PowerPoint Presentations for PowerPoint Presentations for Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers

and Applicationsand Applications

bybyDavid K. JonesDavid K. JonesWestminster Westminster

CollegeCollegeandand

Diane Feibel, Ed. D.Diane Feibel, Ed. D.Raymond Walters Raymond Walters

CollegeCollege

PowerPoint Presentations for:PowerPoint Presentations for:

Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and ApplicationsApplications

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Emotion, Stress, and HealthEmotion, Stress, and Health

EmotionsEmotions

Emotions are positive or negative Emotions are positive or negative affective states affective states – Consist of cognitive, physiological, and Consist of cognitive, physiological, and

behavioral reactions to events that have behavioral reactions to events that have relevance to our goalsrelevance to our goals

– Emotions are responses, while motivators Emotions are responses, while motivators are stimuli to actionare stimuli to action

Adaptive functions of Adaptive functions of emotions (Frederickson, 1998)emotions (Frederickson, 1998)

Negative emotions Negative emotions narrow attention, narrow attention, enabling a response enabling a response to threat through to threat through increased increased physiological physiological activationactivation

Positive emotions Positive emotions broaden thinking broaden thinking and behavior, and behavior, enabling exploration enabling exploration and skill learningand skill learning

http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Emotions are a form of social Emotions are a form of social communicationcommunication

– They provide observable information about They provide observable information about internal states and influence others’ internal states and influence others’ behavior toward usbehavior toward us

EmotionsEmotions

The Nature of EmotionsThe Nature of Emotions

Four common features of emotionsFour common features of emotions– Emotions are responses to eliciting stimuliEmotions are responses to eliciting stimuli– Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of

the stimulithe stimuli– Bodies respond physiologically to stimuliBodies respond physiologically to stimuli– Emotions include behavioral tendencies, Emotions include behavioral tendencies,

including expressive behaviors and including expressive behaviors and instrumental behaviorsinstrumental behaviors

Emotions: Eliciting StimuliEmotions: Eliciting Stimuli

Biological factorsBiological factors– We come equipped We come equipped

to respond to stimuli to respond to stimuli that may have that may have evolutionary evolutionary significancesignificance

LearningLearning– Previous Previous

experiences can experiences can affect current affect current emotional emotional experiencesexperiences

The Appraisal ProcessThe Appraisal Process

Appraisals relate to what we think is Appraisals relate to what we think is desirable or not desirable for usdesirable or not desirable for us

Different appraisal processes cause Different appraisal processes cause different people to have different different people to have different emotional reactions to the same situationemotional reactions to the same situation

Appraisals influence both similar and Appraisals influence both similar and different emotional experiences cross-different emotional experiences cross-culturally culturally

HappinessHappiness

Factors in subjective well-beingFactors in subjective well-beinghttp://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener/hottopic/hottopic.html

– Wealth is only weakly correlated with SWB Wealth is only weakly correlated with SWB (+.20)(+.20)

– Intelligence, educational level also weakly Intelligence, educational level also weakly positively correlatedpositively correlated

– Gender is not relatedGender is not related– AgeAge

http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan99/age.html

Happiness: Psychological Happiness: Psychological ProcessesProcesses

Downward comparison promotes Downward comparison promotes increased satisfaction, while upward increased satisfaction, while upward comparison promotes dissatisfactioncomparison promotes dissatisfaction

Research of David MyersResearch of David Myers

http://www.davidmyers.org/happiness/research.html

Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions

Limbic system Limbic system structures play structures play major roles in major roles in emotionsemotions– HypothalamusHypothalamus– AmygdalaAmygdala– Hippocampus Hippocampus

Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions

LeDoux (1996)LeDoux (1996)– Thalamus sends sensory input along two Thalamus sends sensory input along two

independent neural pathwaysindependent neural pathways One directly to the amygdala emotional andOne directly to the amygdala emotional and

behavioral behavioral reactionreaction

One to the cerebral cortex conscious One to the cerebral cortex conscious interpretationinterpretation

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/corefaculty/LeDoux.html

Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions

Evidence for the role of the amygdalaEvidence for the role of the amygdala– Removal of visual cortex in rats did not Removal of visual cortex in rats did not

impair classically conditioned fear impair classically conditioned fear response (LeDoux, 1989)response (LeDoux, 1989)

– People with hippocampal damage (unable People with hippocampal damage (unable to learn a connection between CS and to learn a connection between CS and UCS) still acquire a fear response UCS) still acquire a fear response (Bechara et al., 1995)(Bechara et al., 1995)

Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions

Hemispheric ActivationHemispheric Activation

– Evidence for left Evidence for left hemisphere activation hemisphere activation underlying some positive underlying some positive emotionsemotions

– Evidence for right Evidence for right hemisphere activation hemisphere activation underlying some underlying some negative emotionsnegative emotions

Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions

Sympathetic branch Sympathetic branch of the autonomic of the autonomic nervous system nervous system directly stimulates directly stimulates organs and musclesorgans and muscles

Endocrine system Endocrine system pumps stress pumps stress hormones into the hormones into the bloodstreambloodstream

Arousal patterns for basic emotions (e.g. anger,fear) may be different, but patterns for complex emotions (e.g. jealousy) may not

Evolution and Emotional Evolution and Emotional ExpressionExpression

Evidence for innate Evidence for innate fundamental fundamental emotional patternsemotional patterns– The expression of certain emotions is similar The expression of certain emotions is similar

across a variety of culturesacross a variety of cultures– Children blind from birth express basic Children blind from birth express basic

emotions as sighted children doemotions as sighted children dohttp://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/ipsr/ExtraPages/IPSRnews2.htm

#PSYCHTODAY2

http://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/ipsr/ExtraPages/IPSRnews2.htm#TIME

http://www.as.ua.edu/psychology/social/socperc.htm#faces

Culture and EmotionsCulture and Emotions

Different Different display rulesdisplay rules in different cultures in different cultures produce different emotional reactions to produce different emotional reactions to the same eventthe same event

E.g. In regions of Greece and Sardinia, a E.g. In regions of Greece and Sardinia, a thumbs-up is like a raised middle finger in the thumbs-up is like a raised middle finger in the U.S.U.S.

Culture and EmotionsCulture and Emotions

Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange Theory

Facial Feedback HypothesisFacial Feedback Hypothesis

Muscular feedback to the brain plays a Muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experiencekey role in emotional experience e.g. Strack, Martin, & Stepper(1988)e.g. Strack, Martin, & Stepper(1988)

http://library.thinkquest.org/25500/index2.htm

http://www.gettysburg.edu/%7Earterber/psy101/emotion3.html

Facial Expression of EmotionsFacial Expression of Emotions

Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard Theory

StressStress

Defining stress:Defining stress:– Some define stress in terms of eliciting Some define stress in terms of eliciting

stimuli (or stimuli (or stressorsstressors))– Stress is also a Stress is also a responseresponse, with cognitive, , with cognitive,

physiological, and behavioral componentsphysiological, and behavioral components– Stress is a Stress is a person-situation interactionperson-situation interaction

StressStress

The appraisal processThe appraisal process– We appraise:We appraise:

The demands of the situation (primary The demands of the situation (primary appraisal)appraisal)

The resources available to cope with the The resources available to cope with the situation (secondary appraisal)situation (secondary appraisal)

The consequences of the situationThe consequences of the situation The personal meaning of the situation to usThe personal meaning of the situation to us

General Adaptation Syndrome General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1976)(Selye, 1976)

Three phases:Three phases:

– AlarmAlarm– ResistanceResistance– ExhaustionExhaustion

Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress

Stress Psychological Distress

Possible Relationships

Psychological Distress Stress

Psychological Distress Stress

Third Variable (e.g. personality trait)

Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress

Excessive secretions of stress Excessive secretions of stress hormones can damage artery lininghormones can damage artery lining

Stress can cause breakdowns in Stress can cause breakdowns in immune system functioning immune system functioning

http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun99/stress.html

Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress

Vulnerability factorsVulnerability factors

– Lack of a support Lack of a support networknetwork

– Poor coping skillsPoor coping skills– Anxious or Anxious or

pessimistic pessimistic tendenciestendencies

Protective factorsProtective factors

– Social supportSocial support– Good coping skillsGood coping skills– OptimismOptimismhttp://www.apa

.org/monitor/jun98/pess

.html

Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress

Factors in hardiness (Kobasa et al., Factors in hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982)1982)

– CommitmentCommitment– ControlControl– ChallengeChallenge

Factors in CopingFactors in Coping

Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989)Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989)– Conviction we can perform the behaviors Conviction we can perform the behaviors

necessary to provide a desired outcomenecessary to provide a desired outcome OptimismOptimism Finding meaning through spiritual Finding meaning through spiritual

beliefsbeliefs– Religious beliefs can also Religious beliefs can also increaseincrease stress stress

Methods of CopingMethods of Coping

Problem-focused copingProblem-focused coping– Strategies to attempt to deal with the demands Strategies to attempt to deal with the demands

of the situationof the situation– Used more by malesUsed more by males

Emotion-focused copingEmotion-focused coping– Manage the emotional responses resulting from Manage the emotional responses resulting from

the situationthe situation– Used more by femalesUsed more by females

Seeking social supportSeeking social support