PowerPoint Presentation · 11/6/2011 · 3. Making spaces- The Enclosed Garden 3a. Characteristics...

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A. PART 3

HISTORICAL REFERENCES

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HISTORICAL REFERENCES LECTURE 1

Early Middle Ages

1. Social History

2. Philosophy 2a. Natural and Mythical phenomena

2b. How space was understood

2c. Theories about space

2d. Literary references

3. Making spaces- The Enclosed Garden

3a. Characteristics of the enclosed garden

3b. Typologies

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EARLY MEDIEVAL, DARK AGES CHRISTIAN PERIOD, FALL OF ROME, WARRING FACTIONS,

CITY ABANDONMENT, DE- POPULATION

CAROLIGNIAN, CHARLEMAGNE GAINS CONTROL

BYZANTINE CONTROL

CITY RE- POPULATION

RURAL ECONOMY OF FEUDALISM EMERGES

ROMANESQUE - HIGH/ LATE OR CLASSICAL MIDDLE AGES

GOTHIC

PLAGUES & FAMINES PLAGUES & FAMINES

CRUSADES

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1. Social History

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Early Middle Ages

Fall of Rome

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With the collapse of the

Roman Empire, and the flood

of Nomadic Barbarian

peoples came war, famine

and plague.

Trade had become almost

impossible

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Much of the urban population left the cities

Towns were enclaves in an immense landscape, a landscape to which monasteries,

castles and settlements turned their backs.

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2. Philosophy

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Philosophy

a. Natural and Mythical phenomena

b. How space was understood - contrasts

- experience of space

c. Theories about space

d. Literary references

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- until the 11th century europe

was covered in forests and

heathland

- the forest was a wilderness

with real & imagined dangers

-the forest also provided a

source of income, it offered

wood, resin, acorns, honey

game..

2.Philosophy


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Phenomena such as:

- eclipses of sun/moon,

- earthquakes

- rainstorms

2.Philosophy


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- eclipses of sun/moon,

- earthquakes

- rainstorms

were signs of the mysterious

powers of nature which the

people feared

2. Philosophy


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- Society was deeply embedded in a

semi mythical nature

- natural & supernatural phenomena;

angels, devils, miracles & dragons

existed side by side

2. Philosophy


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2. Philosophy

b. How space was understood

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Contrasts in the landscape

- the medieval image of nature was

determined , not by the forest but the

cultivated open spaces

- the glade (clearing)

- these were spatial entities that could be

understood, as opposed to the terrifying

endlessness of the forest

2. Philosophy

b. How space was understood

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glade

- the glade formed a ‘natural’ inner world

- defined by openness- the physical absence of the forest

2. Philosophy


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glade

glade

- that which is hidden is brought to view

- opening provides a view of the sky, linking the earth and the sky

2. Philosophy


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glade and oasis

- in the desert, the oasis is a natural inner world with water, vegetation and shade

- both oasis & clearing spatially and visually act as counterpoints in the landscape

2. Philosophy


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glade and oasis

- the oasis as an entity in a horizontal plane visualizes the line linking earth & sky

- vertical & horizontal come together & give the coordinates of the space

- just as the oasis is a haven in the desert for a nomad, so the clearing was a refuge in

the wilderness for medieval man

2. Philosophy


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2. Philosophy

b. How space was understood - Experience of space

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Text

- Medieval man understood the landscape only in

terms of well defined spaces

- the world view was introverted, & centralized

2. Philosophy


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Text

- infinity was a quality of god alone, mans world

was finite

- the only comprehensible space was the finite

space - a space a bounded by walls

2. Philosophy


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2. Philosophy


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Text

-with fear of the ’void’ medieval man did

not want to confront the horizon of his

world

2. Philosophy


2. Philosophy

c. theories about space

Aristotle was one of the

philosophers of antiquity who

influenced medieval thinking

about space

- as the earth was understood

to be the centre of the

universe

- each space is cosmic space

(related to the universe)

-In Aristotles theory, space

existed as a locus around an

object

- the space was generated by the

object ‘expanding’ and forming

its own cavity

2. Philosophy


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-This shaped the way medieval man

understood space;

- Emptiness was incomprehensible

- Everything is enclosed and has its

proper place - always a relation between

container &...

2. Philosophy


..the contained

2. Philosophy


2. Philosophy

4. Literary and biblical references

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Literature, poetry paintings &

carpets gave medieval man a

range of images of the garden

as paradise from earlier

civilisations

2. Philosophy


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Pairidaeza

Paradise is derived from the persian

word Pairidaeza meaning

“surrounded’ by walls

The idea of an ordered paradise first

emerged in the persian desert

With walls around to keep out the the

unpleasant world and in the centre a

fountain with irrigation channels

north east south & west, dividing the

garden into 4

- each quarter is subdivided into

smaller paradises which are divided

up again

- trees provide shade

-water cools the air

- pavilions with galleries around the

the edges of the garden so that the

garden can be admired from the

shade

2. Philosophy


Garden of Eden

Garden of Eden

“And the lord planted a

garden eastward in Eden

and out of the ground god

made to grow every tree

that is pleasant to the sight

& good for food

-and a river went out of

eden to water the garden

the garden was considered

to exist somewhere

(surrounded by fire)

EDEN = an irrigated, well watered place

= pleasure & enlightenment (hebrew)

2. Philosophy


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Arcadia

Arcadia

300BC Theocritus described a

pastoral landscape far from the

civilized world

Virgil created this world

situated in Arcadia

(isolated hilly Peloponese)

Between 42-37BChe wrote his

his Eclogues - pastoral poems

this idealised image of nature

was taken over by medieval

man as an idealised image of

nature

(since fall of romans ‘real’

nature had become degraded to

wilderness)

2. Philosophy


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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden

a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden

b. Typologies

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Contrasts again played a big role in how the enclosed garden

was defined and located in the world

(a) Cosmic Orientation

(b) Temporal Orientation

(c) Territorial Orientation

Cosmic Orientation

cosmic orientation - the primitive

experience of being on earth is

provided by the opposition between;

- earth and heaven

- high & low

- vertical & horizontal

- light and dark

- the path of the sun & stars aid

orientation and give a sense of

direction



Temporal Orientation

Gained from;

- the rhythm of the seasons,

- day & night

- and from visible presence of the

past



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Territorial Orientation

Relationships between space from

the visible topography, dualities of;

- centre & periphery

- inside outside

- far and near



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b. Typologies

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During the middle ages 3 types of

enclosed garden developed in:


b. Typologies

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b. Typologies

-the castles

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b. Typologies

-the cities

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hortus catalogi

City/ Monastery

Geometric garden

- arrangement of flower beds

- classification of plant species

- expressed knowledge &

riches


b. Typologies

hortus

contemplationis

Monastery

Cloister garden

- hierarchy of universe

with God at its centre

- the monastery was

organized around it


b. Typologies

hortus lundi

Castle

The Pleasure Garden-

- a pleasant social space for

games & play

- the garden of courtly life


b. Typologies

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b. Typologies

Examples and characteristics

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Hortus Catalogi

raised flower beds

stone walls

gate


b. Typologies

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monastery gardens

- C5-9th

- ensembles organised around a cloister

garden

- offered; light, safety, coolness, shade,

clarity of organization

- all garden types existed here

- orchard - hortus lundi

- herb/ vegetable garden - gave a

structured living enviroment

- hortus cont. - a garden of meditation for

monks

St. Galls Monastery

Hortus Catalogi


b. Typologies

53 Plan of St.Gall Monastery c850 Hortus Catalogi


b. Typologies

54 St. Galls Monastery

Hortus Catalogi


b. Typologies

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Hortus Catalogi

-measure

-proportion

- classification of plant species

- illustrates order of nature

- garden has been recorded through

inventories and descriptions

- original catalogi - herb garden

- mostly occurring in monasteries

- plants symbolic connection to christian

doctrine

- traced back to muslim garden which

had a firm scientific basis via spain

brought botanical medical & cultural

knowledge


b. Typologies

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Hortus Contemplatonis

fountain/tree

axial cross

grass

gallery & door


b. Typologies

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Hortus Contemplatonis

Garden of Contemplation

- monasteries in 5th- 9thc they were ensembles

organized around a cloister garden

- these places offered light safety clarity of

organization coolness shade fertile ground within

inhospitable nature

- monasteries were symbols of cosmic order

- complete worlds

- all garden types are found here

- herb/ veg garden -gave structured living

environment around work ethic

- orchard (lundi)

- St gall monastery became a model for benedictine

monasteries

- These gardens belonged to the inner world of the

monastery the entrance gate was kept locked


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi

- a garden full of flowers

- place for courtly love

reading, philosophy, music, sport

- elements seemingly placed at

random

Plays enacted in the gardens -

rose gardens

- the garden is fully removed

from the surroundings(whether in

the natural landscape or within

the castle walls)


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi

- hortus lundi represented

paradise, symbolized women

- scene of dining dancing

conversing making music

planting - fresh green lawn,

sweet smelling flowers

aromatic herbs, fruit trees,

shade, water

turfed seat with aromatic

flowers smelled when sat on


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi

the players are the principle

elements in the garden

to please all the senses -

smells sounds taste touch

theatre

(sounds of music water

birds)


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi

berceau

turfed seat

stone table

fountain

fruit trees

flowery mead

stone walls

gate


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi


b. Typologies

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Hortus Lundi

the pleasure garden has been recorded through illustrations


b. Typologies

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