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ArchivistArchivist

AnAn archivistarchivist is a professional who assesses,is a professional who assesses,collects, organizes, preserves, maintainscollects, organizes, preserves, maintains

control over, and provides access tocontrol over, and provides access to

information determined to have long-terminformation determined to have long-term

value. The information maintained by anvalue. The information maintained by an

archivist can be any form of archivist can be any form of mediamedia ((

photographsphotographs,, videovideo or or sound recordingssound recordings,,

letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_medium


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording








As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote,As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote,

"Archivists keep records that have"Archivists keep records that have

enduring value as reliable memories of theenduring value as reliable memories of the

past, and they help people find and past, and they help people find and

understand the information they need inunderstand the information they need in

those records." those records."



Determining what records have enduringDetermining what records have enduring

value can be challenging. Archivists mustvalue can be challenging. Archivists must

also select records valuable enough toalso select records valuable enough to

justify the costs of storage and justify the costs of storage and

preservation, plus the labor intensivepreservation, plus the labor intensive

expenses of arrangement, description,expenses of arrangement, description,

and reference service.and reference service.



The theory and scholarly workThe theory and scholarly work

underpinningunderpinning archivesarchives practices is calledpractices is called

archival sciencearchival science..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_science






American archivists are alsoAmerican archivists are also guided inguided in

their work by a code of ethicstheir work by a code of ethics. Alongside. Alongside

their work behind the scenes arrangingtheir work behind the scenes arranging

and caring for collections,and caring for collections, archivists assistarchivists assist

users in interpreting collections andusers in interpreting collections and

answering inquiriesanswering inquiries..



This reference work can be just part of anThis reference work can be just part of an

archivist's job in a smaller organization, or archivist's job in a smaller organization, or

consist of most of their occupation in aconsist of most of their occupation in a

larger archive where specific roles (suchlarger archive where specific roles (such

asas processing archivistprocessing archivist andand

reference archivistreference archivist) may be delineated.) may be delineated.[[

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript_processing


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist







Archivists work for a variety of Archivists work for a variety of

organizations, includingorganizations, including

government agenciesgovernment agencies,, local authoritieslocal authorities,,

museumsmuseums,, hospitalshospitals, historical societies,, historical societies,

businessesbusinesses,, charitiescharities,, corporationscorporations,,

collegescolleges andand universitiesuniversities, and any, and any

institutioninstitution whose records may potentiallywhose records may potentiallybe valuable to researchers, exhibitors,be valuable to researchers, exhibitors,

genealogistsgenealogists, or others., or others.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authorities


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogist















Alternatively, they could also work on theAlternatively, they could also work on the

collections of a largecollections of a large familyfamily or even of anor even of an

individualindividual. Applicants for archives jobs. Applicants for archives jobs

usually outnumber positions available.usually outnumber positions available.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual






Archivists are often educators as well; it isArchivists are often educators as well; it is

not unusual for an archivist employed at anot unusual for an archivist employed at a

university or college to lecture in a subjectuniversity or college to lecture in a subject

related to their collection.related to their collection.



Archivists employed at cultural institutionsArchivists employed at cultural institutions

or for local government frequently designor for local government frequently design

educational or educational or outreachoutreach programs to further programs to further

the ability of archive users to understandthe ability of archive users to understandand access information in their collections.and access information in their collections.

This might include such varied activities asThis might include such varied activities as

exhibitionsexhibitions,, promotionalpromotional events or evenevents or evenmediamedia coveragcoverag

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreach


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibitions


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media








Importance of ArchivesImportance of Archives

It seems strange to researchersIt seems strange to researchers

like myself that anyone shouldlike myself that anyone should

question the necessity for collectingquestion the necessity for collecting

materials from the past andmaterials from the past and

organizing them in publicly fundedorganizing them in publicly fundedarchives so that we in contemporaryarchives so that we in contemporary

times may use them in our studies.times may use them in our studies.



SkillsSkills

Because of the varied nature of the job and organisations and work environment,Because of the varied nature of the job and organisations and work environment,archivists need to have a wide range of archivists need to have a wide range of skillsskills::

Those who work in reference and access-oriented positions need to be good withThose who work in reference and access-oriented positions need to be good withpeoplepeople, so that they are able to help them with their research., so that they are able to help them with their research.

An ability to apply some basic knowledge of An ability to apply some basic knowledge of conservationconservation is needed to help extendis needed to help extendthe useful life of cultural artifacts. Many different types of media (such asthe useful life of cultural artifacts. Many different types of media (such asphotographs, acidic papers, and unstable copy processes) can deteriorate if notphotographs, acidic papers, and unstable copy processes) can deteriorate if not

stored and maintained properly.stored and maintained properly.[9][9] Although many archival collections consist solely of paper records, increasinglyAlthough many archival collections consist solely of paper records, increasingly

archivists must confront the new challenges posed by thearchivists must confront the new challenges posed by the preservationpreservation of electronicof electronicrecords, so they need to be forward-looking and technologically proficient.records, so they need to be forward-looking and technologically proficient.[10][10]

Because of the amount of sorting and listing, they need to be veryBecause of the amount of sorting and listing, they need to be very logicallogical andandorganisedorganised and be able to pay attention to detail.and be able to pay attention to detail.

When cataloging records, or when assisting users, archivists need to have someWhen cataloging records, or when assisting users, archivists need to have someresearchresearch skills.skills.

Archivists are occasionally called upon to comment or provide some context for theArchivists are occasionally called upon to comment or provide some context for therecords in their collection and so should know as much about their collection asrecords in their collection and so should know as much about their collection aspossible.possible.

P f i l i i dP f i l i ti d

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skills


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation:_Library_and_Archival_Science




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organise


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research













Professional organizations andProfessional organizations and

continuing educationcontinuing education

Many archivists belong to a professional organization, such as theMany archivists belong to a professional organization, such as theSociety of American ArchivistsSociety of American Archivists, the, theAssociation of Canadian ArchivistsAssociation of Canadian Archivists, the, the Society of ArchivistsSociety of Archivists (UK/Ireland), the(UK/Ireland), the Colombian College of Archivists - CCAColombian College of Archivists - CCA and theand theAustralian Society of ArchivistsAustralian Society of Archivists, as well as any number of local or , as well as any number of local or regional associations. These organizations often provide ongoingregional associations. These organizations often provide ongoing

educational opportunities to their members and other interestededucational opportunities to their members and other interestedpractitioners. In addition to formal degrees and or apprenticeships,practitioners. In addition to formal degrees and or apprenticeships,many archivists take part in continuing education opportunities asmany archivists take part in continuing education opportunities asavailable through professional associations and library schoolavailable through professional associations and library schoolprograms. New discoveries in the fields of programs. New discoveries in the fields of media preservationmedia preservation andandemerging technologies require continuing education as part of anemerging technologies require continuing education as part of anarchivist's job in order to stay current in the professionarchivist's job in order to stay current in the profession

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Archivists


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Canadian_Archivists&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Archivists


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_College_of_Archivists_-_CCA


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Society_of_Archivists&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_preservation










History of the professionHistory of the profession

In 1898 three Dutch archivists, Samuel Muller, Johan Feith, and Robert Fruin, published the first Western text onIn 1898 three Dutch archivists, Samuel Muller, Johan Feith, and Robert Fruin, published the first Western text onarchival theory entitled "Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives". Produced for the Dutcharchival theory entitled "Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives". Produced for the DutchAssociation of Archivists, it set out one hundred rules for archivists to base their work around. Notably withinAssociation of Archivists, it set out one hundred rules for archivists to base their work around. Notably withinthese rules the principle of preservingthese rules the principle of preserving provenanceprovenance and original order was first argued for as an essential trait of and original order was first argued for as an essential trait of archival arrangement and description.archival arrangement and description.[15][15]

The next major text was written in 1922 byThe next major text was written in 1922 by Sir Hilary Sir Hilary JenkinsonJenkinson, the then Deputy Keeper of the British Public, the then Deputy Keeper of the British PublicRecords Office, entitled "Manual of Archive Administration". In this work Jenkinson states that archives areRecords Office, entitled "Manual of Archive Administration". In this work Jenkinson states that archives areevidence and that the moral and physical defence of this evidential value is the central tenet of archival work. Heevidence and that the moral and physical defence of this evidential value is the central tenet of archival work. Hefurther outlines his ideas of what an Archive should be and how it should operate.further outlines his ideas of what an Archive should be and how it should operate.

In 1956,In 1956, T. R. T. R. SchellenbergSchellenberg, who is known as the "Father of American Archival Appraisal",, who is known as the "Father of American Archival Appraisal", [16][16] published "Modernpublished "Modern

Archives". Schellenberg's work was intended to be an academic textbook defining archival methodology andArchives". Schellenberg's work was intended to be an academic textbook defining archival methodology andgiving archivists specific technical instruction on workflow and arrangement. Moving away from Jenkinson'sgiving archivists specific technical instruction on workflow and arrangement. Moving away from Jenkinson'sorganic and passive approach to archival acquisition, where the administrator decided what was kept and whatorganic and passive approach to archival acquisition, where the administrator decided what was kept and whatwas destroyed, Schellenberg argued for a more active approach by archivists to appraisal. His primarywas destroyed, Schellenberg argued for a more active approach by archivists to appraisal. His primary(administrative) and secondary (research) value model for the management and appraisal of records and archives(administrative) and secondary (research) value model for the management and appraisal of records and archivesallowed government archivists greater control over the influx of material that they faced after the Second Worldallowed government archivists greater control over the influx of material that they faced after the Second WorldWar. As a result of the widespread adoption of Schellenberg's methods, especially in the United States of War. As a result of the widespread adoption of Schellenberg's methods, especially in the United States of America, modernAmerica, modern Records ManagementRecords Management as a separate but related discipline was born.as a separate but related discipline was born.[17][17]

In 1972,In 1972, Ernst Posner Ernst Posner published "Archives in the Ancient World". Posner's work emphasized that archives werepublished "Archives in the Ancient World". Posner's work emphasized that archives werenot new inventions, but had existed in many different societies throughout recorded history.not new inventions, but had existed in many different societies throughout recorded history.

In 1975, essays byIn 1975, essays by Margaret Cross NortonMargaret Cross Norton were collected under the title of "Norton on Archives: The Writings of were collected under the title of "Norton on Archives: The Writings of Margaret Cross Norton on Archival and Records Management". Norton was one of the founders of theMargaret Cross Norton on Archival and Records Management". Norton was one of the founders of theSociety of American ArchivistsSociety of American Archivists, and wrote essays based on her decades of experience working in the, and wrote essays based on her decades of experience working in the IllinoisIllinois StateStateArchivesArchives

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance




http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Hilary_Jenkinson&action=edit&redlink=1




http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._R._Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_Management




http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Posner&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_C._Norton




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois

















The past is always relevant to theThe past is always relevant to the

present, informing our views, answeringpresent, informing our views, answering

our questions and pointing us in theour questions and pointing us in theright direction. At the same time,right direction. At the same time,

contemporary insights let us reacquaintcontemporary insights let us reacquaint

ourselves with past documentation andourselves with past documentation and

see in it, for the first time as it were,see in it, for the first time as it were,

implications hitherto unseen or implications hitherto unseen or

unappreciated.unappreciated.



1. Archives are an essential1. Archives are an essential

means of examining the pastmeans of examining the past

2. Archives contain information2. Archives contain information

and are a great nationaland are a great nationalresource as they document theresource as they document the

history and identity of history and identity of

communities nationwide.communities nationwide.



3. They also protect the interests of 3. They also protect the interests of

individuals, organizations, andindividuals, organizations, and

society in general. Archivalsociety in general. Archivalmaterial is generally over thirtymaterial is generally over thirty

years old and is often paper-years old and is often paper-based, however, other media canbased, however, other media can

include vellum and parchment,include vellum and parchment,

photographs, slides, maps, plansphotographs, slides, maps, plansand drawings, film, video, andand drawings, film, video, and

sound recordingsound recording



4. Archives serve as4. Archives serve as

instruments of accountabilityinstruments of accountability

and as building blocks of and as building blocks of collective memory.collective memory.



Archival materials, like libraryArchival materials, like library

materials, are important culturalmaterials, are important culturalresources. Severalresources. Several

characteristics, however,characteristics, however,distinguish the types of materialsdistinguish the types of materials

generally held in librarygenerally held in library

collections from those found incollections from those found inarchival collections.archival collections.



Alternate copies of the materialsAlternate copies of the materials

housed in a given library can oftenhoused in a given library can often

be found in the collections of other be found in the collections of other libraries.libraries.

Archival materials, in contrast, areArchival materials, in contrast, areoften unique and are found only in aoften unique and are found only in a

single repository. Sue McKemmishsingle repository. Sue McKemmish

(1993) provides an overview of the(1993) provides an overview of thekey distinctions between library andkey distinctions between library and

archival materials.archival materials.



She describes the materials heldShe describes the materials heldin libraries as informationin libraries as informationproducts, which have beenproducts, which have beenconsciously authored for consciously authored for dissemination or publication “todissemination or publication “toinform, perpetuate knowledge,inform, perpetuate knowledge,convey ideas, feelings, andconvey ideas, feelings, andopinions; to entertain, [and] toopinions; to entertain, [and] toprovide information about their provide information about their subjectsubject



She characterizes materials found inShe characterizes materials found in

archives, on the other hand, asarchives, on the other hand, asinformation by-products of activity,information by-products of activity,

which are accumulated or created inwhich are accumulated or created in

the course of doing business inthe course of doing business inorder to facilitate the businessorder to facilitate the business

process of which they are a part.process of which they are a part.



McKemmish further notes thatMcKemmish further notes that

while library materials arewhile library materials are

often discrete items, archivaloften discrete items, archivalmaterials are usually part of amaterials are usually part of a

larger group of related records.larger group of related records.



Comparison of an archives from aComparison of an archives from a

librarylibrary

ARCHIVES LIBRARY

unpublished publishes

groups of related items discrete items

unique available elsewhere



1.1. Respect des fondsRespect des fonds

The principle that the records of a person,The principle that the records of a person,

family or corporate body must be keptfamily or corporate body must be kept

together in their original order,together in their original order,

if it exists or has been maintained, and notif it exists or has been maintained, and not

be mixed with the records of another be mixed with the records of another

individual or corporate body. Thisindividual or corporate body. This

fundamental principle embodies thefundamental principle embodies the

notions of notions of PROVENANCE and RESPECTPROVENANCE and RESPECTFOR ORIGINAL ORDERFOR ORIGINAL ORDER..



33. Respect for Original Order . Respect for Original Order Records of a single provenanceRecords of a single provenance

should retain the arrangementshould retain the arrangementestablished by the creator in order established by the creator in order to preserve existing relationshipsto preserve existing relationships

and evidential significance in theand evidential significance in therecordsrecordsAlso refers to “respect pour lAlso refers to “respect pour l

’ordre primitif” or “Sanctity of the’ordre primitif” or “Sanctity of theoriginal order”original order”



means order in which the recordsmeans order in which the records

werewerecreated, or created, or

maintained or stored by themaintained or stored by the

creator creator the original order must bethe original order must be

preserved, or restoredpreserved, or restored

most evident in organizational recordsmost evident in organizational records



Application of archival principlesApplication of archival principles

ensures that records areensures that records are

preserved and used within thepreserved and used within the

context of their creation,context of their creation,thereby lending integrity tothereby lending integrity to

their evidence of the actions of their evidence of the actions of their creator their creator



minimizes if not eliminates theminimizes if not eliminates the

subjective role that archivists playsubjective role that archivists play

in shaping the meaning of thein shaping the meaning of theevidence, enabling the records toevidence, enabling the records to

“speak for themselves” about the“speak for themselves” about the

actions of their creator actions of their creator



Archivists do not tamper withArchivists do not tamper with

the evidence but insteadthe evidence but instead

preserve its context so that itpreserve its context so that itcan be accessed and used incan be accessed and used in

meaningful form.meaningful form.



www.clarelibrary.ie/.../ www.clarelibrary.ie/.../ archivesarchives / / importanceimportance _local_ _local_archivesarchives.htm.htm --

archivists.metapress.com/index/d6rh3w55028u4h14.pdf archivists.metapress.com/index/d6rh3w55028u4h14.pdf

http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6422/Archives-Public-Records-and-R http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6422/Archives-Public-Records-and-R

Paarl wiki.comPaarl wiki.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist#Professional_organizations_and_continuing_education

http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6422/Archives-Public-Records-and-Records-Management.html



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