcoidose

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Pleuresie purulente (empieme)

Liquide pleurale: nuageux, jaune-vert, brun,+/- fetide

augmentation nr. de cellules (>25 000/mmc) pH < 7 Bacteriologie: germes – on peut confirmer

l’etiologie

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Empyème- radiographie Pleuresie droite

cloisonnee

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PNEUMONIE

6-eme cause de maladies in USA. 2-3 millions adultes /annee. 45000 deces /annee - USA.

Bartlett JG et al. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:811-838

Marrie TJ Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:501-515

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Etiologie de la pneumonie

Fine MJ et al. JAMA,1996;275:134-141

Microorganisme % Nr. patients

Unknown 61 11,229Bacteries 38 6,866S. pneumoniae 64.5H. influenzae 12.1M. Pneumoniae 7.4Legionella spp. 4.0S. aureus 2.3Microorganismes 9.7Virus 1 197

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Pneumonie – diagnostic

- Criteres de severite clinique : polypnee, dyspnee, cyanose, tirage, hipotension, troubles du conscient

- Criteres Radiologiques: pas systematiques, dynamique des opacites

- Criteres Bacteriologiques: demontrer la presence des germes causales dans les secretions aeriennes

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Radiologie - pneumonie Opacite: non

homogene, intensite medium et grande, contour irregulier, localise dans le lobe superior, avec adenopathie du hile gauche

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Pleuresie para – pneumonique

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Pneumonie – principes du traitement

Pneumocoque: Peniciline G, Macrolides, Cefalosporines, Chinolones

Atypiques: Macrolides, etc. Anaerobes: -source: oro- farynx / hygiene dentaire precaire/

maladies periodontales-mecanisme: aspiration des secretions - si des

conditions favorables-expectoration fetide/tendence d’excavation-

abces /Peniciline G 20 mill. 6-8 semaines

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Suppurations Broncho-pulmonaires

Proces inflammatoire cronique du parenchime pulmonaire ou des bronches - BRONCHOREE PURULENTE

CLASSIFICATION-ABCES PULMONAIR-BRONCHIECTASIESCATEGORIES-PRIMITIVES- developes dans le tissu sain-SECONDAIRES-developes grace a des autres

lesions : TB, cancer, corps etrangers, cavites avec des champignons, kystes aeriennes

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Abces Pulmonair -diagnostique

Histoire Medicale: FACTEURS FAVORISANTS –aspiration des secretions: coma, accidents vasculaires cerebrales, maladies psychiques, alcoolisme, interventions chirurgicales ou stomatologiques - saignements

Clinique: toux + expectoration purulente/fetide, fievre, mauvais etat generale,+/-hemoptisie

Radiologie: niveau du liquide , image d’abcesBacteriologie: examen de l’expectoration-

aerobes+anaerobes-ABGBronhoscopie: exclude une cause secondaire:

cancer, corps etranger, etc.

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Abces Pulmonaire - radiologie Image de type

hydro-aerienne (niveau liquidien)/

/ hyper- transparence

/ cavite

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Bronchiectasies-diagnostic

Dilatation ireductible des bronches medium + modifications du paroi bronchique en leur structure/obstruction des branches distales

Classification: - congenitales (malformations,mucoviscidose)- secondaire:TB, stenose bronchique - tumeurs,

corps etrangers,infection en enfance avec: virus syncitial respiratoire, rougeole

Clinique: toux/expectoration/hemoptisie/dyspneeRadiographie/Thoracic scanChirurgie – pour complications

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Bronchiectasies - imagerie

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Arret de fumer

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Fumer et la sante?

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Toxines

Lungimea: 85-100 mm

Diametrul – 8 mm

Filtrul: 20-30 mm

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Bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO)CancerAsthmeInfections

Respiratoire

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Pacient cu BPOC forma severă, Clinica de Pneumologie Iaşi - A.Trofor (2004)

• facteur de risque majeur: le tabac • 6 fois plus frequente chez les fumeurs• survie a 5-10 annees: 50%Petty TL., 2000  

BPCO( Bronchopneumopathie obstructive chronique)

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Asthme Obstruction aerienne chronique

reversible Toux, dyspnee, wheezing Broncho-dilatateurs, corticotherapie Antibiotiques en cas d’exacerbations

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Cancer 95% des

fumeurs Dose-effet.

Clinica Pneumologica Iaşi-A.Trofor(2003)

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Hypertension arterielle Atherosclerose Artheriopathie Cardiopathy Ischemique Chronique Accident vasculaire cerebrale Mort subite

Cardio-vasculaire

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Cancer Poumon Larynx Colon Pancreas Oesofage Gastrique Renale Cancer orale Genito=urinaire

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Larynx

Dr.Raluca Daraba, studii doctorale, Iaşi, 2004

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Cancer cavite orale

Clinica B.M.F., UMF, Iaşi, 2004

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Candidose

Gingivite, maladie periodontale TartreDr.C.Borta, UMF, Iaşi, 2004

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Tabac et maladies orales leucoplakia, stomatite

nicotinique, maladies periodontales, perte des dents( 64% des fumeurs), gingivite , plaques dentaires, candidose orale chronique

Bibl: Pindborg J.J. et. al., 1980 Dr.C.Borta,UMF, Iasi, 2004

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Dependence de tabac (WhO ICD 10)Dependence de nicotine (APA DSM IV)

Consommation chronique du tabac – une maladie classifiee

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Reccommandations (www.srp.ro)