PowerPoint in consideration of Working Memory
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+PowerPoint in consideration of
Working Memory
ChinaLinks Educational Consultants LLC
+Working Memory:Definition
Working Memory is the ability to maintain and manipulate information over short periods of time necessary to guide behavior
+Working Memory:Example
4371506 -----> 4371506 Maintain
4371506 -----> 6051734 Maintain & Manipulate
+Working Memory:Capacity
Limited
c.f. Miller’s magical number seven (chunks) : short term memory
Category of chunksdigits vs. letters vs. words (long vs. short)
+Working Memory:Models
Baddeley and Hitch model
Cowan
Ericsson and Kintsch
+Working memory:Baddeley and Hitch model
Visuo-Spatial Sketch PadPhonological Loop(Articulatory loop)
Central Executive
• Inner ear (phonological store)
• Inner voice (articulatory process)
• Closely related to visual imagery
• Used to encode nonverbal visual and spatial information.
• Attentional control : Making changes to practiced routine. (e.g., Altering driving to work routine when there is a traffic accident)
• Dividing attention: Multitasking
• Switching attention from one task to another
+Working memory:Current model
Visuo-Spatial SketchpadEpisodic buffer
Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Language Short-term episodic memory Visual semantics
+Bad PowerPoint Slides
Characteristics students don’t like about professors’ PowerPoint slides Too many words on a slide Clip art Movement (slide transitions or word animations) Templates with too many colors
+Good PowerPoint Slides
Characteristics students like about professors’ PowerPoint slides Graphs increase understanding of content Bulleted lists help them organize ideas PowerPoint can help to structure lectures Verbal explanations of pictures/graphs help more than
written clarifications
+Student Learning
Students learn more when material is presented in short phrases rather than full
paragraphs the professor talks about the information on the slide rather
than having students read it on their own relevant pictures are used. Irrelevant pictures decrease
learning compared to PowerPoint slides with no picture they take notes (if the professor is not talking). But if the
professor is lecturing, note-taking and listening decreased learning
they are given the PowerPoint slides before the class
+Working Memory with PowerPoint
How to leverage the working memory with PowerPoint? by dividing the information between the visual and auditory
modality. Minimize the opportunity for distraction by removing any
irrelevant material Use simple cues to direct learners to important points or
content. Keep information displayed in short chunks that are easily
read and comprehended
+Resources for better PowerPoint
What is good PowerPoint design?http://presentationzen.blogs.com/presentationzen/2005/09/whats_good_powe.html
Think Outside the Slidehttp://www.youtube.com/user/ThinkOutsideTheSlide
KWICKhttp://www.thinkoutsidetheslide.com/VSR_Chapter2.pdf
Improving PowerPoint-style Presentationshttp://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/improving-powerpoint-style-presentations/32126?sid=at&utm_source=at&utm_medium=en