7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

1/50

Transactional Analysis

Theory

Farah Adila bt. Sabri

Ahmad Saifudin b. Abd Rashid

Siti Maryam bt. Hasbullah

Najah Mazni bt. IshakAbdul Muhyi b. Harun

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

2/50

Eric Berne (1910-1970)

Received M.D. from McGill University in Montreal in 1935.

Completed psychiatric residency at Yale University shortlythereafter.

Began experimenting with group therapy during serving for the U.S.Army (1943-1946).

His ideas were diametrically opposed to most psychiatrists in themid-1950s.

At 46 years old of age, he was turned down for membership in thePsychoanalytic Institute.

In 1964, his book Games People Play became an international best-

seller. By late 1960s, his theory was almost complete.

Died at the age of 60 from coronary failure.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

3/50

Introduction

TA is contractual and decisional Involves a contract developed by CLIENT

Focuses on early decisions

Stresses the capacity to make new decisions.

Use of contract Emphasizes use of contracts to bring about effective change

with clients

To facilitate growth and commitment to the helping relationship

and bring about change on the part of the client Mutual assent

Competency

Legal object

Consideration.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

4/50

Have 4 phases :

First : Identification of the ego states (1955-1962)

Second : Focused on transactions and games

(1962-1966)

Third : Gave attention to life scripts and script analysis(1966-1970)

Fourth : Incorporation of new techniques into TApractice (1970-present).

The Gouldings emphasize that people are able to

restructure their ways of thinking, feeling andbehaving through making updated redecisionsabout themselves and the world.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

5/50

View of Human Nature

Influenced by the expectations and demands ofsignificant others.

Human beings have the capacity to choose.

The therapist recognizes that one reason a person is intherapy is because he/she has entered intoconspiracies and game playing with others.

The client can choose to redesign their life in new and

effective ways. The Gouldings write that humans have the power to

direct their own life and they need not be victims ofthe past.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

6/50

Ego States

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

7/50

An Integrated Theory

The theory of TA integrates the following concepts:

Children grow up with injunctions

They make early decisions based on parental messages

It is aimed to receive parental strokes

Games develop as a way to support ones early decisions

Rackets are familiar bad feelings that people save up

All fit into the life script.

The Gouldings focus on the clients capacity to makeredecisions about this script.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

8/50

Injunctions and Early Decisions

Injunction is a message given to the child by the

parents internal child out of the circumstances of

parents own pains- anger, anxiety etc.

However, most injunctions are not given by parents,instead self made due to misinterpretation of the

messages and want to avoid danger.

Early decisions are response to the injunctions

Motivated by needs- physical and psychological

Appropriate during childhood but not adulthood

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

9/50

Injunctions list

Dont- given by scared parents, tells children not to donormal things for fear of disaster

Dont be- lethal of all messages, delivered nonverbally,

brutality or indifference from the parents

Dont be close- given by parents who are Not physically close

Push the child aside

Relate to dont love and dont trust

Dont be important- children may feel personally

discounted when they speak, not feel important and willnot say what they want or need

Dont be a child-happens on first child, feel responsible

and need to take care of younger siblings

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

10/50

Dont grow-given by parents who cannot

handle the fact that their child can grow.

Dont succeed- negative criticism from

parents

Dont be you- you should not be as such

Dont be sane/well- get recognised when

they act crazy or physically ill

Dont belong- feels as if they do notbelong to any group or community.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

11/50

Strokes

A form of recognition

Mean of communication

Positive and negative

Verbally and nonverbally

Conditional and unconditional

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

12/50

Games An ongoing series of transactions that ends with a

bad feeling for at least one player Characteristics:-

Designed to prevent intimacy

Develop the purpose of supporting original decision

A part of a persons life script Vital part of interaction with other people

Need to be understood to lower the game-playingbehaviour and live authentically

Parents often resort to a battery of games to controltheir children.

Based on the Karpman Drama Triangle, there are apersecutor, a rescuer and a victim in a game.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

13/50

TA views on Games

Exchange of strokes that leads to payoff ofbad feelings

Advance the script

Might give appearance of intimacy

People who are engage in game-playing

create distance between them

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

14/50

Common Games

Poor Me Martyr

Yes, but

If I Werent for you

Look What You Made Me Do

Harried

Uproar

Wooden Leg

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

15/50

Rackets

The unpleasant feelings that we experience after agame

These chronic feelings feelings that we hold on toare the ones we often experienced with ourparents

The feelings we got when we act in certain waysas children

Supports early decisions, basic parts of a life script

People can develop anger, guilt or depression etc.

racket Maintained by choosing situation that will support

the unpleasant or chronic feelings

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

16/50

Life Scripts

Resembles a drama with plot

May have formed early in life

May include:-

Some TA writers believed in it, while somerejects

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

17/50

Redecisions

Making new decision based on theprevious decision after some behaviour

change

It is a beginning process rather thanending.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

18/50

The Therapeutic Process

Therapeutic goals

Therapists Function and Role

Clients Experience in TherapyRelationship between Therapist and Client

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

19/50

The Therapeutic Goals

Basic goal : help clients make new decisions

pertaining their present behaviour and

direction of their life.

Substitute an autonomous life-style

Learn to write their own scripts.

Having the freedom of choice.

Become more aware

Ultimate goal : achieving autonomy.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

20/50

Therapists Function and Role

Pay attention on didactic and cognitive issues.

Harris (1967) sees the therapists role as that of a teacher, trainer and resource person with heavyemphasis on involvement.

Assist clients in discovering the disadvantagesconditions of the past.

The therapist and the clients are partners.

Help clients acquire the tools necessary forchange.

Allow clients to find their own power.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

21/50

Clients Experience in Therapy

Willing to understand and accept a

therapeutic contract.

To carry out their goals, the client and the

therapist design their assignments.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

22/50

Relationship between Therapist and

Client.

Dusay and Dusay (1984), they are allies and

work together to accomplish a mutually

agreed-on goal.

Goulding and Goulding (1979), the contract

sets the focus for treatment and determines

the basis of the therapeutic relationship.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

23/50

Pros of the Relationship

Pros :

They can become colleague in his or hertreatment.

There is not an unbridgeable gap ofunderstanding

The client has full or equal rights while in

therapy. The contract reduces the status differential

and emphasizes equality.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

24/50

Strengths

Easily understood and clearly defined

terminology.

Easy to combine with other theories.

Puts responsibility on client for choosing their

own goals.

Goal directed.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

25/50

Limitations

Its dependence on technical terminology.

The complexity of the concepts.

Lack of empirical evidence concerning iteffectiveness.

TA is not successful with all types of clients.

Lack of emphasis on qualities of the counselor.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

26/50

- THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES

AND PROCEDURES- CASE STUDY

- CONCLUSION

BY:

ABDUL MUHYI BIN HARUNNAJAH MAZNI BINTI ISHAK

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

27/50

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND

PROCEDURES

Structural analysis Didactic methods

Transactional analysis

Empty chair

Role playing

Family modeling

Analysis of rituals and pastimes Analysis of games and rackets

Script analysis

Application to Groups

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

28/50

Structural analysis 2 problems related to the structured of

personality:

i. Contamination: the contents of one ego statemixed with those of another

- contamination from the Parent

- contamination from the Childii. Exclusion: one of the ego state block out theother ego state

- Constant Parent

-Constant Child- Constant Adult

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

29/50

Structural analysis (SA) is a tool by which

person becomes aware of the content and

functioning of his or her Parent, Adult and

Child.

SA helps clients resolve patterns that they feel

they stuck with.

It allows them to find out which ego state

their behavior is based on.

C i i

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

30/50

Contamination Contamination from the Parent: manifested

through prejudiced ideas and attitudes

e.g: Dont befriend with Indian people as all ofthem are violent, all people from Sabah andSarawak have vad attitude or Watch out for

mechanics; theyll cheat you every time. Contamination from the Child: distorted

perceptions of reality.

e.g: Who could possibly ever want me for a

friend?, Everybody have been mean to me.Nobody treats me right. or I should get what Iwant right away.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

31/50

P

A

C

P

A

Figure about contamination:

C

P

A

C

The Parent

contaminating

the Adult

The Child

contaminati

ng the Adult

Both the Parent

and the Child

contaminating the

Adult

l

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

32/50

Exclusion E.g: an Excluding-Child ego state block out

the Parent/Excluding-Parent state block outthe Child

Rigid ego-state boundaries do not allow forfree movement

Constant Parent:

i. Excludes the Adult and Child

ii. Typically so duty-bounded and work-

oriented that they cannot playiii. Behavior: judgemental,

moralistic,authoritarian

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

33/50

Constant Child: excludes Parent and Adult

i. Perpetually childlike they refuse to grow

ii. Refuse to decide themselves and dependent

on others to escape being on responsibility

for their own behavior.

Constant Adult: involved and concerned withfacts

i. Individual who appears robot-like, with little

feeling and spontaneity

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

34/50

PP P

AAA

C CC

The Constant

Parent

Exclusion of Adult

and Child by Parent

The Constant Adult

Exclusion of Parent

and Child by Adult

The constant Child

Exclusion of

Parent and Adultby Child

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

35/50

Didactic methods

Because TA emphasizes the cognitive domain,

teaching and learning procedures are basic to

the approach.

Members of TA group are expected to become

well-acquainted with structural analysis.

Books are often recommended as an adjunct

to therapy. (Im OK Youre OK, the Power is in

the Patient, etc.)

Crossed

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

36/50

Transactional analysis

TA: a description of what people do

and say to themselves and to each

other.

Three types:

i. Complementary transaction:

message sent from a specific ego

state get the specific ego state of

the other person.

David :

Where is mypen?

Laura: it is in

your bag

A

PP

PP

C

A

C

C

AA

PP

A

C

C C

A

David

Laura

_ _ _ __ _ _ _

Edward Bella

Ulterior transactions

Crossed

transactions

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

37/50

ii. Crossed transactions: unexpected response is

made to a message that a person sends out.

David: Id love to go sledding with you in the snow

Laura: Oh, grow up and act your age! I dont have

time to waste on foolishness like that!

iii. Ulterior transactions: involve more then two ego

states, and a disguised message is sent. Forexample Edward and Bella go to a party, leaving

their children with a 14-year-old baby-sitter. At the

party they both found that it was dull and want to

figure out an excuse to leave.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

38/50

(parent to parent on the social level)

Edward: Sweetheart, I think wed better go

home and relieve the baby-sitter

Bella: Yes, I did tell her mother that we

would have her home before 10 p.m.

(child to child on the psychological level)

Edward: This party is really boring. Lets get

out of here.

Bella: Yeah, lets go. Its no fun.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

39/50

Empty chair

The client is asked to imagine the person thathe/she has problem with and carry on adialogue.

Client will be able to express him/herself whileassuming the roles of the ego state involved

The technique is useful for people whostruggle with strong internal conflicts to get asharper focus on and a concrete grasp on aresolution

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

40/50

Two chair technique

i. Assist clients in resolving old conflicts with their

parents/others when they were growing up.ii. Goal: complete unfinished business from the past.

iii. Use of heighteners by therapist in order to help.

E.g: You said that it is because of your father that

you cannot love anyone else. Do you want to stay

like that until father loves you?

Chair 1 Chair 2

Critic(about self

+

what people critic about

you

Experiencing/

self

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

41/50

Role playing

(group therapy)Another group memberbecomes the ego state that the client is havingproblem with, and the client talks to that

member. Group members can rehearse that they want

to try out in their outside lives.

Exaggerate characteristic styles so that clientcan get reactions on their present behavior inthe group.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

42/50

Family modeling

Client is asked to imagine a scene including as

many significant persons in the past as

possible, including him/herself.

The client defines the uses the members as

substitutes for family members and he/she

describe the situation by modeling it.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

43/50

Analysis of rituals and pastimes

Time structuring is important material fordiscussion and examination, because itreflects the decision of the script about:

i. how to transact with othersii. how to get strokes

People who fill their time chiefly with rituals

and pastimes are probably experiencingstroke deprivation, and thus lack intimacy intheir transactions with others.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

44/50

Analysis of Games and Rackets

It is important to observe and understand

1. Why the games are played

2. What payoffs result

3. What strokes are received4. How these games maintain distance and

interfere with intimacy

Counselors and therapists need to activelychallenge clients to examine and takeresponsibility for games being played

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

45/50

continue

James and Jongeward (1971) equate rackets

with stamp collecting

It is the primary method of masking a person

from the real world

The counselors or therapists need to

distinguish between anger, tears and fears

that are used as racket and the honestexpression of emotion

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

46/50

Script Analysis

Their life had been planned

They need to follow the life script like neverquestion our authority and strive to be respectful

and obedienceLife script forms the core of a persons identity

and destiny

Can be carried out using a script checklist which

contains item related to life positions, rackets andgames (all are the key functional components of apersons life script)

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

47/50

Application to Group

Suited for group application

Gives them models for increasing their own

options by observing other people changing

Make them better indentifying their own

games

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

48/50

continueHarris (1967) discuss several advantages of a group

approach over the traditional one to one approach:

1. The variety of ways the Parent manifest itself in

transaction can be observed

2. The characteristics of the Child in each individual inthe group can be experienced

3. People can be experienced in a natural milieu,

characterized by an involvement with other people

4. Mutual confrontation of games can naturally occur

5. Clients move faster and get well sooner in group

treatment

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

49/50

CASE STUDY Aminah (not a real name) who is a secretary in a big

company feel very stress with her work and her lifealthough she just work there about two years. She hada lot of work to do. Her boss always give all the work toher. She feel that she cannot deny the work eventhough the work is not hers. She know she cannot

manage to do it. Then she will complain to otherpeople about all the hard work she done. She also stickto a principle of I have to follow all the instruction giveby boss because he have full authority. The principlewas taught to her since she is small where her parentsmake she think whoever older or have high rank thanher have full power on her. She always keep all thedepression until she want to commit suicide as she seeit is the only way to solve everything.

7/29/2019 Pp t 0000004

50/50

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, Transactional Analysis is oneof the theory that involving the cognitive,rational and behavioral aspects of personality.

It is also oriented toward increasingawareness so that the client will be able tomake new decisions and alter the course of hisor her life.

Thus, this theory can be applied in a lot ofcounseling cases.