Communication is defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through common systems, symbols, signs, behaviour etc.

What is the Communication Cycle?

Communication is a fundamental part of all our lives. There are many different methods of communication and we are gaining more and more all the time.

Communication ranges from a note stuck on the fringe door, to video conferencing and phoning. The communication cycle is a structure that was thought up about how we communicate.

What is Verbal and Non- Verbal Communication?

Verbal Communication is where we use words, either written or spoken to help us communicate.

Non- Verbal Communication can be done in various ways even though much of the study of nonverbal communication is said to be face- to- face interaction. In modern times messages can be communicated through gestures, touch, body language and facial expression as well as objects or artifacts such as hairstyles, clothes etc.

What is Active Listening?Active Listening is the process of listening

attentively while someone else speaks, paraphrasing and reflecting back what is said, and withholding judgement and advice.

What are Telephone Techniques?

The telephone offers a unique, two-way medium for public involvement.

It can be used to obtain information and to give opinions.

Its use has entered a new era of potential applications to community participation, going beyond question-and-answer techniques toward the evolving new multi-media connections with television and computers.

Cont’dPotential telephone techniques for public

involvement include:auto attendant -- a series of tiered recordings leading

an inquirer to a recorded answer or the appropriate staff person;

information bureau -- a staff person responds orally to a broad variety of standard queries, such as bus schedules or meeting dates;

E-mail -- a staff person responds to computer queries.hotline or voice bulletin boards -- a staff person or

recording answers questions about a specific project or program.

Cont’dFAX-on-demand -- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;telethon -- a telephone call-in for comments during a

television program.electronic town meeting -- a telephone call-in combined

with a scheduled television program, which shows results of public calls.

interactive voice response system -- information retrieval from a main computer using telephones or terminals; and

interactive cable television information -- a series of information boards or videos that can be called up by phone to a television screen.

Cont’dFAX-on-demand -- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;telethon -- a telephone call-in for comments during a

television program.electronic town meeting -- a telephone call-in combined

with a scheduled television program, which shows results of public calls.

interactive voice response system -- information retrieval from a main computer using telephones or terminals; and

interactive cable television information -- a series of information boards or videos that can be called up by phone to a television screen.

Cont’dFAX-on-demand -- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;telethon -- a telephone call-in for comments during a

television program.electronic town meeting -- a telephone call-in combined

with a scheduled television program, which shows results of public calls.

interactive voice response system -- information retrieval from a main computer using telephones or terminals; and

interactive cable television information -- a series of information boards or videos that can be called up by phone to a television screen.

What is Questioning Techniques?

Asking questions is a fundamental part of finding information and for subtle (and otherwise) persuasion. Here are various pages on questioning:

Closed Questions: That seek short answers.Chunking Questions: Chunk up and down for more

or less detail.Clear Questions: That are simple and unambiguous.Columbo Technique: Asking stupid questions that

get the answers you want.Double Bind Questions: Whichever way you answer,

the result is the same.

Cont’dEcho Questions: Repeat what they say as a

question.Empowering Questions: That release limits on

people.Funnel Questioning: Seeking more detail or

more general information.Group Questioning: Tips for asking questions

of many people at once.Interrogation Questions: Questions that lead

to answers.

What is Team Work?Teamwork is action performed by a team

towards a common goal.A team consists of more than one person,

each of which has different responsibilities.

Why is Teamwork Important?

Teamwork is important because it allows goals to be reached in an efficient and timely method.

Teamwork combines many different skills from many people, this allowing achievements to be made that could not be made alone.

What is Member Function?

Member functions are operators and functions that are declared as members of a class

Member functions do not include operators and functions declared with the friend specified. These are called friends of a class.

You a member can declare function as static; this is called a static member function.

A member function that is not declared as static is called a nonstatic member function.

What is the difference between Goal and Objectives?

A Goal is an accomplishment that you are trying to reach.

Objectives are steps in the process of reaching that goal.

Organizational ChartsAn organizational chart is a diagram that

shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs.

ErgonomicsErgonomics is concerned with the ‘fit’

between the user, equipment and their environments. It takes account of the user's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, functions, information and the environment suit each user.

Cont’d

Cont’d

Don’ts

Safety in the lab

Lab Safety Rules 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in

the laboratory.2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.  If you

do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.

3. Never work alone in the laboratory.  No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.

4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.

5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher.  Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral.  Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.

6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory.  Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.

Cont’d

Cont’d7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory.  Read all

procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory.  Never fool around in the laboratory.  Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited. 

8. Always work in a well-ventilated area.  9. Observe good housekeeping practices.  Work areas

should be kept clean and tidy at all times.  10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the

laboratory.  Notify the teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.

11. Dispose of all chemical waste properly.  Never mix chemicals in sink drains.  Sinks are to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions. 

12. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use.  Set up and use the equipment as directed by your teacher.

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Hardware and softwareHardware is any physical device, something

that you are able to touch Software is a collection of instructions and

code installed into the computer and cannot be touched.

Job DescriptionsA job description is a list that a person might use for

general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position.

It may often include to whom the position reports, specifications such as the qualifications or skills needed by the person in the job, or a salary range.

Job descriptions are usually narrative,[1] but some may instead comprise a simple list of competencies; for instance, strategic human resource planning methodologies may be used to develop a competency architecture for an organization, from which job descriptions are built as a shortlist of competencies.

Safety in the workplace

Why is Safety Important at the Workplace?

The key to employee productivity is to keep them motivated. Employees can remain motivated if they feel safe and happy at their workplace. This says a lot about the importance of workplace safety. Workplace safety is important for the very reason of improved productivity. It is only when the employees feel safe at work that they can invest the fullest of their capacities and exploit the best of their potentials to work.

Workplace safety is the employer's and management's responsibility. It involves the formation and implementation of safety programs. Employee insurance schemes and employee safety policies help cover the risk an employee might suffer at work. Jobs, which require the employees to travel or stay out of their city or country, should cover the risks involved in the journey and the on-site stay. Certain jobs require the employees to engage in life-risking work; they require the employees to be part of dangerous industrial processes. Jobs, which put the safety of their employees at stake, should also provide the employees with the safety costs.

Cont’dWorkplace safety involves training programs

that are meant to teach the employees to handle risks. Employees need to be trained to react to impending dangers, if any. They should be trained to fight risks and deal with accidents at work in case they occur. It is important for the management of a company to cater to the safety needs of its employees through risk covers as well as training programs aimed at minimizing risk costs.

What are Emergency Plans?

An emergency plan specifies procedures for handling sudden unexpected situations.

Why are Emergency Plans important?

When the emergency alert arrives, you need to be prepared. Having an emergency plan in place can lessen the fear of the unknown as well as any personal losses that may be incurred. Knowing what community resources are available is a good first step toward preparedness.

What is an incident report?

An incident report or accident report is a form that is filled out in order to record details of an unusual event that occurs at the facility, such as an injury to a patient.

The purpose of the incident report is to document the exact details of the occurrence while they are still fresh in the minds of those who witnessed the event.

This information may be useful in the future when dealing with liability issues stemming from the incident.

Employer Rights & Responsibilities

Employer Rights & Responsibilities

As an employer you must provide a safe and healthy workplace for your workers and contractors. This includes:

providing and maintaining safe plant (such as machinery and equipment) and safe systems of work (such as controlling entry to high risk areas, controlling work pace and frequency and providing systems to prevent falls from heights)

maintaining the workplace in a safe condition (such as ensuring fire exits are not blocked, emergency equipment is serviceable, and the worksite is generally tidy)

providing workers with adequate facilities (such as clean toilets, cool and clean drinking water, and hygienic eating areas)

Cont’dmaking sure workers have adequate information, instruction,

training and supervision to work in a safe and healthy manner. keep information and records relevant to your workers' health

and safety (such as records of biological monitoring, asbestos assessments, first aid records and relevant medical information)

consultwith employees on matters that may directly affect their health, safety or welfare. Where the employees are represented by a health and safety representative (HSR), the HSR must also be involved in the consultation

nominate a senior management representative (or yourself) to deal with workers and their health and safety representatives in resolving health and safety issues at the workplace

Safety Equipment

Safety signs

Cont’d

Cont’d

Employees' health and safety responsibilities

Your rightsYour rights as an employee to work in a safe and

healthy environment are given to you by law, and generally can't be changed or removed by your employer. The most important rights are:

as far as possible, to have any risks to your health and safety properly controlled

to be provided, free of charge, with any personal protective and safety equipment

if you have reasonable concerns about your safety, to stop work and leave your work area, without being disciplined

Cont’dto tell your employer about any health and

safety concerns you have to get in touch with the Health and Safety

Executive (HSE) or your local authority if your employer won't listen to your concerns, without being disciplined

to have rest breaks during the working day, to have time off from work during the working week, and to have annual paid holiday

Your responsibilitiesYour most important responsibilities as an employee are: to take reasonable care of your own health and safety if possible avoid wearing jewellery or loose clothing if

operating machinery if you have long hair or wear a headscarf, make sure it's

tucked out of the way (it could get caught in machinery) to co-operate with your employer, making sure you get

proper training and you understand and follow the company's health and safety policies

to report any injuries, strains or illnesses you suffer as a result of doing your job (your employer may need to change the way you work)

Cont’dto tell your employer if something happens that

might affect your ability to work (eg becoming pregnant or suffering an injury) - your employer has a legal responsibility for your health and safety, they may need to suspend you while they find a solution to the problem, but you will normally be paid if this happens

if you drive or operate machinery, to tell your employer if you take medication that makes you drowsy - they should temporarily move you to another job if they have one for you to do

The End