( PG/ICE/6101/06 )

CONTENTSCONTENTS• Picture of nuclear power plantPicture of nuclear power plant• Needs of nuclear power plantNeeds of nuclear power plant• Nuclear energy- A unique value propositionNuclear energy- A unique value proposition• Basic structure of nuclear power plantBasic structure of nuclear power plant• Layout of nuclear power plantLayout of nuclear power plant• Dual fluid nuclear power plantDual fluid nuclear power plant• Benefits of nuclear power plantBenefits of nuclear power plant• Environmental benefitsEnvironmental benefits• LimitationLimitation• Going forwards from 2005Going forwards from 2005• Site selectionSite selection• Basic principal of nuclear energyBasic principal of nuclear energy• The fission reactionThe fission reaction• How a Nuclear Power Plant Works: FuelHow a Nuclear Power Plant Works: Fuel• Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation• Main part of nuclear reactor and reactor controlMain part of nuclear reactor and reactor control• Multiple Layers to SafetyMultiple Layers to Safety• Classification of nuclear reactorClassification of nuclear reactor• Basic reactor systemBasic reactor system• Pressurized water reactorPressurized water reactor• Boiling water reactor Boiling water reactor • Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor • Heavy Water Reactor / canduHeavy Water Reactor / candu• The History of Nuclear Energy DeploymentThe History of Nuclear Energy Deployment

A Nuclear Power A Nuclear Power PlantPlant

Needs Needs of of

Nuclear Nuclear Power Power PlantsPlants

growing energy demands growing energy demands unpredictable fossil fuel costs and unpredictable fossil fuel costs and continued need for clean energy.continued need for clean energy.

Nuclear Energy:Nuclear Energy:A Unique Value PropositionA Unique Value Proposition

Safe, Reliable,

Competitive Electricity

Forward Price

Stability

Clean Air, Carbon-Free

Value

BASIC STRUCTURE OF BASIC STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT

LAYOUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTLAYOUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

REACTOR

Containment and biological shield

TURBINE GENERATOR

FEEDPUMF

(SINGLE FLUID SYSEM)

Circulating pump

React

or

Primary Fluid or Coolant

FEED PUMP

TURBINE GENERATOR

HEAT EXCHANGER

DUAL FLUID NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

SECONDARY FLUID

Benefits of Nuclear Benefits of Nuclear PowerPowerReduce demand of CoalReduce demand of Coal

Stable fuel costStable fuel costImproves the environmentImproves the environmentLess space is requiredLess space is requiredBigger capacity gives additional Bigger capacity gives additional

advantageadvantageEconomic benefits – jobs & economyEconomic benefits – jobs & economyWaste product is controlled, stored, Waste product is controlled, stored,

monitored, protected and regulatedmonitored, protected and regulatedProven, reliable, low-cost supplier of Proven, reliable, low-cost supplier of

electricityelectricity

Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

• Nuclear generators eliminate Nuclear generators eliminate Greenhouse gas generationGreenhouse gas generation

• Existence of a nuclear plant assists Existence of a nuclear plant assists in siting industrial facilities in siting industrial facilities (environmental cap & trade)(environmental cap & trade)

• Eases burden of siting fossil fueled Eases burden of siting fossil fueled plants plants

• Assists in maintaining a balanced Assists in maintaining a balanced & diversified generating portfolio& diversified generating portfolio

LIMITATIONLIMITATION•Danger of RadioactivityDanger of Radioactivity•Health of WorkerHealth of Worker•Disposal of Radio Activity Disposal of Radio Activity WasteWaste

•High salaries of trained High salaries of trained personperson

•Very High Initial Capital CostVery High Initial Capital Cost

Going Forward from 2005Going Forward from 2005

Nuclear power plants provide safe, reliable, low-cost electricityStable cash flowHedge against volatility in natural gas price and supplySafeguard against escalating environmental requirements

Environmental

Value

Forward Price Stability

Low CostSafe and

Reliable

SITE SELECTION SITE SELECTION

(Following point keep in mind)(Following point keep in mind)

SafetySafetyAvailability of cooling water Availability of cooling water

supplysupplyTransmission and load centerTransmission and load centerFuel type and AvailabilityFuel type and AvailabilityRadioactive waste disposalRadioactive waste disposalAccessibilityAccessibilityFoundation conditionsFoundation conditions

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear Fission

The animation below shows a uranium-238 nucleus with a neutron approaching from the top. As soon as the nucleus captures the neutron, it splits into two lighter atom and throws off two or three new neutrons (the number of ejected neutrons depends on how the U-238 atom happens to split). The two new atoms then emit gamma radiation as they settle into their new states.

The Fission Reaction

The mass of the fission products is less than the initial nucleus and neutronSome of the mass has been converted to kinetic energy of the fission productsEnergy released is 200 MeV - about 10 million times the energy released by chemical combustion of a fuel molecule

There are three things about this There are three things about this induced fission process that make induced fission process that make

it especially interesting it especially interesting The process of capturing the neutron and splitting The process of capturing the neutron and splitting

happens very quickly, on the order of picoseconds (1x10-happens very quickly, on the order of picoseconds (1x10-12 seconds). 12 seconds).

The probability of a U-235 atom capturing a neutron as it The probability of a U-235 atom capturing a neutron as it passes by is fairly high. In a reactor working properly passes by is fairly high. In a reactor working properly (known as the (known as the critical statecritical state), one neutron ejected from ), one neutron ejected from each fission causes another fission to occur. each fission causes another fission to occur.

An incredible amount of energy is released, in the form of An incredible amount of energy is released, in the form of heat and gamma radiation, when a single atom splits. The heat and gamma radiation, when a single atom splits. The two atoms that result from the fission later release beta two atoms that result from the fission later release beta radiation and gamma radiation of their own as well. The radiation and gamma radiation of their own as well. The energy released by a single fission comes from the fact energy released by a single fission comes from the fact that the fission products and the neutrons, together, weigh that the fission products and the neutrons, together, weigh less than the original U-235 atom. The difference in weight less than the original U-235 atom. The difference in weight is converted directly to energy at a rate governed by the is converted directly to energy at a rate governed by the equation equation E = mc2E = mc2

How a Nuclear Power How a Nuclear Power Plant Works: FuelPlant Works: Fuel

Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called nuclear fission.

As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large amount of heat is produced.

Types of RadiationTypes of RadiationAlpha Particle - A positive charged particle emitted by certain radioactive materials. Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper.

Alpha Radiation - The least penetration type of radiation: emissionof positive charged particles by certain radioactive materials

Beta particle - A negatively charged particle emitted from an atomduring radioactive decay. A beta particle can be stopped by an inchof wood or a thin sheet of aluminum.

Beta Radiation - Emitted from the nucleus during fission: emissionof negatively charged particles during radioactive decay.

MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND REACTOR REACTOR AND REACTOR

CONTROLCONTROL

C

OR

E

FULE RODS

Control Rods

MODERATOR

Coolant OUT

Coolant IN

STEAM

TO

STEAM TURBINE

RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR

HEAT EXCHANGER OR STEAM GENERATOR

Containment Vessel1.5-inch thick steel

Shield Building Wall3-foot thick reinforced concrete

Dry Well Wall5-foot thick reinforced concrete

Bio Shield4-foot thick leaded concrete with1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out

Reactor Vessel4- to 8-inches thick steel

Reactor Fuel

Weir Wall1.5-foot thick concrete

Multiple Layers to SafetyMultiple Layers to Safety

45 inch steel-reinforced concrete

1/4 inch steel liner

36 inch concrete shielding

8 inch steel reactor vessel

nuclear fuel assemblies

CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTORREACTOR

On The Basis Of Neutron EnergyOn The Basis Of Neutron Energy IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev)IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev) IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev)IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev) IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w ) IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )

On The Basis Of FuelOn The Basis Of Fuel One of the material can be use One of the material can be use U-233 , U-335 , U-339U-233 , U-335 , U-339

On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant UsedOn The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used GAS (CO2, H2)GAS (CO2, H2) LIGHT WATERLIGHT WATER HEAVY WATERHEAVY WATER LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBONLIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON HYDROCARBONHYDROCARBON

On The Basis Of Moderator Used On The Basis Of Moderator Used Light WaterLight Water Heavy waterHeavy water Graphite Graphite OrganicsOrganics

On The Basis of Type of Fuel On The Basis of Type of Fuel EnrichmentEnrichment

Natural FuelNatural Fuel Enriched FuelEnriched Fuel

On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator ArrangementModerator Arrangement

Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the moderator)the moderator)

Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the matrices of moderator)in the matrices of moderator)

On The Basis Of Their Applications, On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function And ConstructionFunction And Construction

Research teaching and material testing reactor Research teaching and material testing reactor Plutonium production reactor which produce Plutonium production reactor which produce

fissile material from fertile material or produce fissile material from fertile material or produce isotopesisotopes

Power reactorsPower reactors• Stationary power plantStationary power plant• Center station power reactorCenter station power reactor• Package reactor for easy mobility, specially for Package reactor for easy mobility, specially for

defense purposedefense purpose Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant ship Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant ship

reactorreactor Space reactor which are used in space craftSpace reactor which are used in space craft Food irradiation reactorFood irradiation reactor

BASIC REACTOR SYSTEMBASIC REACTOR SYSTEMPressurized water reactorPressurized water reactorBoiling water reactor Boiling water reactor Sodium graphite reactorSodium graphite reactorFast breeder reactorFast breeder reactorHomogeneous reactorHomogeneous reactorOrganic cooled and moderator Organic cooled and moderator

reactorreactorGas cooled reactor Gas cooled reactor High temperature gas cooled High temperature gas cooled

reactorreactor

Pressurized water Pressurized water reactorreactor

1 Reactor vessel 8 Fresh steam 14 Condenser

2 Fuel elements 9 Feedwater 15 Cooling water

3 Control rods 10 High pressure turbine 16 Feedwater pump

4 Control rod drive 11 Low pressure turbine 17 Feedwater pre-heater

5 Pressurizer 12 Generator 18 Concrete shield

6 Steam generator 13 Exciter 19 Cooling water pump

7 Main circulating pump    

Pressurized water reactorPressurized water reactor

Boiling water reactor

Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR)

 

Heavy Water Reactor/candu

The History of Nuclear The History of Nuclear Energy DeploymentEnergy Deployment

Decade of Safety & Decade of Safety & Economic ImprovementEconomic Improvement

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 '02 '03

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Relative CostRisk (CDF) Capacity Factor

Year

Based on UDI, DOE & NUS Data plus info. from ERIN Eng & EPRI

Relative Cost

Relative Risk

CapacityFactor

Reactor fuel and coreReactor fuel and core

CRITICALITYSAFETY

FUEL

FUEL

ICFM = IN-CORE FUEL MANAGEMENT

ICFM CORE

SEVEREACCIDENTS

ACCIDENTS

TRANSIENTS

COOLANT FLOWSTABILITYOPERATIONAL

SAFETY LIMITS

IRRADIATION:MATERIAL DAMAGES

& ACTIVATION

HIGHBURNUP

CLADDINGINTEGRITY CORROSION

WATERCHEMISTRY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE FINAL

REFUELINGSHUTDOWNS

SPENT FUEL

REPOSITORY

STORAGE

THERMALMECHANICS

Impact Of Additional Nuclear Impact Of Additional Nuclear EnergyEnergy

On Greenhouse Gas On Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEmissions10,000 MW of additional nuclear

capacity can achieve 21% of the President’s GHG intensity reduction goalNuclear energy sector commitment: 22 million metric tons of carbon per year

Bush administration’s target: 106 million metric tons of carbon per year

Planning of Future safety Planning of Future safety challengeschallenges

physical barriers plant functionsinitiating events

safety management

design & analysisintegrity function

operationrisks

1. New fuel designsand enhanced use

2. Ensurance of integrity ofan ageing reactor circuit

3. Ensurance of containmentintegrity and leak-tightness

8. Operational developmentwith modern technology

9. Plant lifetime management

10. Development of organisational

culture and safety management

12. Risk-informed safetyand operational management

11. Risk analysisof external effects

6. Automation modernizations

7. Control room modernizations

4. New types ofnuclear power plants

5. Uncertainties associatedwith process safety functions

Reference Groups Reference Groups

1. Reactorfuel & core

2. Reactor circuitand structuralsafety

3. Containmentand processsafety functions

4. Automation,control room

& IT

5. Organisationsand safety

management

6. Risk-informedsafety management

ad hoc-ryhmätad hoc-ryhmätad hoc-ryhmätad hoc-ryhmätad hocgroups

Steeringgroup

Organisations and safety Organisations and safety managementmanagement

understandingculturalaspects

implementationof

changes

changesin

age structure

improvedproductivity& efficiency

developmentof

technology

changingproceduresand habits

maintainingknowledge

and expertise

managementand

decision making

work loadand

wearout

bringing newtechnology

into operation

preventingroutineeffects

Theoreticaldevelopment

Practicalproblems

Pressurefor change

SUMARY

OF

NUCLEAR

POWER

PLANT

Nuclear

                         

Heat

                         

Mechanical

               

          Electrical