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P.G. Department of Computer SciencesUniversity of Kashmir

Multimedia software Life Cycle

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Multimedia System Development LifeCycle

Structured approach to multimedia and information

system development that guides all the processes

involved from an initial feasibility study through to

maintenance of the finished application.

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Stage 1 : Planning and Costing

The main concerns in this phase are

to capture the ideas and requirements of you or your

clients to identify the potential audience and users of the

application

to find out the benefit that will gain from developing the

application

to evaluate the feasibility and costs of the entireproject, including all tasks of production, testing and

delivery

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Stage 2 :Designing

Design is a creative activity.

It requires the knowledge and skill with computer

It requires the talent in graphics arts, video and

music

It also requires the knowledge of the subject

area of the application

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Storyboarding

Storyboards describes the project in exact detail

using words and sketches for each screen

images, sound, and navigational choice .

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Design Architecture

Architecture is the arrangement of the

multimedia information

Types of architecture

Linear

Nonlinear

Hierarchy

Composite

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Design User interface

The main emphasis in the design of multimedia user

interface is multimedia presentation

Contents selection is the key to convey the information tothe user content can be influenced by constraints imposed

by

the size and complexity of the presentation

the quality of information

the limitation of the display hardware the need for presentation completeness and coherence

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User-friendliness

User-friendliness is the primary goal of

multimedia interface.

Feedback

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Rights and permissions

You need to consider what rights do you require

How will the material be used and distributed

Is the license for a fixed period

Is the license exclusive or non-exclusive

Where will your product be distributed

Does the content owner have the authority to

assign right to you

Will the copyright owner receive renumeration for

the license

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Testing and Debugging

Alpha testingis typically an internal activity. The

product is tested by in-house team

Beta testinginvolves a wider range of testers.They should be representative of real users.

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Delivery

You should plan how to deliver the product very

early in the development process. Nowadays,

CD-ROM and Internet are the two most popularmeans of delivering multimedia applications.

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Instruction Design

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A Case Study.

Stage 1 - TRACK FRAMEWORK:

Stage 2 NAVIGATION MAP:

Stage 3 PROJECT PLAN:

Stage 4 GRAPHICS:

Stage 5 ASSET GATHERING:.

Stage 6 PROGRAMMING OF GOLDEN

MASTER CD:

Stage 7 REPLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION:

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Multimedia Presentation

A multimedia presentation made up of many

ingredients from existing print products or from a

multitude of software. Each presentation has itsown set of requirements.

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Information Design

A guide to organizing the information and

presentation medium

The beginning of any interactive product.

Clarify communication goals.

Arrange content into a design that serves these

goals.

Create a flowchart.

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Elements

Audience

Plan

Organize

Flowcharts

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Interaction Design

A guide to organizing the navigation and look of

the presentation

Give users control to go where and do what theywant.

Create an interesting journey through the

information.

Make the experience as easy and intuitive aspossible.

Create a storyboard.

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Elements

Theme

Navigation

Tools

Usability

Storyboarding

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Presentation Design

A guide on how to put your presentation together

Define style and composition of elements.

Develop big picture strategy for putting pieces

together.

Keep it simple and consistent.

Create a prototype.

Visual Style

Graphics

Text

Media

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Elements

Layout

Interface Design

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Motion

Video and animation give us a sense of motion

can hold the interest of viewers

Visual Representation

The visual effect of motion is due to a biological

phenomenon known as persistence of vision Phi Phenomenon

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Temporal aspect of Illumination

The rate of repetition of the images must be high

enough to guarantee smooth motion from frame

to frame the rate must be high enough so thatthe persistence of vision extends over the

interval between flashes

Fusion frequency.

The frequency at which the flicking light sourcemust be repeated before it appears continuous

This depends on the brightness of the light

source

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Interleaving improves the view by dividing a frame into two

fields, each contains the alternative scan lines,

and displaying the field in twice of the framesrate

The smallest detail that can be reproduced in the

image is a pixel.

Aspect ratio is the ratio of the picture width toheight. It is 4:3 for conventional TV

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Video

Video capture cards

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Video Capture Board

Can accept composite video or S-VHS in NTSC or PAL;

high-end capture cards can accept digital video (DV)

Video input mixer and ADC to select/combine videosources, to convert analog video signal to digital samples

Video frame buffer temporary storage for video frame

Video processor to filter or enhance the video frame,

e.g., reduce noise, adjust brightness, contrast and colour

Compressor/encoder to compress and encode thedigital video into a required format

Interface to the system PCI bus

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Video formats

AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) format was defined by

Microsoft for its Video for Windows systems It supports

video playback at up to 30 frames per second on a small

window (typical size 300 x 200 with 8 or 16 bit colour). It is

a software-only system .It supports a number of

compression algorithms

QuickTime was originally developed by Apple for storing

audio and video in Macintosh systems It supports video

playback at up to 30 frames per second on a small window(typical size 300 x 200 with 8 or 16 bit colour). It is a

software-only system

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Video Format [ contd..]

It supports a number of compression (Motion

Picture Expect Group) is a working group under

ISO.There are several versions of mpegstandard. The most commonly used now is

mpeg-1. It requires hardware support for

encoding and decoding (on slow systems) The

maximum data rate is 1.5Megabit/sec .The next

generation mpeg-2 is now getting popular Mpeg-2 improves mpeg-1 by increasing the maximum

data rate to 15Mbit/sec. It can interleave audio

and video

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Animation In conventional Animation we have to draw each frame of the animation

great control

tedious

Reduce burden with cel animation layer

keyframe

inbetween

cel panoramas (Disneys Pinocchio)

To animate something is, literally, to bring it to life An animation covers allchanges that have a visual effect Visual effect can be of two major kinds:

motion dynamic time varying positions

update dynamic time varying shape, colour, texture, or even lighting,

camera position, etc.

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Input process

Keyframing describe motion of objects as a

function of time from a set of key object

positions. In short, compute the inbetweenframes.

Key frames have to be created and input into

the computer. Key frames are the frames in

which the objects being animated are at extreme

or characteristic positions

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Inbetween Process

The animation of movement from one position to

another needs a composition of frames with

intermediate positions in between the keyframes. The process ofinbetweening is

performed in computer animation through

Interpolation. The system is given the starting

and ending positions.

It calculates the positions in between

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TEXT

Humans have used graphics and text to

communicate experiences, knowledge, and

feelings. Vital elements of multimedia menus, navigation

systems, and content.

For presenting information and expressing

moods.

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Typography

Text is a visual representation of language.

The study of how to display text is known as

typography. It concerns the precise shape of characters, their

spacing, the layout of the lines and paragraphs,

and so on.

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Abstract Characters

Fundamentally, a piece of text consists of letters,

digits, punctuations and other symbols. These

can be considered as abstract characters. Grouped into alphabets.

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Character Set

Is a mapping between (abstract) characters

and the values that are stored in a computer

system to represent text digitally. The domain of this mapping, i.e., the abstract

characters are called character repertoire.

The values to be stored are called the code

values orcode points. ASCII (American standard code for information interchanger).

UniCode ver 3.0

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Encoding

An encodingis a mapping to transform a code

value into a sequence of bytes for storage and

transmission. To display text, we need to have a visual

representation of the characters stored as codes

in the computer. In fact, each character may be

represented by many different glyphs.

A typeface is a family of graphic characters with

a coherent design and usually includes many

sizes and styles.

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Font

A font is a collection of characters of a single

size and style belonging to a particular typeface

family. Typical font styles are boldface and italic.

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Font Size

The fonts size is the distance from the top of the capital

letters to the bottom of the descenders in letters such as g

and y.

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Font [ contd..]

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Specifying a Font Family fonts in the same family have a

coherent design, a similar look and feel

Shape refers to the different appearance

within a family Weight measures the darkness of the

characters, or the thickness of the strokes.

Width the amount of expansion or contraction

Size unit ispoint. 1 inch = 72.27 point inprinting industry. 1 inch = 72 point in PostScript

systems

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Font Formats

Bitmap fonts come in specific sizes and

resolutions.. The result will be very poor if they

are scaled to different sizes. Outline fonts contain the outline of the

characters. They can be scaled to a large range

of different sizes and still have reasonable look.

They need a rasterizing process to display on

screen.

There are two kinds of outline fonts: PostScript

and TrueType.

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Text in multimedia

Be Concise

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Use Appropriate fonts

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Make it Readable

Consider Type Styles and Colors

Use Restraint and be Consistent bundle the font with your title

to avoid font compatibility problems is to create graphic

images, or bitmaps, of text

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COLOUR AND COLOUR

PALETTES.

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Colour

Colour is a vital component of multimedia.

Colour management is both a subjective and a

technical exercise, because: Colour is a physical property of light, but

Colour perception is a human physiological

activity.

Colour is the frequency/wave-length of a lightwave within the narrow band of the

electromagnetic spectrum (380 760nm) to

which the human eye responds.

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Colour Models

An orderly system for creating a whole range of

colors from a small set of primary colors.

Subtractive and Additive. Additive color models use light to display color

while subtractive models use printing inks.

Colors perceived in additive models are the

result oftransmitted light. Colors perceived insubtractive models are the result ofreflected

light.

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The RGB Color Model

It is an additive system in which varying

amount of the three primary colours, red, green

and blue, are added to black to produce newcolours.

R Red

G Green

B Blue

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The CYM Color Model

Based on the light absorbing quality of inks

printed on paper. Combining three primary

colour pigments, Cyan, Magenta and Yellow,should absorb all light, thus resulting in black. It

is a subtractive model.

Because all inks contain some

impurities, three inks actually produce a muddy brown, a black

colour is added in printing process,

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The HSB Color Model

Fundamental characteristics of colours are:

Hue is the wavelength of the light.. It is

measured as a location on the standard colourwheel as a degree between 0 to 3600

Saturation is the strength or purity of the

colour. It represents the amount of gray in

proportion to the hue and is measured as apercentage from 0%(gray) to 100%(fully

saturated).

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Brightness is the relative lightness or

darkness of the colour. It is measured as a

percentage from 0%(black) to 100%(White).

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The YUV Colour Model

TheY-signal encodes the brightness

information. Black-and-white television system

will use this channel only. The U and V channels encode the chromatic

information. The resolution of the U and V

channels is often less than the Y channel for the

reason of reducing the size.

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GAMUT

The gamut of a colour system is the range

of colours that can be displayed or printed

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Colour Palette

A colour palette is an index table to available

colours in an indexed colour system.

When working in 8-bit mode, a system candisplay only 256 Colours out of a total of 16

million colours.

The system keeps a default palette of available

colours

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Palette Flashing

Each program may have its own palette. It may

replace the system palette with its own for the

period it is active. This may cause an annoyingflash of strange colors in your screen, known as

palette flashing. This is a serious problem in

multimedia applications.

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Thankyou