PPT Ebenezer Howard

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E B E N E Z E R H O W A R D

The

pathway ofanyexperimentworthachieving, isstrewn withfailures.Success is,

for the mostpart, built onfailure. EbenezerHoward
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard-three-magnets.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard-three-magnets.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebenezer_Howard.jpg


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Ebenezer Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the sonshopkeeper.

Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 May 1, 1928) is known for hipublicationGarden Cities of To-morrow (1898), the description of autopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature.

The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movemthat realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the beginning 20th century.

Garden City most effective planning model in Western urban planni

Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural probl

Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard-three-magnets.png


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The garden city movement is a method ofurban planning that wasintroduced in 1898 by SirEbenezer Howardin theUnited Kingdom.

Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contacommunities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate

areas of residences, industry and agriculture. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reache

population, another garden city would be developed nearby.

Howard imagined a cluster of several garden cities assatellites ofa central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.


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Howard believed that all people agreed the overcrowding and deteriof cities was one of the troubling issues of their time.

Howards garden city concept combined the town and country in ordprovide the working class an alternative to working on farms orcrowded, unhealthycities.

Garden City an impressive diagram ofTHE THREE MAGNETSnamelythe town magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvanand the third magnet with attractive features of both town and countNaturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City.


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The Garden City would consist of different zones, street types and

belts. The core in the centre is about 4km and contains a central surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative zone.


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Core garden city principles

Strong community Ordered development Environmental quality

These were to be achieved by: Unified ownership of land to prevent individual land maximize community benefit mix and good community facilities

Limits to growth of each garden city Local participation in decisions about development


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This is another diagram made by Sir Ebenezer Howard. It explainsgarden city(which he proposed) must be built around the central big ciSmall town or garden city will grow around big city and will be conneach other as well as big city with rail network and road network


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An estate of 6,000 acres was to be bought and held in trust for the people of G

A town was to be built near the centre of the estate to occupy about 1,000 acre

In the centre was to be a park in which werePlaced the public buildings, and around thepark a great arcade containing shops, etc.

The population of the town was to be 30,000.The building plots were to be of an averagesize of 10 by 30 feet.

There were to be common gardens andcooperative kitchens. On the outer ring of thetown there were to be factories, warehouses,etc., fronting on a circular railway.

The agricultural estate of 5,000acres was to be properly developed for agricultpurposes as part of the scheme, and the population of this belt was taken at 2,0


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consists six magnificent avenues--each 120 feet wide--traverse thfrom centre to circumference, dividing it into six equal parts or ward

In the centre is a circular space containing about five and a half laid out as a beautiful and well- watered garden; and, surroundingarden, each standing in its own ample grounds, are the larger pbuildings--town hall, principal concert and lecture hall, theatre, l

museum, picture-gallery, and hospital. Affordability

Howard wanted garden city for all incomes Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them bemore popular with better off people.


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Garden Cities at their heart have acentral garden, with rings ofdwellings, shops, roads, industry,fields, and farms.

The ordered layout is meant toimprove biological, social, economic,

and personal life for everyone.

Ebenezer Howard felt that Garden Cities would work, because the plans we

on understanding human nature. Individualism is no less excellent, in his mind, as he compares good socie

orchestra that plays together, but practice separately. Expense, however, tends to get in the way of progress.


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In 1903 they designed and established the first Garden City in England, nam

Letchworth.

Letchworthproved a success, and in 1919 the second Garden City Welwyn was

founded..


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Le Corbusier(1887 - 1965)


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Charles-douard Jeanneret-Gris, aka L

Corbusier (October 6, 1887 August 27, 1965),was a French architect, designer, urbanist, wriand also painter.

He was one of the pioneers of what now called Modern architecture or the Internatio

Style. He was dedicated in providing better living conditions for the reside

crowded cities.

Le Corbusier stated that many cities around the world were on the blin

urban implosion. The main reasons being poor design, inadequate and inefficient transporta

He studied these problems and advised bold new solutions.

His theories helped shape planning of many cities around the world.

LE CORBUSIER AN INTRODUCTION


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IDEOLOGIES

The works of Le Corbusier is based on some very strong points which cclearly seen from the buildings.

FIVE POINTS: these are the elements which deal with the skeletal frame, plan, the roof terrace, the band of windows and the asymmetrical composifacades.

TRUE GEOMETRY: the planning were based on true geometry that is purcubes, spheres, pyramids etc.

BOLD FACADE: excessive use of concrete on facades with bold notificagrid work for windows were the must in any building.


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PHILOSOPHIES

Corbusier advocated the concept that a great modern city can only functithe basis of a strict order.

Le Corbusier presented two imposing planning schemes.

In 1922 he outlined the plan for a contemporary city of three million inh

which was based on four principles: Decongestion of the centers of cities. Augmentation of the density. Enlargement of the means of circulation. Increase in the number of parks and open spaces.

It was followed by the Vision plan for the center of Paris.

In 1929 in his bookthe city of tomorrow and its planning he offeredstimulating vision to solve complex problems of modern urban life.


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These plans were tentative in conceptual design and did not take into ac

the modifications necessary for implementations.

His plans for the cities were the results of detailed analysis of three urban factors

Roads Housing Open spaces


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CHANDIGARH BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT

Corbusier considered towns as a biological phenomena.

According to him they have a brain, heart, lungs, limbs and arteries like beings.

In Chandigarh, he used the same phenomena for his basic plan.

The capital complex was placed at the top of the town because he likenebe intellect of man , which emanates from the brain or the head.

The industrial and the educational; belts on the either side of thesymbolize the limbs.

The city center with commercial buildings, shops and offices represenheart.

The spacious parks and green belts which run through the city providlungs.

The network of roads for vehicular traffic and footpaths for pedeconstitutes the circulatory system.


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TONY GARINER


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Born Aug. 13, 1869, LyonDied Jan. 19, 1948, France.

He is considered the forerunner to the 20th century French architectsextensive study of sociological and architectural problems, he beg1901 to formulate an elaborate solution to the perceived issuespublished his treatiseUne cit industrielle in 1918. He was most active

his hometown of Lyon. He is also remembered, along with Augustefor the pioneering use of reinforced concrete

LIFE HISTORY

Tony Garnier was a principal architect and urban planner of the 20thcentury. Many of his projects influenced his contemporary architectsand informed what they considered to be modern architecture.


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A discreet man, Tony Garnier dedicated most of his life to his passion for

architecture.

His father, Pierre Garnier, was a silk designer. From a very young ageconfronted with the harsh living conditions of silk workers. Thro

passion for architecture, he sought to find a solution to the problem ohousing. Inventing a new way of thinking about housing became onmajor concerns.

So Most of his time was dedicated to a project for the creation of a nemodern one, calledAn Industrial City, published for the first time in 1917.
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THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

Tony Garnierdesigned the plans of an ideal city, called An industrial city.Published in 1917, it is a milestone in the 20th century history of archand urban planning.

He dedicated himself instead to avant-garde ideas, by working on his city project, designed for about 35,000 inhabitants.

The Industrial City of Tony Garnier, which can be compared to a city oflabor, illustrates the ideas of Fourier.

The city is located on a rocky headland, the industrial area beingseparated from it and located down the headland, at the confluence of

In what many consider to be the first act of Modern master planning, designed a self-sufficient settlement for 35,000 based on industryvarious functions zoned in discreet areas, connected by mulinfrastructural systems; a railway, a canal, roads, and an airport.


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Only three main functions have therefore been conceived by Gproduction, housing and health facilities. The dictatorship of prodturned housing and health in the service of production. Workers hadhealthy and therefore housed well to stay stable and reliable iproduction process. Therefore we can say, the center of the concepthe modern city is production.

The general design of Garniers city shows a seperation betweenquarters and industry and also a separate health centre outside the cit

The main patterns are grids. However the part with living quartersnarrow to minimize distances to nature.

The grid patterns are not 'stamped' all over the city. The design of thcentre is based on a dispositon of buildings around a central axleshows elements of classic design. On the other hand all buildings astanding and the open spaces are enormous. In the whole of the planthere are few squares, let alone enclosed squares.


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The living quarters show an innovative new type of building blocfree standing houses and 'urban villas' (although using this word inrespect is an anachronism) on an 'island' between streets. This typbuilding block had been taken up in recent urban design inNetherlands.

The result is that there are no enclosed streets .

Trees form very much part of the design. Indicating the more importantstreets and losely planted within the blocks.

Garnier has a lot of drawings showing public space in living quaindicating that he cared about everyday living conditions. For thecentre he only shows the buildings. This suggests that he did not conthe design of public space around public buildings to be a very impomatter.


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