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© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Removable MediaChapter 11
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Overview
• In this chapter, you will learn to
– Explain and install floppy disk drives
– Demonstrate the variations among flash drives and other tiny drives
– Identify and install optical-media technology
– Troubleshoot removable-media drives
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
What Is Removable Media?
• Floppy drives– Traditional floppy
• Flash drives– USB thumb drives to flash memory
• Optical media– CD-ROMs to DVDs
• External drives– Any drive that connects via an external cable
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Floppy Drive Basics
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Floppy Drives
• Floppy disk inserts into floppy drive
• Lit LED indicates data is being read or written to disk
3½-inch 1.44 MBdisappearing
5¼-inchlegacy
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing Floppy Drives
Essentials
CompTIA A+Essentials
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing Floppy Drives
• Floppy drives designated A: or B:
• Floppy drives connect to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable
• Cables supporting two floppy drives use a seven-wire twist
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Inserting Ribbon Cables
• Connect Pin 1 on cable to Pin 1 on motherboard
• Pin 1 on cable has red stripe• Many connectors are notched
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing Floppy Drives
• Power– 3½-inch use mini-connector
• CMOS– Usually configured to use 3½ inch, 1.44 MB– Can disable Boot Up Floppy Seek– Can change boot order to boot off floppy
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Flash Memory
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Flash Memory
• Same type of memory used in CMOS
• Two different families
1. USB thumb drives
2. Memory cards
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
USB Thumb Drives
• Commonly used as replacement for floppy disks to transport data
• AKA jump drive or flash drive
• Hot-swappable
• Cross-platform compatibility
• Can create bootable thumb drives
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Memory or Flash Cards
• Compact Flash (CF)– Use simplified PCMCIA bus– Two sizes: CF I and CF II– Some are actually micro hard
drives with platters and heads
• SmartMedia– Was competitor to CF– Replaced by Secure Digital
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Memory or Flash Cards
• Secure Digital– Most common today– Size of postage stamp– SD and SDIO versions– Mini and micro forms available– Popular in cell phones
• Memory Stick– Sony proprietary format– Used in Sony devices that
use flash memory
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Memory or Flash Cards
• xD Picture Card– Developed by Olympus (proprietary)– Used almost exclusively in Olympus
and Fujifilm digital cameras– Version available in USB housing
• Card Readers– Allow reading the different types of memory cards– Available separately– Often installed in PC
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Optical Drives
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-Media
• Includes CD- and DVD-media
• Generically called optical discs
• Drives called optical drives
• Includes– CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD+RW, HD-DVD
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
How CDs Work
• Stores data in microscopic pits– Burned in with power laser on glass master– Copies made on plastic copies– Covered with reflective metallic covering
– Data on top under label– Written in “pits” and “lands”
– Standard CD holdsabout 650 MB
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD Formats
• CD-Digital Audio (CDDA)– Music CDs
• CD-ROM– Added file support and
directory structure for PCs– Many different types
• ISO-9660 defines CD File System (CDFS)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD Formats
• IUSO-9660 Extensions– Joliet
Microsoft’s extensionSupported by Mac and Linux
– Rock RidgeOpen standard for UNIX
– El ToritoEnabled bootable CDs
– Apple ExtensionsProprietaryCan’t be read by Windows
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-ROM Speeds
• First CD-ROM had speed of 150 KBps
• All others multiples of 150 KBps
1X 150 KBps 10X 1500 KBps 40X 6000 KBps
2X 300 KBps 12X 1800 KBps 48X 7200 KBps
3X 450 KBps 16X 2400 KBps 52X 7800 KBps
4X 600 KBps 24X 3600 KBps 60X 9000 KBps
6X 900 KBps 32X 4800 KBps 72X 10800 KBps
8X 1200 KBps 36X 5400 KBps
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-R (CD-Recordable)
• Gave users ability to record or burn CDs
• CD-Rs come in two sizes– 74-minute 650 MB – 80-minute 700 MB– Most CD-R burners now support 80-minute CDs
• Single-session and multi-session– Single-session data can be added only once– Multi-session allows data to be added multiple times
(all modern CD-Rs are multi-session)– Two speeds: read speed and write speed (8x/24x)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)
• CD-R drives have been replaced by CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) drives
– CD-R discs sill around (cheaper)– CD-R can be written to only once– CD-RW disks allow data to be written and
overwritten
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)
• CD Rewritable (CD-RW) works by – Using a laser to heat an amorphous (non-
crystalline) substance– When cooled slowly becomes crystalline– The crystalline areas are reflective – The amorphous areas are not
• The MultiRead method allows regular CD-ROM drives to read CD-RW discs
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)
• Most CD-RW drives today utilize a function called packet writing
• Uses special format called the Universal Data Format (UDF) – Replacement for ISO-9660– All movie DVDs use this
• Packet writing and UDF give drag-and-drop capabilities to CD-RW drives
• CD-RW drive specs have three multiplier values: write, rewrite, read (8x4x32)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Windows and CD-media
• All optical drives ATAPI-compliant– Means they plug into ATA controllers
• Windows XP supports drag-and-drop for burning data onto CDs– Third-party software needed
to create bootable CDs or CDs from ISO images
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Music CDs
• Different format—Music CD-R
– Can record to a Music CD-R or CD-RW– Can not record from one– Designed to restrict duplication of copyrighted
music
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Digital Video Discs (DVD)
• Developed by a consortium of electronics and entertainment firms– Released as digital video discs (DVD) in 1995 – DVD uses smaller pits than CD-media and packs them
more densely, creating much higher data capacities– Both single-sided (SS) and dual-sided (DS) formats– Single-layer (SL) and dual-layer (DL) formats
DVD Version Capacity
DVD-5 (SS/SL) 4.37 GB (> 2 hours of video)
DVD-9 (SS/DL) 7.95 GB (@ 4 hours of video)
DVD-10 (DS/SL) 8.74 GB (@ 4.5 hours of video)
DVD-18 (DS/DL) 15.9 GB (> 8 hours of video)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
DVD-Video
• DVD-Video can store two hours of video on one side
– Supports TV-style 4:3 aspect ratio screens as well as 16:9 theatre screens
• Some producers distribute both on opposite sides of the DVD
– Uses MPEG-2 video and audio compression standard
• Up to 1280x720 at 60 frames per second with CD-quality audio
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
DVD-ROM & Recordable DVD
• DVD-ROM– Similar to CD-ROM
data format
– Can store up to 16 GB of data
– Support DVD-video and most CD-ROM formats
• Recordable DVD– DVD-R and DVD+R
• May write to them like CD-R• Cannot erase
– DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM
• Written and rewritten like CD-RW
– Combo drives can do all of these - look for DVD Multi on the label
– Not all players read all formats
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing Optical Drives
• Most look the same from a distance
– Most also install the same way
– Most use PATA or SATA & support ATAPI
– Typically set up as slavewhen using PATA
– Some are SCSI or USB
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing Optical Drives
• Does Windows recognize the CD-ROM?– Check Device Manager
• To disable Autoplayon XP, use Group Policy
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Applications
• CD-ROM drive installation does not require applications
• CD-R and CD-RW require applications for burning capabilities
– Nero Burning ROM
– Roxio’s Easy Media Creator
– CDBurnerXP Pro
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ISO Files
• Complete copy of CD or DVD
• Can download ISO image and burn to CD– Provides fully functional CD
• Commonly used to share copies of bootable CDs
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Troubleshooting Removable Media
CompTIA A+Technician
IT Technician
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Floppy Drive Maintenance
• Floppy drives frequently fail– Exposure to outside environment and mechanical
damage are common causes
• Floppy drive cleaning kits can be used to clean drives– Can also use cotton swab with denatured alcohol
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Repairing Floppy Drives
1. Check for a bad floppy disk2. Check for data errors on the disk3. Check the CMOS settings4. Blame the floppy controller5. Check the cable6. Replace the floppy drive
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Troubleshooting
• Connectivity problems – Occur if the power connector is not plugged in,
cables are inserted incorrectly, or the jumpers have been misconfigured
• CDs may be dirty– Don’t believe someone who says
CDs can be cleaned in dishwasher
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Troubleshooting
• Most modern CD-media drives have a built-in cleaning mechanism
• CD-media discs can be easily cleaned using a damp cloth or mild detergent
• Problems such as stuck discs can be resolved with paper clip– Find the small hole on the front of the CD drive– Insert a small wire (paper clip) in the hole to
manually eject the CD-media from the drive
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Burning Issues
• Know what it can do– Check out technical documentation before making
a purchase– Type review and the model number in a search
engine to get other opinions
• Media issues– Media quality is based on speed and inks
• Check for a manufacturer guarantee on speed
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Buffer Underrun
• Most often occurs when copying from CD-ROM to CD-R or CD-RW
– Inability of the source device to keep the burner loaded with data
– Make sure your CD-RW drive has 2 MB or larger buffer
– Create an image file—one big file on the hard drive first because any hard drive can keep up with a CD burner
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Firmware Updates
• Most drives come with an upgradeable Flash ROM chip
• Check the manufacturer’s Web site for updates
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Beyond A+
• Color books– Different specifications identified by colors– Red, yellow, green, orange, white, blue
• High-Definition Optical Drives– HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc– Higher capabilities in size and time– Higher capabilities in resolution
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved