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8/7/2019 Powerpoint tankers

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Spencer Schilling

President

Herbert Engineering Corp.


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Overviewy Shipboard Ballast Operations

y Typical Ballast System Components

y AIS and Ballast Watery Shipboard Ballast Water Management Solutions

y Exchange

y Treatment

y Treatment Technologies : Engineering Challenges


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Shipboard Ballast Operationsy Why is ballast used?

y Maintain seaworthy

condition when lightlyloaded

y Draft, trim, stability,bending moment, shearforce, slamming,propeller immersion,motions


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Shipboard Ballast Operationsy How is it handled?

y Loading condition is assessed and ballast allocated to

remain within safe operational limitsy Ballast movements coordinated with cargo operations

y Impact on Crew

y Provides for vessel safety

y Controls vessel motion for better comforty Requires daily management of ballast and maintenance

of systems and tanks


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Typical Ballast System Componentsy Simple liquid storage/handling system

y Tanks, piping, valves, pumps

y Vents, overflows, sounding tubes, level indicatorsy Remotely operated

y Sea chests and overboard discharges


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Ballast System Design

Considerationsy Total ballast volume 6,000 to >100,000 m3

y Flow rates 200 to 5000 m3/hr

y

Head requirements up to 30my In service flexibility (# tks, pipe, valves, )

y Ballast Exchange Options

y Partial Ballast Conditions

y

Control systems


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What are AIS?y Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) are

organisms transported by human

activities to a region where they did notoccur historically and have establishedreproducing populations in the wild.

(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management)


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How do we manage AIS?y Prevention Best line of defense, vector

management

y

Eradication Costly and oftenimpossible, over $6 million toeradicate Caulerpa (algae) fromtwo small southern CAembayments

y Species management once established restrictlocal movement, control populations in sensitivehabitats if possible



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How do they get here?y Many mechanisms (vectors) capable of transporting

AIS around the world

yAquaculture, live seafood shipments, bait, pet storetrade, intentional release

y Commercial ships responsible for up to 80% ofintroductions in coastal habitats

y Includes ballast water and vessel fouling

y



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Ballast Water and AISy Species are introduced upon ballast water discharge in

recipient regions



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Ballast Water Management Options in

California

y Retain all ballast on board the vessel

y Ballast water exchange

y Discharge to an approved shoreside treatment facility(currently no such facilities in CA)

y Use of alternative, environmentally sound CSLC orUSCG approved method of treatment



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Treatment Technology Challengey Achieve desired kill ratey Work at high flow rates and with large volumesy Work with water of varying salinity, temperature,

nutrients, clarityy Do not introduce other personnel/environmental hazardsy Provide mechanism/process for testing/monitoringy Do not disrupt ship operations/scheduley Fit in limited space and survive ship conditions (vibration,

pitch/roll motions,...)y Use available powery Do not add to ship maintenancey Be economical to buy, install, use and maintain


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Treatment TechnologySolutionsy Chemical Biocides (Active Substances)

y Chlorine (Generated on Board)

y Ozone (Generated on Board)y Proprietary Chemicals (some delivered pre-mixed)

y Mechanical Separation - Filters

y Physical Change to Ballast Water Environment

y Irradiate (UV light)

y Deoxygenate

y Heat


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Chlorine

NaCl + H2O + 2e NaOCl + H2y Generate Chlorine / Sodium Hypochlorate (bleach) with

electrolytic cells on boardy Add solution when taking on ballast, maintain levels

during voyagey Lethal in hoursy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004

criteriay Systems designed but limited

testing to datey High dosage levels can promote

steel corrosiony Concern about chemical residuals


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Ozoney Ozone generator on board using high

voltage AC current

y Applied at uptake or discharge

y Lethal in 5-15 hours

y Short half life limits corrosion andmakes safe at discharge

y


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Proprietary Chemicalsy Pre-Mixed proprietary chemicals

introduced at metered dosage ratewhen taking on ballast

y

Chemicals degrade over time,designed to be safe at dischargey Lethal in 24 hrsy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004

criteriay

Full size testing ongoingy High dosage levels can promote steel

corrosiony Concern about chemical residuals

ExamplePeracetic Acid

C2H4O3acetic acid, hydrogen

peroxide with sulfuricacid catalyst.

Produced on shore,delivered to ship in

chemical tanks


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Mechanical Separation

Filters and Cyclonesy Filters for larger organisms

y Done at uptake and/or discharge

y Lethal at time of treatmenty


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Filtration with Backflushy

50 microns is the practical lower limity Automatic backflush is required to allow for

unattended operation

y Backflush process reduces the net flow rate and

increases the systempressure drops

y External backflushingpump is required

y Probably not practicalfor bulkers and tankerswith high flow ratesand volumes


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Filtration with Backflushy Can remove most of the larger life forms

y A 50 micron screen will remove most or all of thezooplankton and some of the phytoplankton and

dinoflagellates.y Filters of a practical size are not effective against

bacteria and viruses

y

Useful in reducing turbidity (suspended solids)


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Cyclonic Separation

y figure


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Cyclonic Separationy Can remove solids heavier than the sea water and

larger than about 50 microns

y

About 5% to 10% of the total flow rate is removed inthe sludge discharge

y Pressure drop is about 0.8 bar plus backpressure valveat 1.2 to 1.5 bar


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Cyclonic Separationy Effectively remove the large vertebrates and

invertebrates

y

Not effective in reducing zooplankton density, but itdoes reduce live densities

y Not that effective in reducing bacteria, viruses, orphytoplankton


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Physical Change to Environment

Ultraviolet (UV) Lighty Inactivates living organisms by causing DNA

mutations

y

Proven effective against zooplankton, phytoplankton,bacteria and viruses.

y Need pretreatment to reduce size of organisms andexposure time

y Can be used on intake and discharge


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Ultraviolet (UV) Lighty Can be automatically controlled and monitored

y Long history in the marine industry anddemonstrated low maintenance requirements

y

Basic technology is readily available on the markety Turbid materials in the ballast flow attenuate and

scatter the UV radiation


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Deoxygenatey Inert gas generated on board

y When mixed with water, lowers Oxygen and pH

y Lethal in 4 to 6 daysy >80% chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria

y Full scale testing on going, some systems approved byIMO

y Reduces corrosion, but can require closed tank ventsystem to maintain low oxygen atmosphere.


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Heat Treatmenty Heat water to threshold temperature (42 degC)

y Lethal in hours to days

y Requires large amount of energy and can be difficult togenerate heat in port when ME not running

y


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Combined Systems

Cyclonic + UV System(courtesy Optimar/HydeMarine)


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2- Stage Treatment

Cyclonic Separator + UV


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3- Stage Treatment

Filter + UV + Chemicaly 50 micron filtration

y remove large particles

y

remove sedimentsy UV light

y inactivate living organisms

y reduced efficacy with cloudy water

y Catalystsy activated by UV energy producing oxidizing chemicals

y increases efficacy of UV in cloudy water


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Life Cycle Costsy Acquisition

250 m3/hr 5000 m3/hr

$100k to $400k $400k to $1800k

y Installation$50k to $125k $200k to $800k

y Operating$0.02/m3 to $0.45/m3

7000 m3 $140 $3,150

70,000 m3 $1,400 $31,500

y Maintenance $ ?


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Safety Issuesy Handling and storage of chemicals, radiation and

other equipment meant to kill living organisms

y

New risks to personnel and the environment

y IMO G9 Procedures considering eco-toxicology,human health and ship and crew safety

(MEPC.126(53))y Local, State, National water quality regulations


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Regulatory Compliance and Testingy Stricter standards

y Testing is time consuming

y Lab results may not scalewell to full size

y Functional testing andequipment certification

Type Approval, ory In service testing (end of

pipe) for continuousmonitoring

Organism Size Class California1,2

Organisms greater than 50m in minimumdimension

No detectable livingorganisms

Organisms 10 50 m inminimum dimension

< 0.01 livingorganisms perml

Organisms less than 10 min minimum dimension

Escherichi coli

I testi lenterococci

Toxi ogeni i rio choler e

(01 01 )

< 10

bacteria/100 ml< 10

viruses/100 ml

< 1 cfu

/100 ml< cfu/100 ml< 1cfu/100 ml or

< 1cfu/gram et

eightzoologicalsamples


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Need for Engineered Solutionsy Develop treatment technologies (Entrepreneur stage)

y Design testing methods and process for type approval

or continuous monitoringy Automatic ballast water analyzers (bug counters)

y Ship design adjustments and system integration

y Regulatory development/evaluation


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Spencer Schilling

President

Herbert Engineering Corp.

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