Ppt seminar

“Effect of Chemical Composition of Plant Residues on Nitrogen Mineralization in

Soil”

Presented By:Vikram Singh

M.Sc. (Agri.) Soil Science studentReg. No: 2010115095

Major Guide :Dr. J. N. Nariya

ProfessorDept. of Agril. Chem. and

Soil ScienceJAU , Amreli

Minor Guide: Dr. P. K. Chovatia

Associate ProfessorDepartment of Agronomy

JAU , Junagadh

3

Contents…Introduction

Facts about nitrogen

Transformation of nitrogen in soil

Chemical composition of plant residues

Decomposition rates of crop residues

Research finding

Conclusion

Use of plant residues as organic nutrient source is relatively simple for the farmers compared to the application of manure. Incorporating plant residues into agricultural soils can sustain organic carbon content, improve soil physical properties, enhance biological activities and increase nutrient availability.In the short-term, incorporation of plant residues provides the energy and nutrients for microbial growth and activity, acts as a driving force for the mineralization-immobilization processes in the soil and is a source of nitrogen (N) for plants .In the long-term, incorporation of crop residues is important for the maintenance of organic C and N stocks in the nutrient pool of arable soils. The N availability from these residues depends on the amount of N mineralized or immobilized during decomposition.

4

Introduction

Residues: Whatever remains after something else has been taken, separated, removed, or designated; remnant; remainder.

Crop/Plant residues: Defined as the vegetative plant(crop/trees/shrubs) material left on a ground after its harvesting, pruning or processing or grazing. Ex: stalks, stems, leaves, roots, penicles and weeds.

5

Crop residues

Field residues Process residues

Types of crop residues

Stalks and Stubble Leaves, and Seed pods.

Husks, Seeds, Bagasse and Roots.

6

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is most important primary nutrient which is required in large quantity for plant growth.

Most widely distributed element in atmosphere.

Preferred as nitrate (NO3-) and ammoniacal (NH4

+) Nitrogen by plants.

Nitrogen makes up 78 % of atmospheric air

N N

7

Very small amount of soil nitrogen is available to plants. Total nitrogen in furrow slice(0-15 cm) soils generally varies from 0.02 to 0.44 per cent by weight.

Role of NitrogenAn essential constituent of proteins and is present in many compounds of great physiological importance in plant metabolism

Is an integral part of chlorophyll.

Imparts vigorous vegetative growth and dark green colour to plants.

Governs utilization of potassium, phosphorus and other elements.

Facts about nitrogen

8

Sources of Nitrogen :• Fertilizers• Organic manures• Plant residues• Bio-fertilizers• Green manure• Rain water• Bacterial nitrogen fixation

9

Transformation of Nitrogen in soils

Various pathways of N transformation

Mineralization

Immobilization

Fixation in soil

Losses of N( Volatilization)

• Nitrogen in crop residue become available after mineralization

• Available nitrogen includes NH4+ and NO3

-

10

Mineralization

“Process by which nitrogen in organic

compounds is converted to inorganic ammonium and

nitrate ions carried out by micro-organisms.”

11

Mineralization process operates through three reactions

namely:

1.Aminisation

2.Ammonification , and

3.Nitrification

1. Aminisation:

Process of release of amines and amino acids from combined N

compounds (proteins).

Proteins R-NH2 + CO2 + Energy + Other products(Amines)

HeterotrophicMicro-organisms

12

Organic NR-NH2

(Amine) NH4

+

(Ammonium) NO2

-

(Nitrite) NO3

-

(Nitrate)

Aminization Ammonification Nitrification

Aminisation occurs both in aerobic and anaerobic condition

End products

(NH4)2 SO4 H2O, and CO2Under aerobic condition

Under anaerobic condition NH3, NH2 -, CO2

, organic acids, H2S etc

13

2.Ammonification

Process of reduction of amines to ammonical compounds.

R-NH2 + HOHNH3 + R-OH + energy

H2O

NH4 + OH-

14

Under anaerobic condition (due to more hydrogen)Org.N NH4

+ -N Lack of O2 in soil

Under aerobic condition the process continues

NH4+ -N NO3

- -N

NO2- -N

Nitrification

3. Nitrification

15

Process of microbial oxidation of ammonical nitrogen to nitrate form of nitrogen.

16

Fig. 01: Sketch of three different process types regarding the effects of returning plant residues on soil inorganic nitrogen over the

limited experimental period.

Chen et al. (2014) France

17

Fig. 2. Diagram illustrating some processes in the nitrogen cycle in soils.

HawaiiJonathan (2006)

Plant residues /material may be classified under three major chemical groups:

Polysaccharides: These are large group of carbon compounds, and made up of simple monosaccharides units like glucose etc. cellulose and hemicellulose are most important polysaccharides and they accumulate in plants tissues. They form the skelton of plant tissues.

Lignins: These are complex carbon compounds. They are found in woody tissue. It is binding material and covers the cell walls and fibro-vascular bundles. Lignin is one of the most abundant organic polymers in plants, just behind cellulose. It is the exclusive chemical composition of gymnosperm and angiosperm. The content of lignin in wood and Gramineae is 20–40% and 15–20 %, respectively.

Proteins :They are nitrogenous substances, it`s predominant in cell protoplasm. Simple forms of protein is amino acids.

18

Chemical composition of plant residues:

19

Fig 3: Composition of Plant Materials

Source: Brady And Wail (2012)

Rapid

Very slow

Sugars ,Starch and simple protiens

Crude proteins

Hemicellulose

CelluloseFats, Waxes and Oils

Lignins and phenolic compounds

20

Decomposition Rates of Crop residues

Resource quality category

Resource quality parameters (g kg-1)

Nitrogen supplying capacity

High quality N >25Lignin <150

Polyphenol <40

High and immediate

Intermediate-high quality

N >25Lignin >150

Polyphenol >40

Delayed, short or long term

Intermediate-low quality

(Short-term)

N<25lignin<150

polyphenol <40

Low–short term immobilization

Low quality(Long-term)

N <25Lignin >150

Polyphenol >40

Very low and possible long term immobilization

Mohanty et al. (2013) 21 NAAS, New Delhi

22Source: Brady And Wail (2012)

Research findings

23

24

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization potential of biofuel crop(Jatropha curcas L.)

residues in soil

CASE STUDY- 01

Soil location pH EC(ds/m) CaCO3 (%)

O.C C/N Total N (g/kg)

Available N (mg/kg)

Texture

Inside –canopy soil 7.41 0.14 0.92 0.67 9.57 0.72 47.6 Loam

Outside –canopy soil

7.31 0.11 0.92 0.60 8.57 0.72 41.3 Loam

TABLE:2..Characteristics of soil used for incubation study

Chaudhary et al.(2014) 25Bhavnagar ,Gujarat

26

Jatropha residues

C (%) N (%) C/N Cellulose (%)

Hemi cellulose (%)

Lignin (%)

Phenolics (mg/g)

Cake 46 3.30 13.94 14.44 12.46 1.25 1.91

Leaf 43 1.22 35.25 8.96 17.71 5.48 3.32

Fruit shell 42 0.98 42.86 6.85 15.78 1.82 0.46

Chaudhary et al. (2014)

Bhavnagar ,Gujarat

Chaudhary et al. (2014) 27Bhavnagar ,Gujarat

Chaudhary et al. (2014)

28Bhavnagar ,Gujarat

Rate at day

C N Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Phenolic C/N ratio

1 0.95 0.97 0.94 -0.91 -0.59 0.01 -0.94

9 0.95 0.97 0.94 -0.92 -0.61 -0.02 -0.94

21 0.96 0.99 0.95 -0.93 -0.61 -0.01 -0.96

33 0.97 0.99 0.96 -0.93 -0.61 0.01 -0.96

64 0.98 0.99 0.98 -0.88 -0.52 0.11 -0.98

94 0.99 0.99 0.98 -0.85 -0.48 0.17 -0.98

29Chaudhary et al. (2014) Bhavnagar ,Gujarat

30

Case Study- 02

Effect of organic matter and soil fertility on nitrogen mineralization and its uptake by cassava (Manihot

esculenta Crantz).

Andy , 2015 Java,Indonesia

Treatments 20 oC 25 oC 30 oC

Soil that planted with cassava less than 10 yearsOnly Groundnut (G) 550.6 773.8 1015.6

Only Maize (M) 435.2 704.9 872.3G : M (1:1) 533.8 943.0 1036.0G : M (2:1) 589.6 1011.8 1086.2G : M (1:2) 459.4 710.5 851.9Control (Without Organic Matter)

347.8 459.4 450.1

TABLE 05: Cumulative nitrogen mineralization (mg kg-1) for 12 weeks at various temperatures and biomasses application.

Andy (2015) Java,Indonesia 31

32

Treatments 20 oC 25 oC 30 oC Soil that planted with cassava more than 30 years

Only Groundnut (G)

496.6 738.4 747.7

Only Maize (M) 388.7 556.1 638.0

G : M (1:1) 444.5 634.3 638.0

G : M (2:1) 526.4 738.4 783.1

G : M (1:2) 375.7 647.3 758.9

Control (Without Organic Matter)

264.1 437.1 394.3

TABLE:6..Cumulative nitrogen mineralization (mg kg-1) for 12 weeks at various temperatures and biomasses application.

Andy (2015) Java,Indonesia

33

Case Study-03

Effect of Chemical Composition of Plant Residues on Nitrogen Mineralization

Srinivas et al.(2006) CRIDA, Hyderabad

Srinivas et al.(2006) CRIDA, Hyderabad 34

TABLE 07: Chemical composition of different tree residues.

Plant residues C(%) N% Lignin%

Polyphenol%

C/N Lignin/N

Polyphenol/N

Lignin+Polyphenol/N

C.calothyrsus 41.5 2.46 7.21 7.04 a 16.9 2.93 2.86 5.79

C.siamea 42.1 2.07 7.64 3.88 20.3 3.69 1.88 5.57

D.sissoo 40.1 2.42 8.69 2.44 16.6 3.59 1.01 4.60

G.sepium 40.9 3.16 6.84 2.02 12.9 2.16 0.64 2.80

H.binata 40.1 1.91 10.21 3.74 21.0 5.35 1.96 7.31

L.leucocephala 39.5 3.59 6.87 3.10 11.0 1.92 0.87 2.78

P.juliflora 40.7 1.96 8.29 4.02 20.7 4.23 2.05 6.28

T. indica 41.3 1.62 10.15 4.83 b 25.6 6.29 2.99 9.28

35

Plant residues

C % N % Lignin%

Polyphenol%

C/N Lignin/N

Polyphenol/N

Lignin+Polyphenl/N

Caster 41.2 0.95 6.07 0.74 43.4 6.39 0.78 7.17

Horse gram 39.5 1.22 5.36 1.68 32.4 4.39 1.38 5.77

Paddy 40.4 0.48 5.19 0.61 84.2 10.81 1.27 12.08

Pearl millet 42.1 0.84 6.24 0.49 50.1 7.43 0.58 8.01

Sorghum 39.8 0.55 6.81 0.55 72.4 12.38 1.00 13.38

Sugarcane 43.0 0.51 7.54 0.37 84.3 14.78 0.73 15.51

Sunflower 40.2 1.06 8.10 0.82 37.9 7.64 0.77 8.42

TABLE 08: Chemical composition of different crop residues

Srinivas et al.(2006) CRIDA,Hyderabad

Fig:6..Plant residue quality and nitrogen mineralization

36

G.sepium

C. siamea

PaddySugarcane

L.leucocephala C. cajan

Srinivas et al.(2006) CRIDA,Hyderabad

FIG:7.. Relationships between residue quality parameters and N mineralization for All residues

37Srinivas et al.(2006) CRIDA,Hyderabad

38

Case Study-04

Impact of the addition of different plant residues on nitrogen mineralization–immobilization turnover and carbon content of a soil incubated under laboratory

conditions

Abbasi et al. (2015) (PAKISTAN)

g kg-1

Plant residues (Treatments)

Plant organs

Total N

Total C

Lignin(LG)

Polyphenols(PP)

C /N LG /N

PP /N

LG+PP /N

Glycine max shoot 35.2 447 11 13.1 12.7 0.3 0.4 0.7Glycine max Root 12.8 466 29 26.9 36.4 2.3 2.1 4.4Zea mays Shoot 9.6 472 41 29.5 49.2 4.3 3.1 7.3Zea mays Root 4.0 486 48 31.4 121.5 12.0 7.9 19.9Trifolium repens Shoot 27.4 397 13 18.0 14.4 0.4 0.6 1.1

Trifolium repens Root 16.0 423 21 20.2 26.4 1.3 1.2 2.5

Populus euramericana Leaves 20.8 435 3453.8

20.9 1.6 2.6 4.2

Robinia pseudoacacia Leaves 33.3 404 28 32.3 12.1 0.8 1.0 1.8

Elaeagnus umbellata leaves 34.7 418 32 38.7 12.1 0.9 1.1 2.0

LSD (p= 0.05) - 3.14 14.16 4.53 3.77

TABLE:9..Mean biochemical composition of the plant residues used in the experiment

39Abbasi et al. (2015) Pakistan

Days after plant-residue additionTreatments 0 7 14 21 28 42 60 80 100 120 CD

(p=0.05)mg Nkg-1soil

Control 13.7 13.9 12.9 17.1 30.9 65.9 63.1 75.6 77.7 51.7 2.88T1 14.8 39.2 49.2 76.8 96.7 158.1 165.2 174.1 188.7 160.9 7.90T2 13.7 8.1 5.2 8.3 11.8 13.8 28.4 50.4 49.4 27.7 8.15T3 13.7 7.4 6.2 6.9 10.5 23.1 21.2 36.1 46.7 21.0 5.34T4 14.3 7.4 9.4 7.7 8.8 15.3 22.2 21.4 32.4 26.4 4.30T5 14.1 19.0 21.6 55.5 62.5 86.8 127.6 150.8 145.8 93.3 7.31T6 15.5 8.2 5.2 23.9 34.0 85.3 98.0 149.9 130.2 85.8 9.46T7 13.0 5.7 4.1 8.6 22.6 55.5 73.1 106.8 87.3 66.9 8.39T8 13.9 7.4 9.2 23.6 46.6 91.3 111.0 138.9 127.8 93.7 7.83T9 12.9 9.4 14.5 25.3 51.1 80.1 92.7 140.0 116.4 93.5 6.88

CD (p =0.05)

2.43 4.77 3.12 5.11 7.63 8.23 6.37 9.23 8.27 7.34

TABLE:10..Mean changes in the concentration of total mineral N of a soil amended with different plant residues and incubated at 25 0C under controlled laboratory conditions during a 120-day period .

40

T1-Glycine max shoot, T2-Glycine max root;T3-Zea mays shoot, T4-Zea mays root; T5-Trifolium repens shoot;

T6 -Trifolium repens rootT7 -Populus euramericana leaves; T8-Robinia pseudoacacia leaves; T9-Elaeagnus umbellata leaves.

Abbasi et al. (2015) Pakistan

FIG:8..Net cumulative N mineralized from the added plant residues at different incubation periods.

41

T1-Glycine max shootT2-Glycine max rootT3-Zea mays shootT4-Zea mays rootT5-Trifolium repens shootT6 -Trifolium repens rootT7 -Populus euramericana leaves T8-Robinia pseudoacacia leavesT9-Elaeagnus umbellata leaves

Days after residues amendments

Abbasi et al. (2015) Pakistan

42

Singh And Kumar (2006)

HAU, Hisar

Case Study-05

Legumes residues

OC (g/kg) Total N g/kg C:N ratio Lignin (g/kg)

Polyphenols (g/kg)

Black gram 428 23.3 18.4 75.0 22.4

Cluster bean 452 18.2 24.8 80.0 44.4

Cowpea 446 21.4 20.8 71.2 27.6

Green gram 416 26.0 16.0 54.1 30.9

Sesbania 440 22.6 19.5 73.9 26.7

Soyabean 462 21.4 21.6 61.2 35.7

Sunhemp 438 20.1 21.8 64.3 32.2

43Singh And Kumar (2006)

HAU, Hisar

TABLE:11..Characteristics of legumes residues

FIG:9..Commulative Nitrogen Mineralization


HAU, Hisar

TABLE:12..Cumulative net N mineralized and amounts of added N mineralized from legume residues after 56 days of incubation

periodLegumes residues Net N mineralized (mg/kg) Amount of added N

mineralized (%)

Hisar Karnal Hisar Karnal

Black gram 84 87 72.1 74.7

Cluster bean 53 55 58.2 60.4

Cowpea 71 73 66.4 68.2

Green gram 96 99 73.8 76.1

Sesbania 74 76 65.5 67.3

Soyabean 75 77 70.1 72

sunhemp 65 67 64.7 66.7


HAU, Hisar

46

Oglesby And Fownes (2002) Hawaii

Case Study-06

TABLE:13..Characteristics of green manures used in the experiment

Species Polyphenols (%) N (%) Lignin (%)Leaves Twigs Average

Calliandra calothyrsus 4.99 1.95 4.06 2.85 13.4

Cassia reticulata 2.10 0.89 1.99 2.65 9.9

Cassia siamea 4.60 1.27 3.92 2.31 10.3

Gliricidia sepiurn 2.07 0.35 1.84 3.43 8.6

lnga edulis 4.71 1.70 3.83 2.51 18.3

Leucaena leucocephala 3.52 1.49 2.93 3.74 11.1

Sesbania sesban 2.60 0.56 1.38 1.39 14.5

47Oglesby And Fownes (2002) Hawaii

Week N (%) Polyphenols (%) Lignin (%) Polyphenol:N Lignin:N

1 0.24 -0.78 -0.13 -0.89 0.00

2.5 0.29 -0.80 -0.48 -0.94 -0.21

4 0.44 -0.71 -0.80 -0.88 -0.56

8 0.37 -0.79 -0.79 -0.90 -0.46

12 0.11 -0.59 -0.79 -0.53 -0.32

TABLE:14.Correlation coefficients of cumulative % N mineralized at each time interval versus initial green manure properties.

48Oglesby And Fownes (2002) Hawaii

49

FIG:10..N Mineralization pattern


50

FIG:11..Relationship between N mineralized at 8 weeks and Polyphenol : N ratio (Y = 79.4 - 39.5X, n = 7, r 2 = 0.81).


51

Mafongoya et al. (2008) Florida

Case Study-07

Mineralization of nitrogen from decomposing leaves of multipurpose trees as affected by their chemical

composition

TABLE:15..Chemical composition of leaves of MPT species (on oven-dry matter basis).

Mafongoya et al.(2008)

Florida 52

Treatment Ng/Kg

NDF-Ng/Kg

Ligning/Kg

SP phenol g/Kg

Acacia angustissima 25b 19a 143b 122b

Gliricidia sepium 18c 9d 111c 23d

Flemingia macrophylla 18c 11c 193a 105b

Sesbania sesban 28ab 5c 67d 112b

Calliandra calothyrsus 27ab 12b 114c 154a

Cajanus cajan 31a 12b 140b 42d

Leucaena leucocephala 31a 11c 120c 122b

Acacia+sesbania 27b 12b 105c 117b

Cajanus+sesbania 30a 9d 104c 77c

Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different from each other at P~0.05 using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

NDF-N=neutral detergent fraction),SP= Soluble polyphenols

53

FIG:12.. N mineralization pattern


TABLE:16..Correlation coefficients relating the cumulative amount of net N mineralized to initial chemical properties of multi purpose tree (MPT) leaves during incubation with

soil.

54

Times(weeks)

NDF-N Lignin SPphenol Tannins L/N P/N L+P/N NDF-N/N

1 -0.64 -0.78 -0.39 -0.01 -0.68 -0.59 -0.78 -0.73

2 -0.70 -0.75 -0.53 -0.23 -0.51 -0.64 -0.68 -0.61

3 -0.61 -0.70 -0.44 -0.06 -0.59 -0.59 -0.72 -0.68

4 -0.66 -0.73 -0.54 0.10 -0.61 -0.71 -0.79 -0.71

5 -0.65 -0.75 -0.53 0.07 -0.64 -0.71 -0.81 -0.72

6 -0.62 -0.73 -0.55 0.07 -0.62 -0.72 -0.80 -0.68

7 -0.63 -0.68 -0.57 0.19 -0.54 -0.71 -0.74 -0.62

8 -0.68 -0.71 -0.56 0.33 -049 -0.67 -0.68 -0.59


55

Nitrogen Mineralization from Soil Amended with Gliricidia and Nitrogen Mineralization from Soil Amended with Gliricidia and Sorghum Residues:Sorghum Residues:

Case Study-08

ICRISAT, HydrabadSridevi et al. (2006)

TABLE:17..Residue fractionation:

Residue Soluble fractions (% )

Fiber (%)

N g kg-1 C/N

Sorghum straw 21.4 78.6 5.32 77.3

Glyricidia prunings 53.3 46.7 28.60 13.4

56

ICRISAT, HydrabadSridevi et al. (2006)

Amendment N added(mg/ kg)

Incubation period in days N mineralized after 90 days (% of added)

0 5 15 30 45 60 75 90

Control - 7.84

14.46

24.31

31.44

35.28

37.63

39.19

40.42

-

Sorghum straw

24.39 7.84

4.52 12.41

19.91

25.15

30.33

34.17

39.06

5.6

Gliricidia prunings

24.39 7.84

12.58

32.5

44.86

51.29

56.75

60.31

62.04

88.6

57ICRISAT, HydrabadSridevi et al. (2006)

Table:18..Nitrogen mineralization

58

N concentration and C:N ratio are sound criteria for predicting nitrogen release in few crop residues while in other residues polyphenol/N ratio, ( lignin + polyphenol ) to N ratio play a role in percent N mineralized.

The composition of residues in terms of soluble and fiber fractions determines whether and to what extent, N is immobilized or mineralized.

The decomposition and nutrient release rates of residues are often regulated by environmental factors, such as temperature and soil moisture, and biochemical composition of plant materials and their interaction. The biochemical composition or quality parameters such as total N concentration, lignin (LG), polyphenols (PP), carbon : nitrogen (C/N) ratio, LG/ N, PP /N and (LG, C, PP) /N ratios are useful indicators that control decomposition and N release of added plant residues.

Conclusion of seminar

Ppt seminar

Data & Analytics

Transcript of Ppt seminar