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DEPARTMENT OF ECE AND EIE ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH(Faculty of Engineering)

SIKSHA O ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY

(Declared u/s. 3 of the UGC Act. 1956)

Jagamohan Nagar, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar 751030.

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PREPARING YOUR ROUGH COPY

The first page of the rough copy should contain the List ofexperiments.

For each experiments the following steps should bemaintained..

1) Name of the experiments with Date

2) Aim of the experiments

3) Objectives

4) Apparatus Required

5) Circuit Diagram

6) Calculation

7) Observation(Tabulation/Graph/Tracing)

8) Conclusion

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HOW TO PREPARE YOUR FAIR

RECORD

Your fair record should be a hard bind one, that should becovered and named with proper registration number.

For each experiments the following steps should bemaintained.

1) Name of the experiments with Date

2) Aim of the experiments3) Objectives

4) Apparatus Required

5) Circuit Diagram

6) Brief Theory

7) Procedure

8) Calculation

9) Observation(tabulation/Graph/Tracing)

10) Precautions

11) Conclusion

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Familiarization with different types of electronic components:-

Resistors, Capacitors, Semiconductors Diodes, Transistors and IC.

2. Familiarization with the use of Oscilloscope, Function Generator,

Digital multimeter and DC Power Supply.

3. VI characteristics of a PN junction diode for forward and reverse

biasing. Determination of D.C. and A.C. resistance.

4. Diode as a half wave and full wave rectifier. Calculation of D.C.

current and ripple factor for resistive load and capacitive load.

5. Diode as a Clamper and Clipper Circuit.

6. VI Characteristics of a BJT and draw the Load Line.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

7. CE BJT amplifier. Measurement of Linearity characteristics

and Gain of a 1 KHz Signal.8. OPAMP as a summing amplifier and differentiator.

9. Determine the Truth Table of AND, OR, NAND, NOR and EX-

OR Gates.

10. Study of multiplexer and de-multiplexer ICs.

11. Use of Oscilloscope for measurement of phase, frequency

and amplitude of a Signal.

12. Fabrication of a simple RC coupled amplifier to operate in

audio band. Measure its gain- frequency response. Studythe effect of series feedback.

NOTE: Out of above 12 experiments one has to perform atleast 10

experiments.

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EXPERIMENT-01

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:Familiarize with different types of electronics components-Resistors, Capacitors, Semiconductors Diodes, Transistors andIC.

OBJECTIVES:

Familiarity with various types of electronics components andDevices.

Identification of electronic components symbolically andphysically.

Measurement of resistance using colour code technique and

capacitance by digital multimeter. Testing of Semiconductor Diode and Transistor using Digital

multimeter.

Identification of IC pins.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

i. Active and Passive components.a. Fixed and Variable Resistors.

b. Electrolyte and ceramic capacitors.

c. Cristal diode, Zener diode and LED.

d. BJT & FET.

f. Analog and Digital IC.

ii. Digital multimeter.

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CLASIFICATION OF ELECTRONICSCOMPONENTS

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CLASIFICATION OF ELECTRONICS

COMPONENTS

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IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS SYMBOLICALLY AND

PHYSICALLYName of theComponents

Symbols 3D Pictures

Fixed Resistors

Variable Resistors

Fixed Capacitors

Variable Capacitor

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IDENTIFICATION OFELECTRONICCOMPONENTS SYMBOLICALLY AND

PHYSICALLYName of the Components Symbols 3D Pictures

Fixed Inductors

variable Inductors

Crystal Diode

Zener Diode

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IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS SYMBOLICALLY AND

PHYSICALLYName of the Components Symbols 3D Pictures

LED

Transistor

FET

Integrated circuit

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTOR WITH

WATTAGE

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDUCTORS

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIODES

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSISTORS

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RESISTOR :A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the

flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can

also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device

such as a transistor.

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TYPES OF RESISTOR:

1.Fixed Value Resistor2. Variable Resistor or Potentiometer :FIXED RESISTOR:

Fixed resistors are those types of resistors whose value is fixed

already while manufacturing and cannot be changed during its

usage.

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1 .CARBON COMPOSITION:

These types of resistors are made by a composition of CarbonParticles which are held together by a binding resign.

The proportion of carbon particles and resign used determinesthe value of the resistor.

At both ends of the composition a Metal Cap with a small rod of

tin is attached to solder it or use it in circuits , then the wholepackage is enclosed in a plastic case to prevent moisture andreaction with air.

2. METAL FILM :

Metal film resistors are made by depositing vaporized metal

in vacuum on a ceramic core rod. These types of resistors are veryreliable,have high tolerance and also have hightemperature coefficient.

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3. WIRE WOUND:

Wire wound resistor are made by winding a metal wire around aceramic core.

The metal wire is an alloy of various metals based onthe characteristics and resistance of the resistor required. Thesetypes of resistor have high stability and can also withstand highpowers .

VARIABLE RESISTORS:A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the resistanceaccording to our needs in an electronic circuit. It can be used as athree terminal as well as a two terminal device.

There are mainly three types of variable resistors :- Potentiometer

Rheostat

Presets

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COLOUR CODE FOR 4-BAND RESISTORS:

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CALCULATION OF RESISTOR VALUES:

The "left-hand" or the most significant coloured band is

the band which is nearest to a connecting lead with the

colour coded bands being read from left-to-right asfollows:-

Digit, Digit, Multiplier, Tolerance= Color, Color x

10color tolerance in

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For example:- A resistor has the following colored markings

BrownBlack Green Golden = 1 0 5 5% = 1 0 x 105 5% = 1 M 5%

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CAPACITOR:

Acapacitor is a passive two terminal component which

stores electric charge. This component consists of two conductors which are

separated by a dielectric medium.

TYPES OF CAPACITOR:

1. FIXED CAPACITOR

2. VARIABLE CAPACITOR

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FIXED CAPACITOR: A fixed capacitor is constructed in such manner that it

possesses a fixed value of capacitance which cannot be

adjusted.

A fixed capacitor is classified according to the type of

material used as its dielectric, such as paper, oil, mica,

or electrolyte.

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(i) CERAMIC CAPACITORS

Ceramic Capacitors are made by coatingtwo sides of a small porcelain with silverand are then stacked together to make a

capacitor.

Ceramic capacitors have a high dielectric

constant (High-K) and are available so that

relatively high capacitances can be

obtained in a small physical size

101 pf =10 101 10 -12 F= 102 10 -610-6

= 10-4 10-6

= .0001 uF

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(ii)ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

Electrolytic Capacitors are generallyused when very large capacitance

values are required. Here instead of

using a very thin metallic film layer for

one of the electrodes, a semi-liquid

electrolyte solution in the form of a

jelly or paste is used which serves as

the second electrode

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VARIABLE CAPACITOR:A variable Capacitor is a special type of capacitor, most

commonly used for tuning radios, which allows the amount

of electrical charge it can hold to be altered over a certain

range, measured in a unit known as Farads.

There are mainly two types of variable capacitor:-

1.Gang capacitor

2.Trimmer

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DIODE:

A diode is a specialized electroniccomponent with two electrodescalled the anode and the cathode.

Most diodes are madewith semiconductor materialssuch as silicon & germanium.

Diodes can be used as rectifiers,signal limiters, voltage regulators,switches, signal modulators, signalmixers, signal demodulators, and

oscillators.

.

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TESTING OF DIODES : Connect the Red test lead of multimeter to the V- input

connector and black test lead to the common input connector.

Set function/range switch to the diode test position

Connect the test lead to the device.

The red lead is positive and black lead is negative. When connect

this two leads to the device ,if over range is displayed ,the junction isopen, if a low reading is obtained ,it indicates the barrier voltage of

the diode.

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TRANSISTOR :

Transistor is a semiconductor device,

having three or more terminals attachedto electrode regions, in which current

flowing between two electrodes is

controlled by a voltage or current applied

to one or more specified electrodes.

The device is capable of amplification,

switching, detection etc.

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There are two types of BJT :-

N-P-N

P-N-P

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TESTING OF BJT :

Bipolar transistor can be tested in the same manner as diode,junction formed between the base and emitter and the base and

collector of the transistor.

Measurement between the collector and emitter also made to

determine if a short is present

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PIN IDENTIFICATION OF ICS:

Most manufactures use the pin designation for three types of

packages.

i) Flat package

ii) Dual in-line package

iii) Metal can package

One end of IC marked with a dot or notch ,ridge etc on the

package .Pin number 1 is always the upper left hand pin on the

end of IC that includes the notch or ridge.

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DIFFERENT IC PACKAGES:

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PRECAUTION:

All equipments and components should be handledcarefully.

CONCLUSION :

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EXPERIMENT -2AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :

Familiarize in the use CRO,Function generator,Multimeter,and Dc

regulalated power supply.

OBJECTIVE :

Study of Oscilloscope , Function generator ,Dc regulated

power supply ,Bread board , multimeter and familiarize with front

panel control and their function.

Measure the amplitude and frequency of various wave form

(sine , square and triangular).

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 CATHOD RAY OSCILLOSCOPE 20 MHZ/30 MHZ 1

2 FUNCTION GENERATOR 1 MHZ 1

3 DC REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 0 30 V 1

4 DIGITAL MULTIMETER 1

5 CRO PROBES 2

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CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE :

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LEVEL : Variable control select the trigger point on the displayed wave form

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LEVEL :Variable control ,select the trigger point on the displayed wave form.

AUTO/NORM: In auto mode ,trace is displayed in absence of any input

signal. The display is then automatically triggered for signal above 30 Hz

depending upon correct setting of trigger level control.

CH1/CH2 :Select s trigger signal INT mode derived from CH1 or CH2 inputs .

AC/DC/GND : Select input coupling /grounding (Ground the amplifier input

but input signal is open circuited.)

SWP/X-Y: When this switch is pressed ,converts CH2 input into X- channel

and enable use of the scope as on X-Y scope(Y input vin CH1) in released

position .

Y POSITION/X5 : Controls the vertical position of the display. When the

control is pulled ,it magnifies the vertical sensitivity by 5 times with LED

indication.

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DUAL/CH1 : When pressed CH1 trace is selected.

DUAL/CH2: When pressed CH2 trace is selected.

CT: Converts scope into a component tester.

LINE FUSE: For 230 v operation use 500 mA slow blow fuse.

GND: Ground terminal black.

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FUNCTION GENERATOR:

FRONT AND REAR PANEL CONTROLS OF FUNCTION GENERATOR :

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FRONT AND REAR PANEL CONTROLS OF FUNCTION GENERATOR :

DISPLAY : 4 digit seven segment display is provided on front panel to observe

function generator frequency .Frequency unit is indicated by Hz.

FREQUENCY RANGE: Pushing one of the push button switches at a time ,select the

desired frequency from the frequency generator in decade.

FREQUENCY COARSE AND FINE : Set the desired frequency of the function between

0.1 to 1 times the frequency range value selected .User can accurately set the desiredfrequency using fine control knob.

FUNCTION SWITCH : Three interlocking pushbutton switches provides selection of the

desired output waveforms. Pressing one switch will release the switch previously

pressed. When all switches are pressed the DC function is selected. Sine , square, andtriangular waveforms are provided, satisfying most application.

DUTY CYCLE : Time symmetry of the output waveforms as well as the TTL pulse output

is controlled by the duty cycle potentiometer.. This unique feature provides the ramp

waveforms, variable pulse width and variable duty cycle pulses and skewed sine waves.

DC OFFSET: This is knob with ON/OFF control .A DC OFFSET control is provided to allow

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/ p

the Dc level of the output waveforms to be set as desired.

ATTENUATION: There are two attn. push button switches providing attenuation of 20 dB

and 40 dB.When both are pressed it gives total attenuation of 60dB.

LEVEL FINE: This knob is used to set the desired amplitude level function output signal .The

level control provides 20 dB (approx)of attenuation to the output waveforms selected by

the function switch.

OUTPUT: Sine ,triangular, square ramp and pulse waveforms are provided up to 20 Vp-p

amplitude at the FUNC.OUT BNC. The output impedance is 50.

FREQ./Vp-p : This push button switch is used to select either frequency or peak-peak

amplitude mode for display. On pressing this switch amplitude Vp-p mode is selected and

when release the button frequency mode id selected.

POWER ON/OFF SWITCH: This switch is used to turn the instrument ON or OFF.

MAINS IN: The instrument is powered by connecting a main cord to this 3 pin socket

FUSE: This is 250 mA fast blow fuse for protection

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DC REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

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TURN ON SETTING PROCEDURE OF REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY

Switch on the power on button.

Ensure that DC output switch is set to present V (set) .

Adjust the VOLTAGE controls and CURRENT controls till the desired voltage

and current is indicated on the digital panel meter. A green LED light to

indicate O to ON.

Press the DC output switch to ON pressed mode. A green LED will light to

indicate output voltage. The present voltage is now available at the load

terminals. Voltage or current can be selected between V/A push switch.CONSTANT VOLTAGE MODE (CV) :

Adjust desired voltage and current in SET mode.

Press the SET/ON push switch in pressed mode (ON).

In CV mode CV LED should glow.

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CONSTANT CURRENT MODE:

Adjust desired voltage and current in SET mode.

Press the SET/ON push switch in pressed mode (ON).

Connect the proper load at the terminal output.

In CC mode CC LED should glow.

If a load change causes the voltage limit to be exceeded, the power

supply will automatically cross over to the constant voltage output at

present voltage limit and output voltage will drop proportionately .In

setting the voltage limit ,allowance must be made for high peak voltage

which can cause unwanted cross over.

MULTIMETER:

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MULTIMETER:

MULTIMETER:

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MULTIMETER:

A multimeter is nothing but combination of a volt meter, ammeter and ohm

meter .

So it can measure voltage ,current and resistance.

In addition to above parameter can measure capacitance ,frequency, and also

diode and continuity testing facilities.

it has rotary switching arrangements ,hence any desired range ; desired

parameter can selected while making measurement.

The range of our multimeter as given below :

Direct and alternating voltage from 30 mV..1000V.

Direct and alternating current from 300uA..10.00A

Resistance from 3030 M.

Capacitance from 30 nF .. 30uF.

Frequency from 300 Hz 100 KHz

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BREAD BOARD:

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MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY

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MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY:

HOW TO CALCULATE VP-P FOR A UNKNOWN SIGNAL FROM CRO:

VP-P = No of division in Y-axis of the signal VOLT/DIV

Amplitude= VP-P/2

HOW TO CALCULATE TIME-PERIOD FOR A UNKNOWN SIGNAL FROM CRO:

Time period = No of division in X- axis of one cycle of the signal TIME/DIV

FREQUENCY = 1/Time period

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PRECAUTION:

Handle the CRO ,Function generator, DC regulatedpower supply, digital multimeter carefully.

CONCLUSION :