19th Century Nationalism & Revolutions

I. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

I. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Main ObjectivesMain Objectives Undo everything that Napoleon

had done

o Reduce France to its old boundaries

o Restore the old monarchies

Metternich: conservative, cautioned against liberal & nationalist movements

Undo everything that Napoleon had done

o Reduce France to its old boundaries

o Restore the old monarchies

Metternich: conservative, cautioned against liberal & nationalist movements

Europe After the Congress of ViennaEurope After the Congress of Vienna

II. European Revolutions

A. France Louis XVIII & the Restoration

Era (1814-1830) 1814 “Charter” or Constitution

of the Restoration period: Limited royal power, granted legislative power, protected civil rights, upheld Napoleonic Code.

“White Terror” - Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries.

Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right: decreased eligible voters, censorship imposed.

Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

France

King Charles X ‘s Goals:(Charles X was brother of Louis XVIII)

Lessen the influence of the middle class.

Limit the right to vote.

Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the French Revolution.

Dissolves Parliament!King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

France

• To the Barricades Revolution, Again!!

• Charles X flees to England.

FranceLouis Philippe, r.1830-

1848 The “Citizen King” Govt under the control of the

wealthy middle class, but workers ignored.

Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.

Press censorship abolished. The King ruled by the will of the

people, not by the will of God.

FranceRevolution of 1848:

Workers strike, want electoral reform

Protestors fired upon Louis Philippe loses

control, abdicates thrown

A caricature ofLouis Philippe

France

“February Days” – middle class v. socialists/workers

“June Days” Upper- and middle-class control

government Workers/socialists turn violent Bourgeoisie win Second

Republic

France

Second Republic: Conservative, but… Universal Male Suffrage

Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon

Bonaparte) Elected Conservative Named himself emperor

w/ 90% plebiscite vote

French Revolution of 1848:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

B. Belgium Revolution, 1830

Belgium

“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.”

--Metternich

Congress of Vienna had united Belgium with Holland, but…

Belgians: Catholic, manufacturers, speak French Dutch: Protestant, traders, speak Dutch

A Success: Belgium independence, 1831

Belgium Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

C. Poland

Poland

Late 1700s: Poland divided Poles in Russia, Austria, Prussia

Congress of Vienna: gives most of Poland to Russia

Poles revolt, very bloody A Failure

Polish Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

D. Italy

Nationalists kick out Hapsburg rulers & Pope

Revolt then crushed by Austrian Army

A Failure

E. The German States

Divisions: Republic or monarchy ? Include Austria?

Liberals offer Prussian King Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany he rejects because it is “from the gutter”!

A Failure!

F. Nationalism in the Austrian Empire

Austria Governed by German-speaking Austrians Hungarians want self-rule. Austrian loses war w/ Prussia more pressure

from Hungarians Formation of dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary,

one empire w/ two states Hungarians happy, but other

ethnic groups envious, upset

Franz Joseph (Hapsburg ), Emperor of Austria, 1848-1916

Hungarian Revolution in Austria:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

III. Revolutions in Latin America

A. Social Classes

1. Peninsulares – 2. Creoles –

• Bitterly hated their second-class status, but…• Middle-class, landowners• Hated mercantilist policies

3. Mestizos – 4. Mulattoes – 5. Native Americans 6. Enslaved Africans

B. Causes

Enlightenment ideas spread Creoles traveling in Europe

observe other revolutions Napoleon invades Spain

weakness & opportunity

Declaration of Independence,

1776

Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789

C. Haitian Revolution, 1791

French colonized for sugar Slaves, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, revolt Slaves fight French, mulattoes,

British, & Spanish

Haiti

Bloodiest American revolution 1798 – slaves win freedom & control, but… 1802 – Napoleon sends more troops 1804 – Haiti declares its independence

Haitian Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

D. Mexico, 1810

Father Miguel Hidalgo (Creole) “el Grito de Dolores” – Supported by poor mestizos &

Native Americans, (Creoles) Demands: independence,

abolish slavery, reforms for Native Americans

Hidalgo captured, executed

Mexico

Father Jose Morelos (Mestizo) Continues the fight Captured, executed

Agustin de Iturbide (Creole) Conservative Creole (fears new

Spanish govt will be too liberal) 1821 – Independence

(Iturbide later overthrown & liberal Mexicans take over)

Mexico

Iturbide ‘s Goals: the United Provinces of Central America

Outcome: Guatemala,El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica

Mexican Revolution:• Liberal or nationalist movt?• Success or failure?

E. South American Revolutions

Simon Bolivar – Creole Timing: Venezuelan independence “The Liberator”

South America

Jose San Martin (Creole) Independence for Argentina

South America

Bolivar & San Martin: Independence for:

Chile, Peru

Goal: Gran Colombia Outcome: split (Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador)

F. Brazil

Napoleon invades Portugal royal family flees to Brazil, Dom

Pedro remains Dom Pedro proclaims

independence & himself emperor

Constitutional monarchy

G. Legacy…