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Transcript of PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor,...
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
The Tissue Level of Organization
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions.
• Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type.
• Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues.
• Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane.
• Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each.
• Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 4-1 Tissues of the Body: An Introduction
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• Tissues are:
• Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions
• Histology = study of tissues
• The four tissue types are:
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
Tissues and tissue types
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• Includes glands and epithelium
• Glands are secretory
• Is avascular
• Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability
• Cells may show polarity
Epithelial tissue
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• Physical protection
• Control permeability
• Provide sensation
• Produce specialized secretions
Functions of epithelium
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• Perform secretory functions
• Perform transport functions
• Maintain physical integrity
• Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface
Specializations of epithelium
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Figure 4.1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
Figure 4.1
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• Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
• Cells attach at specialized cell junctions
• Tight junctions
• Desmosomes
• Gap junctions
Maintaining the integrity of epithelium
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Figure 4.2 Intercellular connections
Figure 4.2
Animation: Intercellular connectionsPLAY
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• Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface
• Lamina lucida
• Lamina densa
• Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells
Structure of typical epithelium
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• Number of cell layers
• Simple
• Stratified
• Shape of apical surface cells
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
Classification of epithelia
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Figure 4.3 Squamous Epithelia
Figure 4.3
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Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia
Figure 4.4a
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Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia
Figure 4.4b
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Figure 4.4 Transitional Epithelium
Figure 4.4c
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Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia
Figure 4.5a
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Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia
Figure 4.5b
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Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia
Figure 4.5c
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• Exocrine glands
• Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
• Endocrine glands
• Release hormones into surrounding fluid
Glandular epithelia
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• Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)
• Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)
• Holocrine (destroys the cell)
Glandular secretions can be:
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Figure 4.6 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion
Figure 4.6
Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion PLAY
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Unicellular
• Individual secretory cells
• Multicellular
• Organs containing glandular epithelium
• Classified according to structure
Glands
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Figure 4.7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
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SECTION 4-3 Connective Tissues
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• Establishing a structural framework
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting delicate organs
• Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
• Storing energy reserves
• Defending the body from microorganisms
Connective tissue functions:
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8 A Classification of Connective Tissues
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• Specialized cells• Matrix
• Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance
Connective tissues contain
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• Contains varied cell populations
• Contains various fiber types
• A syrupy ground substance
Connective tissue proper
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Fluid connective tissue
• Contains a distinctive cell population
• Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins
• Two types
• Blood
• Lymph
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• Less diverse cell population
• Dense ground substance
• Closely packed fibers
• Two types
• Cartilage
• Bone
Supporting connective tissues
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• Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population
• Fibroblasts
• Macrophage
• Adipocytes
• Mesenchymal cells
• Melanocytes
• Mast cells
• Lymphocytes
• Microphages
Connective tissue proper
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• Three types of fiber• Collagen fibers• Reticular fibers• Elastic fibers
Connective tissue proper
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• Classified as loose or dense
• Loose
• Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues
• Areolar tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Reticular tissue
• Dense
• Dense regular CT
• Dense irregular CT
Connective tissue proper
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Figure 4.9 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper
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Figure 4.10 Connective Tissue in Embryos
Figure 4.10
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Figure 4.11 Adipose and Reticular Tissues
Figure 4.11
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Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues
Figure 4.12a
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Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues
Figure 4.12b
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Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues
Figure 4.12c
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• Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
• Blood• Formed elements and plasma
• Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
• Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart
• Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid
• Lymph• Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic
vessels
Fluid connective tissues
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13 Formed Elements of the Blood
Figure 4.13
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• Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body
• Cartilage
• Grows via interstitial and appositional growth
• Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate
• Cells called chondrocytes
• Cells found in lacunae
• Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues
• Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
Supporting connective tissues
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Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage
Figure 4.15a, b
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Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage
Figure 4.15c
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Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage
Figure 4.15d
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• Has osteocytes
• Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients
• Little ground substance
• Dense mineralized matrix
• Surrounded by periosteum
Bone, or osseus tissue
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Figure 4.16 Bone
Figure 4.16
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• Form a barrier
• Composed of epithelium and connective tissue
• Four types
• Cutaneous
• Synovial
• Serous
• Mucous
Membranes are simple organs
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Figure 4.17 Membranes
Figure 4.17a-d
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• Line cavities that communicate with the exterior
• Contain lamina propria
Mucous membranes
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• Line sealed internal cavities
• Form transudate
Serous membranes
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• Cutaneous membrane• Covers the body surface
• Synovial membrane• Incomplete lining within joint cavities
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SECTION 4-5The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body
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• Network of connective tissue proper consisting of
• Superficial fascia
• Deep fascia
• Subserous fascia
Organs and systems are interconnected
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Figure 4.18 The Fasciae
Figure 4.18
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• Specialized for contraction
• Three types
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
Muscle tissue
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Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.19a
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Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.19b
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Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.19c
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• Cells are multinucleate
• Striated voluntary muscle
• Divides via satellite cells
Skeletal muscle
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• Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
• Striated involuntary muscle
• Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction
Cardiac muscle
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• Non-striated involuntary muscle
• Can divide and regenerate
Smooth muscle tissue
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• Conducts electrical impulses
• Conveys information from one area to another
Neural tissue
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• Neurons
• Transmit information
• Neuroglia
• Support neural tissue
• Help supply nutrients to neurons
Neural tissue cells
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Figure 4.20 Neural Tissue
Figure 4.20
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• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon (nerve fiber)
• Carries information to other neurons
Neural anatomy
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SECTION 4-8Tissue Injuries and Aging
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• Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion
• Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration
Inflammation and regeneration
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• Isolates injured area
• Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed
• Infection avoided
• Regeneration restores normal function
Inflammatory response
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Figure 4.21 An Introduction to Inflammation
Figure 4.21
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• Change with age
• Repair and maintenance less efficient
• Structure altered
• Chemical composition altered
Aging and tissue repair
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Aging and cancer incidence
• Incidence of cancer increases with age
• 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors
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Figure 4.22 Changes in a Tissue under Stress
Figure 4.22
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You should now be familiar with:• The four major tissue types and their
functions.
• The relationship between form and function for each tissue type.
• The types and functions of epithelial tissues.
• The structure and function of connective tissues.
• The structure and function of the four types of membrane.
• The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each.
• The basic structure and role of neural tissue.