PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates...
Transcript of PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates...
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART B2
Basic
Chemistry
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compound
Vital properties
High heat capacity – absorbs & releases heat
before its temperature changes appreciably
Polarity/solvent properties – universal solvent
Chemical reactivity - hydrolysis: breakdown
nutrients with water
Cushioning - CSF
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water
Vital to many body functions –
i.e. Na & K for nerve impulses
Include electrolytes which conduct electrical
currents
i.e. charged particles
Ca & P in bones and teeth
Fe for hemoglobin of rbcs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dissociation of a Salt in Water
Figure 2.11
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rebecca & Jai’s Wedding June 13, 2009
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids
Release hydrogen ions (H+)
Are proton donors
Sour taste
HCl → H++ Cl-
Bases
Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)
Are proton acceptors
Bitter taste, slippery
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
NaOH + HCl → H2O + NaCl
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12
pH
Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers—chemicals
that can regulate pH
change
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugars
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (Glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of
linked simple sugars
Starch
Glycogen
Carbohydrates – source of food energy
C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ben & Jenny’s Wedding, November 2010
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
DisaccharidesPLAY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
PolysaccharidesPLAY
Figure 2.13c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
From fats in diet -
Marbled meats, egg yolks, oils
Solid – animal fat, saturated, C-C
Liquid – plant oils, unsaturated, C=C
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LipidsPLAY
Lipids
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits
Composed of fatty acids and
glycerol
Source of stored energy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Common lipids in the human body (continued)
Phospholipids
Form cell membranes
Steroids
Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,
and some hormones
Cholesterol found in:
Cell membranes
Brain
used for vitamin D synthesis
Used for synthesis of sex hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.15c
Lipids
Cholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
Polypeptides < 50 amino acids
Proteins > 50 amino acids
20 amino acids form all proteins
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
Provide for construction materials for body
tissues
Play a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
Amino acid structure
Contain an amine group (NH2)
Contain an acid group (COOH)
Vary only by R groups
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.17a
Proteins
Fibrous proteins
Also known as
structural proteins
Appear in body
structures
Examples include
collagen (bones,
cartilage, tendons) and
keratin (hair, nails, skin)
Stable
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.17b
Proteins
Globular proteins
Also known as
functional proteins
Function as
antibodies,
hormones or
enzymes
Can be denatured
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.18a
Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Don’t change, reusable, very specific, end in
suffix -ase
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Enzymes
Figure 2.18b
Chemistry of Life® Enzymes AnimationPLAY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N & P
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA Figure 2.19a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleotide – building block of nucleic acids
Nitrogen base
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
Organized by
complimentary
bases to form
double helix
Replicates before
cell division
Provides
instructions for
every protein in the
bodyFigure 2.19c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
Double-stranded
Nitrogen bases = A,T,C,G
Sugar = Deoxyribose
RNA
Single-stranded
Nitrogen bases = A,U,C,G
Sugar = ribose
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
ATP nucleotide
Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphates
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 1
Solute
Transport work
Membrane
protein
ATP
(a)
P
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 2
+ADP
Solute
Transport work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
ATPP
(a)
P P
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 3
Relaxed
muscle cell
Mechanical work
ATP
(b)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 4
+ADP
Contracted
muscle cell
Relaxed
muscle cell
Mechanical work
ATPP
(b)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 5
Reactants
Chemical work
ATP
PX
Y
(c)
+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 6
+ADP
Product madeReactants
Chemical work
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(c)
YX
+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 7
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 8
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+