Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] · 2012. 10. 24. · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Ppt0000002 [Read-Only]...

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Sifting for gold dust in a mine of coal

Transcript of Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] · 2012. 10. 24. · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Ppt0000002 [Read-Only]...

Page 1: Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] · 2012. 10. 24. · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] Author: fbajowski Created Date: 3/24/2009 9:54:43 AM

Sifting for gold dust in a mine of coal

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“Fit‐For‐Purpose”Contingent performance in the context of what is needed – Nursing literature – 1978141 peer review reports (24 about nursing)

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“Fit‐For‐Purpose”Appeared in association with the term biomarker in 2006Lee et al – “Fit‐for‐purpose method development and validation for successful biomarker measurement”Appears derived from Biomarker Method Validation Workshop – October 2003 (AAPS and CLAS)

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Context of ReportConcern that the process of biomarker development and validation replete with uncertainty

Regulatory implicationsScientific requirementsLack of uniform definitions

Appreciation that differences in traditional drug level studies and studies needed for biomarker research

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Eight PublicationsDiffering themesCentral premise ‐‐ differing validation  methods  and criteria for different uses

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Wagner ‐‐ 2007Exploration – R & D stageDemonstration – proof of concept stageCharacterization – does it actually work stage and if so how wellSurrogacy – is it good enough to replace traditional outcomes and provide streamlined studies

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Pepe ‐ 2001Preclinical exploratory studiesClinical assay and validationRetrospective longitudinalRetrospective screeningDisease

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Chau ‐‐ 2008Target discovery and validationLead discovery and optimizationPreclinical studiesClinical trials

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Lee et alContinuous and iterative cycle

Pre‐validation Exploratory method validationAdvanced method validationIn‐study method validation

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Common Key ElementsReagents and reference materialTarget rangeDynamic rangeSensitivity (analytical)Curve fittingSelectivity and specificity

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Common Key ElementsDilution linearityPrecision and accuracy (analytical)Relative accuracy/recovery (biological)Robustness (reagent and change control)Sample handling, collection, processing and storageDocumentation

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Startling AssessmentNeed all elements at all stagesMatter of degree of certainty; not a choice to ignore the elementMatter of opinion what the matter of degree might be

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Sensitivity (analytical)Preanalytical and method development – define minimum detectable range and requirements of sensitivity (LOQ)Exploratory method validation – estimate sensitivity –consider (LOQ)Advanced method validation – establish sensitivity

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Sample Quality CountsHead on and head’s up

“Early, consistent application of predefined sample collection and handling techniques”“Definitive assessment of short‐term, freeze/thaw, bench‐top, and long‐term stability”“A complete set of separate investigations should evaluate the most appropriate conditions for collecting and treating study samples to ensure the sample integrity is maintained”

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Sample Quality CountsPrescient – submission July 2005“Patient‐related factors including diurnal, disease‐related, and behavioral effects (i.e., emotional state, posture, food intake, etc.) may necessitate alterations in sampling methods and careful interpretation of biomarker data.”

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Sample Quality CountsDefinitive“Deliberate ‘stressing’ of samples may reveal …artifacts… and provide vital sample collection tolerance information.”Gold StarPunch line – need to know what to stress

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Specimen CollectionNot exactly a new issue – first report in literature in 1969 (Russian)Mainstream lab requirement with CAP lists in 1970’sSpecimen ‐‐ sample collections referenced in relation to quality in tens of thousands of publications

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Preanalytical Laboratory ErrorMajor factor – 46 to 68% of cases of errorErrors noted in chemistry and molecular diagnostic labs ‐‐mundane

Labeling errorWrong containerClotted sampleHemolysis

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Preanalytical Laboratory ErrorRecent reports on systemic root causes 

Non laboratory collection settingsHigh rate of staff collecting without looking for rules of the game (40%)Pre‐labeling (12%)

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Elaborate Risk Management Programs

Process analysisReassessment and rearrangement of quality requirementsDissemination of operating guidelines and best‐practice recommendationsIntroduction of error tracking systems Use of redundancy

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Elephant in the RoomEnsure control over preanalytical process a prerequisite is to understand the processUncertainty remains

What questions to askHow to design studies to address the questionsClash between pragmatism and purismStrength of the noise in the context of the strength of the signalUnderlying biology versus underlying chemistry (technology) being employed

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Inevitable Tide of Resilient Scientists

Won’t take no for an answerIn cases where there may be degraded or inadequate sample; always someone willing to push the limits and look for analyte retrieval or salvage

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Inevitable Tide of Resilient Scientists

More  markers than dataMore models than  markersPerhaps just a touch of madness in the race for the gold; when you go fishing it is wise to

Know the quality of water  you are exploringUse appropriate baitHave a good pole

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In this MaelstromFit‐for‐purpose becomes highly relevantHow good is good enough

Understanding underlying biologyUnderstanding confounding factorsUnderstanding interface between technology and these factorsDetermining if the facts of the case make it “fit”

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Hard Work at QualifyingDNARNAProteinsMetabolites

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Hard Work at QualifyingYieldPurityFreedom from interferenceStabilityBiological stateIf multivariate (inevitable interplay)

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End Game Not NewBiomarker that worksHierarchy of knowledge – Fryback and Thornbury in 1991Imaging literature ‐‐ nobody has done it better

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End Game Not NewLevel 1 – Technical efficacyLevel 2 – Diagnostic accuracy efficacyLevel 3 – Diagnostic thinking efficacyLevel 4 – Therapeutic efficacyLevel 5 – Patient outcome efficacyLevel 6 – Societal efficacy

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Rules ExpandedExquisitely limned in the ACCE Model – used in CDC EGAPP projectsAnalytical validity, Clinical validity, Clinical utility, and associated  Ethical, legal and social implications)

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Rules Expanded44 Questions or elements for a full scale evaluationAt the base are 9 questions on analytical validityUnderlying these are four central themes

Analytical sensitivity – how well signal is detectedAnalytical specificity – what interferesQuality control – how do you know the procedure is working correctlyAssay robustness – how resistant is the assay to changes in pre‐analytic and analytic variables

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Parochial View from Central FloridaWhether  you subscribe to the Fryback‐Thornbury model, the ACCE model, or some other modelGame of baseball; cannot get to second base if you don’t get past first base; cannot get a home run with a foul ball

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Fit‐For‐PurposeMerits to a contingent approach;Biomarker technology  is iterativeInformation on biologic underpinnings  is continuously evolvingResources (funds, time, specimens) are limited

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Fit‐For‐PurposeHazards to a contingent approachShortcuts up‐front  in both analytical and clinical validation may be pragmatic; may also be painful because they can increase downstream risksProbably not public health risks but risks to reputation, riches, and gloryExtent they  yield fool’s gold; does hurt the public

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House of CardsMinimum standards for preanalytical and analytical validity are needed up‐front to support robust discovery – not inconsistent with fit‐for‐purposeStandardization of both preanalytical and analytical methodology and information sharing is needed to accelerate product development in this arenaStandardization of clinical methodology and information is needed to accelerate product development in this arena.

Page 35: Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] · 2012. 10. 24. · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Ppt0000002 [Read-Only] Author: fbajowski Created Date: 3/24/2009 9:54:43 AM

The Disquieting Muses ‐ PlathDay now, night now, at head, side, feet, They stand their  vigil in gowns of stone, Faces blank as the day I was born, Their shadows long in the setting sun That never brightens or goes down. And this is the kingdom you bore me to, Mother, mother. But no frown of mine Will betray the company I keep.