PowerPoint Presentation · Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Laura Perna Created Date:...

Promoting College Access

and Success for All Students

Presentation for the 75th Annual Conference of

Louisiana Colleges & Universities

Laura W. Perna

[email protected]

@lauraperna1

March 6, 2014

mailto:[email protected]

Improving Educational Attainment Is

One of the Most Pressing Issues of Our Time

Higher Education Is Increasingly Important

To Individual AND Societal Well-Being

Salaries Increase with Educational Attainment

Source: Carnevale, A., Smith, N., & Strohl, J. (2010). Help wanted.

Washington, DC: Georgetown Center for Workforce and the Economy.

Available Jobs Increasingly

Require Higher Education

Source: Carnevale, A., Smith, N., & Strohl, J. (2010). Help wanted.

Washington, DC: Georgetown Center for Workforce and the Economy.

The U.S. Has Fallen Behind In

The Educational Attainment of Its Population

Percentage of Adults Ages 25-34 and 45-54 with at Least

A Bachelor’s-Type Postsecondary degree, 2007

Source: College Board (2010). Education Pays, Figure 2.11.

Attention Only to the Average

Masks Differences Across Groups

College Enrollment Rates

Are Higher for Women than Men

Source: Baum, S., Ma, J., & Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays. Washington, DC: College Board.

College Enrollment Rates

Increase with Family Income


Among Those Who Enroll:

Completion Rates Increase With Family Income

6

26

35

44

58

52

38

31

27

20

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Independent

Lowest quartile

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

Highest quartile

Bachelor's Associate's Certificate Enrolled Not enrolled


Outcomes by Family Income Five Years After First Enrolling, 2003-04

College Enrollment Rates Vary

Based on Race/Ethnicity


Educational Attainment Varies by

Race/Ethnicity and Gender

53%

36%

20%

13% 16%

49%

34%

23%

16% 17%

Asian White Black Hispanic AmericanIndian

Male Female

Percent of Adults Age 25 and Older with at Least a Bachelor’s Degree,

2012

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2013). Digest of Education Statistics 2012.

Washington, DC: Author.

Racial/Ethnic Diversity of the

U.S. Population Is Increasing

Source: WICHE (2012). Knocking on the college door. Boulder, CO: Author.

White

Hispanic

Asian American

Indian

Black

What Do We Know About How to Improve

Higher Education Attainment?

Most of What We Know is Based on

“Traditional” Students


Students Weigh the Benefits and Costs

Multiple Forces Limit and Promote

Higher Education Attainment

Source: Derived from Perna, L. W. (2006). Studying college choice: A proposed conceptual model.

In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of theory and research, Vol. XXI (pp. 99-157). Springer.

College Access & Completion

Support & Info

Academics

Money

Improving Higher Education Attainment

Requires Attention to Context

Source: Derived from Perna, L. W. (2006). Studying college choice: A proposed conceptual model.

In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of theory and research, Vol. XXI .

College Access & Completion

Support & Info

Academics

Money

Family High School

State and

Federal

College

Worrisome Trends

Trend 1:

Stratification of Academic Resources

Family Enrichment Expenditures on Children: 1972 to 2002

Source: Reardon (2012, November). Income, inequality, and educational outcomes: U.S. and

international evidence. Presentation at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

Differential Access to Academic Resources

In K-12 Education

49%

37% 34%

< 25% 26% to 50% More than 50%

Percentage of 2009 Public H.S. Graduates Who Earned Credits in Dual Credit, AP, or IB Courses

% Students Eligible for

Free/Reduced Lunch

Source: NCES (2012). Digest of Education Statistics 2011.


Academic Readiness for College

Is Often Inadequate

24%

21%

15% 13%

26%

2-year public 4-year public 4-year private Very selective Openadmission

Percentage of First-Year Undergraduates Who Took

At least one Remedial Course in 2007-08

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2013, January). First-year undergraduate remedial

coursetaking. Statistics in brief. Washington, DC: Author.

Potential Improvements in College Readiness?

Trend 2:

Shifting Responsibility for Paying College Costs

Increasing Privatization of Higher Education

Note: Dollars adjusted by 2012 HECA, Cost of Living Adjustment, and Enrollment Mix Index.

Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers. SHEF FY2012.

Increasing Use of Loans To Pay College Costs

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1995-96 1999-00 2003-04 2007-08

For-profit

4-year private

4-year public

2-year public

Percent of Undergraduates Borrowing: 1995-96 to 2007-08

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2011). Trends in student financing of undergraduate

education: Selected years. Washington, DC: Author.

Trend 3:

Changing Higher Education Options

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Public 4-year

Private NFP 4-year

For-profit 4-year

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics.


Distribution of Total Enrollment in Four-Year

Degree-Granting Institutions by Institutional Type

College Destinations Vary

By Family Income


Trend 4: Minimal Changes

In Availability of H.S. Counselors

Source: Hughes, K. (2012). The college completion agenda 2012, Progress report.

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Trend 5: Increasing Attention to

Finding the “Silver Bullet”

Is Stratification of Higher Education

Opportunity Inevitable?

What are Effective Strategies for Raising

Attainment and Closing Gaps Across Groups?

Perna, L.W., & Jones, A. (Eds., 2013). The state of college access and completion: Improving

college success for students from underrepresented groups. New York, NY: Routledge

Recommendations (The State of College Access and Completion)

1. Improve academic readiness for college.

2. Improve alignment across and within sectors

and levels

3. Improve college affordability

4. Ensure early knowledge of college and aid

5. Adapt approaches to reflect diversity of

students, institutions, and state and other

contexts

6. Collect and use data to monitor college access

and completion and refine policies and

practices

The Role of State Policy in

Improving Attainment

What We Did

• Georgia

• Illinois

• Maryland

• Texas

• Washington

States

• Documents

• Reports

• Existing data

• Interviews

Data Sources • Case study

reports

• Cross-case analysis

Products

Educational Attainment Varies

Across States

-5%

5%

15%

25%

35%

45%

55%

Ma

ssachu

se

tts

Co

nne

cticut

Ne

w H

am

pshire

Co

lora

do

No

rth

Dakota

Min

nesota

Ne

w J

ers

ey

Ma

ryla

nd

Ne

w Y

ork

Verm

on

tV

irgin

iaH

aw

aii

Washin

gto

nR

hode

Isla

nd

Illin

ois

Kansas

Ne

bra

ska

Uta

hS

outh

Dakota

Iow

aC

alif

orn

iaO

rego

nW

isconsin

Penn

sylv

an

iaU

SM

onta

na

De

law

are

No

rth

Caro

lina

Ma

ine

Flo

rida

Ala

ska

Geo

rgia

Wyo

min

gM

ichig

an

Mis

so

uri

Ohio

Idaho

South

Caro

lina

Arizona

Ne

w M

exic

oIn

dia

na

Texas

Ala

bam

aO

kla

hom

aT

en

nessee

Ne

va

da

Mis

sis

sip

pi

Kentu

cky

Lo

uis

iana

Ark

an

sa

sW

est V

irgin

ia

% Adults with College Degrees (2008)

Annual % Increase Needed to Meet 55% Goal by2020

Source: Kelly (2010)

Educational Attainment in Louisiana is

Higher Among Younger than Older Adults

38% 37%

28% 26%

25 to 34 45 to 64

Nation Louisiana

Percentage of Adults With at Least an Associate’s Degree, 2008

Source: Kelly (2010)

Need to Improve Performance

Even With Fiscal Resource Constraints

-2.1

-2.2

-2.3

-2.3

-2.4

-2.6

-2.7

-2.9

-3.0

-3.3

-3.5

-3.5

-3.8

-4.1

-4.6

-4.7

-4.8

-4.9

-5.0

-5.1

-5.2

-5.4

-5.7

-5.7

-5.8

-5.8

-6.0

-6.2

-6.3

-6.3

-6.7

-6.7

-6.8

-7.2

-7.4

-7.8

-8.0

-8.1

-8.1

-8.5

-8.5

-8.5

-8.7

-8.9

-9.1

-9.4

-9.5

-9.7

-10.6

-10.8

-10.9

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Ma

ryla

nd

Ma

ine

Verm

on

tN

ew

Jers

ey

Co

nne

cticut

Ne

w H

am

pshire

Rh

ode

Isla

nd

No

rth

Dakota

Wis

consin

Ma

ssachu

se

tts

Mic

hig

an

Wyo

min

gC

alif

orn

iaO

hio

De

law

are

Kansas

Ore

go

nV

irgin

iaN

ew

Yo

rkM

inn

esota

West V

irgin

iaP

enn

sylv

an

iaIllin

ois

Ala

ska

Ne

bra

ska

Mo

nta

na

Un

ite

d S

tate

sLo

uis

iana

India

na

Ha

waii

Okla

hom

aN

ew

Me

xic

oM

isso

uri

Kentu

cky

Iow

aS

outh

Dakota

Washin

gto

nF

lorida

South

Caro

lina

Ark

an

sa

sG

eo

rgia

Co

lora

do

Ten

nessee

No

rth

Caro

lina

Idaho

Uta

hA

rizona

Ne

va

da

Ala

bam

aT

exas

Mis

sis

sip

pi

Projected State and Local Budget Deficit as a Percent of Revenues, 2016

Source: Boyd, D. (2009). Unpublished analyses conducted for the National Center for

Higher Education Management Systems.

State-Specific Stories

• A story of decline Illinois

• State leadership vacuum Washington

• Much accomplished, much at stake Maryland

• Hard choices ahead Texas

• Perpetuating disparity Georgia

Cross-State Conclusions

Source: Perna & Finney (2014).

Strategic Use of Available

Fiscal Resources

Academic Preparation and

Smooth Movement of Students

K12 Education

Two-Year College

Four-Year Degree

Optimization of System Capacity

Policy Leadership and Steering

Make Equity a Priority

The only thing more expensive than education is ignorance.

– Benjamin Franklin

Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy www.ahead-penn.org

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