PowerPoint ® Presentation Photovoltaic Systems Solar Utility Interconnection Distributed Generation...

PowerPoint® PresentationPowerPoint® Presentation

Photovoltaic SystemsPhotovoltaic SystemsSolar Utility InterconnectionSolar Utility Interconnection

Distributed Generation • Generators • Inverters • Interconnection Codes and Standards •

Interconnection Concerns • Point of Connection • Metering • Utility Interconnection Policies • Public

Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) • Interconnection Agreements

Arizona Solar Power Societywww.meetup.com/arizona-solar-power-society/

Distributed Generation • Generators • Inverters • Interconnection Codes and Standards •

Interconnection Concerns • Point of Connection • Metering • Utility Interconnection Policies • Public

Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) • Interconnection Agreements

Arizona Solar Power Societywww.meetup.com/arizona-solar-power-society/

Chapter 12 — Utility InterconnectionChapter 12 — Utility Interconnection

With distributed generation, utility customers are served by both the centralized power plants and the power exported from interconnected distributed generators.

With distributed generation, utility customers are served by both the centralized power plants and the power exported from interconnected distributed generators.


Most power is generated by rotating generators, which require precise interconnection procedures to avoid damage to the equipment and the utility.

Most power is generated by rotating generators, which require precise interconnection procedures to avoid damage to the equipment and the utility.


Inverters must be identified as interactive and listed to required standards before being interconnected.

Inverters must be identified as interactive and listed to required standards before being interconnected.


Interactive-only systems are the simplest way to interconnect a PV system with the utility.Interactive-only systems are the simplest way to interconnect a PV system with the utility.


The inverters in bimodal systems can continue to supply power to certain loads in the event of a utility outage.

The inverters in bimodal systems can continue to supply power to certain loads in the event of a utility outage.


Several codes and standards address specific interconnection issues with PV systems.

Several codes and standards address specific interconnection issues with PV systems.


During a utility outage, an islanding inverter can energize the utility lines around the PV system, potentially damaging equipment and creating a serious safety hazard.

During a utility outage, an islanding inverter can energize the utility lines around the PV system, potentially damaging equipment and creating a serious safety hazard.


When a single-phase inverter is added to a system with more than one ungrounded (hot) conductor, the neutral conductor can become overloaded.

When a single-phase inverter is added to a system with more than one ungrounded (hot) conductor, the neutral conductor can become overloaded.


Adding single-phase output from an interactive inverter to a three-phase power system can result in unbalanced voltages between the phases.

Adding single-phase output from an interactive inverter to a three-phase power system can result in unbalanced voltages between the phases.


Interactive inverters can be connected to either the load side or the supply side of the main service disconnect.

Interactive inverters can be connected to either the load side or the supply side of the main service disconnect.


Interconnection on the load side of the service disconnect is done through back-fed circuit breakers.

Interconnection on the load side of the service disconnect is done through back-fed circuit breakers.


Back-fed circuit breakers are circuit breakers on the load side of the main service disconnect that supply PV power to the busbar.

Back-fed circuit breakers are circuit breakers on the load side of the main service disconnect that supply PV power to the busbar.


Interconnection on the supply side of the service disconnect must include a separate service-rated fused disconnect or circuit breaker.

Interconnection on the supply side of the service disconnect must include a separate service-rated fused disconnect or circuit breaker.


Interconnected PV systems must include labeling that clearly identifies the disconnects and point of interconnection.

Interconnected PV systems must include labeling that clearly identifies the disconnects and point of interconnection.


With a net metering arrangement, exported power makes the electric meter run backward, crediting the PV system owner for power supplied to the utility grid at the retail rate.

With a net metering arrangement, exported power makes the electric meter run backward, crediting the PV system owner for power supplied to the utility grid at the retail rate.


Dual metering can be accomplished with two separate meters or with one meter that can measure and record energy flow in both directions separately

Dual metering can be accomplished with two separate meters or with one meter that can measure and record energy flow in both directions separately


PURPA defines the entities that can contribute to the collective energy supply.

PURPA defines the entities that can contribute to the collective energy supply.


Utility interconnection agreements commonly require outside disconnects for PV systems so that the system can be isolated in the event of an outage or emergency.

Utility interconnection agreements commonly require outside disconnects for PV systems so that the system can be isolated in the event of an outage or emergency.


Net metering policies vary by state and sometimes also by utility.Net metering policies vary by state and sometimes also by utility.

PowerPoint ® Presentation Photovoltaic Systems Solar Utility Interconnection Distributed Generation...

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