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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 1
Power Plant & Power Plant & BatteriesBatteries
(PP&B)(PP&B)
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 2
PP&BPP&B
© Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium
All rights reserved. This module, comprising presentation slides with notes, exercises, projects and Instructor Guide, may not be duplicated in any way without the express written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial training materials or for-profit education programs, books, databases, or any kind of software without the written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. Making copies of this module, or any portion, for any purpose other than your own, is a violation of United States copyright laws.
Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names have been used with the permission of their owners.
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 3
PP&BPP&B
Partial support for this curriculum material was provided by the National Science Foundation's Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced Technological Education Program under grant DUE‑9950039.
GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for restrictions of use.
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 4
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Overview 5
Learning Objectives 6
Power Plants 7
Rectifiers 11
Batteries 15
Converters 28
Remote Power Applications 33
Contributors 44
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 5
OverviewOverview
This module will address the following topics: Power Sources Power Plants Power supplies Rectifiers Converters Batteries
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 6
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
At the end of this module, participants will be able to: Describe the typical power sources found at a cell site. Differentiate between a power plant and a power
supply. Explain the technologies, discharge cycle, and life
expectancy of various battery sources. Explain the theory and design principles of a power
plant in a telephony network.
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 7
Power PlantsPower Plants
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 8
Power Plant FunctionPower Plant Function
Change AC to DC at the required voltage and polarity Store energy in the event of AC failure Distribute the DC to the equipment loads
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 9
Power Plant ComponentsPower Plant Components
RectifiersPowerBoard(PBd)Batteries
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 10
Main Battery Only PlantMain Battery Only Plant
Charge Bus Load Bus
Return Bus
C.O. Ground
Batteries
Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
Eq
uip
men
tE
qu
ipm
ent
Lo
ads
Lo
ads
A
+
-
+
-
Eq
uip
men
tE
qu
ipm
ent
Lo
ads
Lo
ads
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RectifiersRectifiers
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RectifiersRectifiers
Rectifier
Input Output+
-
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Switchmode RectifierSwitchmode Rectifier
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 14
Rectifier FeaturesRectifier Features
Each company’s product selection group reviews the features of rectifiers being considered for purchase.
Based on this review, a list of approved products is published
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 15
BatteriesBatteries
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Types of BatteriesTypes of Batteries
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 17
Pure Lead – Round CellPure Lead – Round Cell
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Valve Regulated Lead Acid Valve Regulated Lead Acid BatteriesBatteries
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VRLA BatteriesVRLA Batteries
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Battery Reserve TimeBattery Reserve Time
Standby AC Plant On-site Portable
Office – attended or unattended Reliable utility AC at location Travel time Company policy Regulatory requirements
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 21
Battery Strings in Parallel Battery Strings in Parallel
Cells in Series-Voltage
Adds
Batteries in Parallel – Current Adds
. . .. . .
. . .
Lo
ads
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 22
Discharge CurvesDischarge Curves
52
50
48
46
44
Float
Time Hours
Reserve Time with two strings
Battery V
oltag
e
Reserve Timewith one string
Lower voltagelimit of served
equipment
Float Voltage = 52.08V
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 23
Effects of Aging and Effects of Aging and Replacement CriteriaReplacement Criteria
120
100
80
60
40
20
% C
apac
ity
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% of Rated Battery Life
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 24
Power BoardPower Board
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 25
Power Plant ControlPower Plant Control
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Microprocessor ControlMicroprocessor Control
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Power DistributionPower Distribution
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ConvertersConverters
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ConvertersConverters
DC-DC Converter
Input Output++
--
++
--
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Converter CharacteristicsConverter Characteristics
Output stability Constant power output
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 31
Converter ApplicationsConverter Applications
Embedded converters Converter plants
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 32
Converter PlantsConverter Plants
Metering, FusingMetering, Fusingand Alarmsand Alarms
ConverterConverterModuleModule
ConverterConverterModuleModule
ConverterConverterModuleModule
ConverterConverterModuleModule
ConverterConverterModuleModule
ConverterConverterModuleModule
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 33
Remote Power Remote Power ApplicationsApplications
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 34
Remote StructuresRemote Structures
Customer premise Leased space Cabinets Huts (AG/EEE)
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 35
CabinetCabinet
EquipmentEquipmentCabinetCabinet
PowerPedestal
InterfaceCabinet
BatteriesBatteries(Optional Location)(Optional Location)
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HutHut
Equipment Bays
Equipment BaysBulk Power
Bay
A/C and Heater Unit
CommunicationsCable Entrance
ElectricServicePanel
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DC Power PlantsDC Power Plants
Rectifier
Rectifier
Battery
Battery
ChargeBus
BatteryBus
LVD/RAmmeter
ShuntDCLoads
PowerBoard
Alarm MonitoringCenter
Dial-up Statusand Polling
Status, Alarm,Data Acquisition,and Reporting
Retu
rnB
us
Dischg.Bus
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Power Plant CapabilitiesPower Plant Capabilities
Small Single-BayPower Plant
Medium and LargeTwo-Bay
Power Plant
Distribution Fusing,Control, Monitoring,& Alarm Panel
Rectifiers
Batteries
Batteries
DC to DCConverters
Rectifiers
Monitoring,Alarm, and Control Panel
DistributionFusing
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RectifiersRectifiers
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Environmental Environmental RequirementsRequirements
Ceiling height Floor loading Floor supported systems Cabling & lighting Standard floor plans
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Floor PlansFloor Plans20 - 0
20 - 0
String AString E
String D String C
Battery Strands withSpill Containment Trays
String E
++
+
ACPDBC
+RectifiersDC-DC Conv.,
Inv., etcCont &Dist’n
Fut.
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 42
Ceiling HeightCeiling Height
12’ 6”Bus bar or
Cabling
PowerCabinet 1
0 F
oo
t M
ax
.(I
nc
lud
ing
Eq
uip
me
nt
Ca
ble
an
d C
lea
ran
ce
)
Air Duct
Batteries
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 43
Power Plant SelectionPower Plant Selection
Environmental Space/Floor Loading DC Output AC Input Power
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 44
Industry ContributorsIndustry Contributors
The following companies provided materials and resource support for this module:Telcordia Technologies, Inc (www.telcordia.com)
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 45
Individual ContributorsIndividual ContributorsThe following individuals and their industry or educational institutions provided materials, resources, and development input for this module:Branislav Rosul
College of DuPage http://www.cod.edu/
Philip DiPiazza Florida Institute of Technology http://www.fit.edu/
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August 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium PP&B 46