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Financial Accounting, 4e Weygandt, Kieso, & Kimmel

Financial Accounting, 4e Weygandt, Kieso, & Kimmel

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Prepared byGregory K. LowryMercer University

Marianne BradfordThe University of Tennessee

CHAPTER 15 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISCHAPTER 15

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1 Discuss the need for comparative analysis.

2 Identify the tools of financial statement analysis.

3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.

4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.



After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

5 Identify and compute ratios and describe their purpose and use in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

6 Understand the concept of earning power and indicate how material items not typical of regular operations are presented.

7 Recognize the limitations of financial statement analysis.

PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 15PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 15


Ratio Analysis

Liquidity

Profitability

Solvency

Summary

Earning Power and Irregular

Items

Discontinued operations

Extraordinary items

Change in accounting principle

Comprehensive income

Need for comparative analysis

Tools of analysis

Basics of Financial Statement Analysis

Horizontal and Vertical Analysis

Balance sheet

Income statement

Retained earnings statement

Limitations of Financial Analysis

Estimates

Cost

Accounting methods

Atypical data

Diversification

• Analyzing financial statements involves Three characteristics of a company: 1 its liquidity, 2 its profitability, and 3 its solvency.• Every item reported in a financial statement has

significance.• In order to obtain information as to whether the amount

1 represents an increase over prior years or 2 is adequate in relation to the company’s need for cash,

the amount of cash must be compared with other financial statement data.

• Comparisons can be made on several difference bases – three are illustrated in this chapter: 1 intracompany basis, 2 industry averages, and 3 intercompany basis.

BASICS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

BASICS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

Three commonly used tools are utilized to evaluate the significance of financial statement data.1 Horizontal analysis (trend analysis) is a technique

for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time.

2 Vertical analysis is a technique for evaluating financial statement data that expresses each item

in a financial statement in terms of a percent of a base amount.3 Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among

selected items of financial statement data.

TOOLS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

TOOLS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

ILLUSTRATION 15-1, 15-2 SEARS ROEBUCK’S NET SALES

ILLUSTRATION 15-1, 15-2 SEARS ROEBUCK’S NET SALES

SEARS, ROEBUCK AND CO.(Net Sales Stated in Millions)

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996

$ 40,937 $ 39,484 $ 39,953 $ 39,837 $ 36,662

The purpose of horizontal analysis is to determine the increase or decrease that has taken place, expressed as either an amount or a percentage. The recent net sales figures of Sears, Roebuck and Co. are shown above. Given that 1996 is the base year, we can measure all percentage increases or decreases from this base period amount as shown below.

The purpose of horizontal analysis is to determine the increase or decrease that has taken place, expressed as either an amount or a percentage. The recent net sales figures of Sears, Roebuck and Co. are shown above. Given that 1996 is the base year, we can measure all percentage increases or decreases from this base period amount as shown below.

Change since base period

Change since base period =

ILLUSTRATION 15-4 HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF SEARS,

ROEBUCK’S NET SALES

ILLUSTRATION 15-4 HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF SEARS,

ROEBUCK’S NET SALES

Sears, Roebuck and Co. Net Sales (in Millions)

Base Period 1996

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996$40,937 $ 39,484 $ 39,953 $ 39,837 $36,662111.7% 107.7% 109% 108.7% 100%

We can determine that net sales for Sears, Roebuck increased approximately 8.7% [($39,837 - $36,662) ÷ $36,662] from 1996 to 1997. We can also determine that net sales increased over 11.7% [($40,937 - $36,662) ÷ $36,662] from 1996 to 2000. The percentage of the base period for each of the 5 years, assuming 1996 as the base period, is shown below.

We can determine that net sales for Sears, Roebuck increased approximately 8.7% [($39,837 - $36,662) ÷ $36,662] from 1996 to 1997. We can also determine that net sales increased over 11.7% [($40,937 - $36,662) ÷ $36,662] from 1996 to 2000. The percentage of the base period for each of the 5 years, assuming 1996 as the base period, is shown below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-5 HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF A

BALANCE SHEET


BALANCE SHEET

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.Condensed Balance Sheet

December 31

2000 1999 Amount PercentageAssets

$ 945,000Plant assets (net) 800,000 632,500 167,500 26.5%

15,000 Total assets $ 1,595,000 $ 240,000 15.0%

Liabilities$ 344,500 $ 303,000 $ 41,500

Long-term liabilities 497,000 ( 9,500) ( 1.9%)832,000 4.0%

Common stock, $1 par 275,400 270,000727,600 525,000 202,600 38.6%

Total stockholders’ equity 795,000 26.2%

Increase or (Decrease)during 2000

Current assets $ 1,020,000 $ 75,000 7.9%

Intangible assets 17,500 ( 2,500) ( 14.3%)$ 1,835,000

Current liabilities 13.7%487,500

Total liabilities 800,000 32,000Stockholders’ Equity

5,400 2.0%Retained earnings

1,003,000 208,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,835,000 $ 1,595,000 $ 240,000 15.0%

The 2-year condensed balance sheet of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 showing dollar and percentage changes is displayed on the right. In the asset section, plant assets (net) increased $167,500 or 26.5%. In the liabilities section, current liabilities increased $41,500 or 13.7%. In the stockholders’ equity section, retained earnings increased $202,600 or 38.6%. It appears the company expanded its asset base during 2000 and financed the expansion by retaining income in the firm.

The 2-year condensed balance sheet of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 showing dollar and percentage changes is displayed on the right. In the asset section, plant assets (net) increased $167,500 or 26.5%. In the liabilities section, current liabilities increased $41,500 or 13.7%. In the stockholders’ equity section, retained earnings increased $202,600 or 38.6%. It appears the company expanded its asset base during 2000 and financed the expansion by retaining income in the firm.

ILLUSTRATION 15-6 HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF AN

INCOME STATEMENT

ILLUSTRATION 15-6 HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF AN

INCOME STATEMENT

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.Condensed Income Statement

For the Years Ended December 31


2000 1999 Amount PercentageSales $ 2,195,000 $ 1,960,000 $ 235,000 12.0%Sales returns and allowances 98,000 123,000 ( 25,000) ( 20.3%)Net sales 2,097,000 1,837,000 260,000 14.2%Cost of goods sold 1,281,000 1,140,000 141,000 12.4%Gross profit 816,000 697,000 119,000 17.1%Selling expenses 253,000 211,500 41,500 19.6%Administrative expenses 104,000 108,500 ( 4,500) ( 4.1%)Total operating expenses 357,000 320,000 37,000 11.6%Income from operations 459,000 377,000 82,000 21.8%Other revenues and gains Interest and dividends 9,000 11,000 ( 2,000) ( 18.2%)Other expenses and losses Interest expense 36,000 40,500 ( 4,500) ( 11.1%)Income before income taxes 432,000 347,500 84,500 24.3%Income tax expense 168,200 139,000 29,200 21.0%Net income $ 263,800 $ 208,500 $ 55,300 26.5%

The 2-year comparative income statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is shown in condensed form on the right. Horizontal analysis of the comparative income statement shows the following changes:1 Net sales increased

$260,000, or 14.2% ($260,000 ÷ $1,837,000).

2 Cost of goods sold increased $141,000, or 12.4% ($141,000 ÷ $1,140,000).

3 Total operating expenses increased $37,000, or 11.6% ($37,000 ÷ $320,000).

The 2-year comparative income statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is shown in condensed form on the right. Horizontal analysis of the comparative income statement shows the following changes:1 Net sales increased

$260,000, or 14.2% ($260,000 ÷ $1,837,000).

2 Cost of goods sold increased $141,000, or 12.4% ($141,000 ÷ $1,140,000).

3 Total operating expenses increased $37,000, or 11.6% ($37,000 ÷ $320,000).


RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT


RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.Retained Earnings Statement



2000 1999 Amount PercentageRetained earnings, January 1 $ 525,000 $ 376,500 $ 148,500 39.4%Add: Net income 263,800 208,500 55,300 26.5%

788,800 585,000 203,800Deduct: Dividends 61,200 60,000 1,200 2.0%Retained earnings, December 31 $ 727,600 $ 525,000 $ 202,600 38.6%

The 2-year comparative retained earnings statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is presented on the right. Analyzed horizontally:1 Net income increased

$55,300, or 26.5%.2 Common dividends

increased only $1,200, or 2%.

3 Ending retained earnings increased 38.6%.

The 2-year comparative retained earnings statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is presented on the right. Analyzed horizontally:1 Net income increased

$55,300, or 26.5%.2 Common dividends

increased only $1,200, or 2%.

3 Ending retained earnings increased 38.6%.

ILLUSTRATION 15-8 VERTICAL

ANALYSIS OF A BALANCE SHEET

ILLUSTRATION 15-8 VERTICAL

ANALYSIS OF A BALANCE SHEET

Presented on the right is the 2-year comparative balance sheet of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999.

1 Current assets increased $75,000 from 1999 to 2000, they decreased from 59.2% to 55.6% of total assets.

2 Plant assets (net) increased from 39.7% to 43.6% of total assets, and

3 Retained earnings increased from 32.9% to 39.7% of total liabilities and stockholders’ equity.

These results reinforce earlier observations that Quality is financing its growth through retention of earnings.

Presented on the right is the 2-year comparative balance sheet of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999.

1 Current assets increased $75,000 from 1999 to 2000, they decreased from 59.2% to 55.6% of total assets.

2 Plant assets (net) increased from 39.7% to 43.6% of total assets, and

3 Retained earnings increased from 32.9% to 39.7% of total liabilities and stockholders’ equity.

These results reinforce earlier observations that Quality is financing its growth through retention of earnings.

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.Condensed Balance Sheet

December 31

2000 1999Amount Percent Amount Percent

AssetsCurrent assets $ 1,020,000 55.6% $ 945,000 59.2%Plant assets (net) 800,000 43.6% 632,500 39.7%Intangible assets 15,000 0.8% 17,500 1.1% Total assets $ 1,835,000 100.0% $ 1,595,000 100.0%

LiabilitiesCurrent liabilities $ 344,500 18.8% $ 303,000 19.0%Long-term liabilities 487,500 26.5% 497,000 31.2% Total liabilities 832,000 45.3% 800,000 50.2%

Stockholders’ EquityCommon stock, $1 par 275,400 15.0% 270,000 16.9%Retained earnings 727,600 39.7% 525,000 32.9% Total stockholders’ equity 1,003,000 54.7% 795,000 49.8% Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,835,000 100.0% $1,595,000 100.0%

ILLUSTRATION 15-9 VERTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN

INCOME STATEMENT

ILLUSTRATION 15-9 VERTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN

INCOME STATEMENTVertical analysis of the 2-year comparative income statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is shown on the right.1 Cost of goods sold as a

percentage of net sales declined 1% (62.1%

versus 61.1%).2 Total operating expenses

declined 0.4% (17.4% versus 17.0%).

3 Net income as a percent of net sales therefore increased from 11.4% to 12.6%.

Quality appears to be a profitable enterprise that is becoming more successful.

Vertical analysis of the 2-year comparative income statement of Quality Department Store Inc. for 2000 and 1999 is shown on the right.1 Cost of goods sold as a

percentage of net sales declined 1% (62.1%

versus 61.1%).2 Total operating expenses

declined 0.4% (17.4% versus 17.0%).

3 Net income as a percent of net sales therefore increased from 11.4% to 12.6%.

Quality appears to be a profitable enterprise that is becoming more successful.

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.Condensed Income Statement


2000 1999Amount Percent Amount Percent

Sales $ 2,195,000 104.7% $ 1,960,000 106.7%Sales returns and allowances 98,000 4.7% 123,000 6.7%Net sales 2,097,000 100.0% 1,837,000 100.0%Cost of goods sold 1,281,000 61.1% 1,140,000 62.1%Gross profit 816,000 38.9% 697,000 37.9%Selling expenses 253,000 12.0% 211,500 11.5%Administrative expenses 104,000 5.0% 108,500 5.9%Total operating expenses 357,000 17.0% 320,000 17.4%Income from operations 459,000 21.9% 377,000 20.5%Other revenues and gains Interest and dividends 9,000 0.4% 11,000 0.6%Other expenses and losses Interest expense 36,000 1.7% 40,500 2.2%Income before income taxes 432,000 20.6% 347,500 18.9%Income tax expense 168,200 8.0% 139,000 7.5%Net income $ 263,800 12.6% $ 208,500 11.4%

ILLUSTRATION 15-10 INTERCOMPANY

INCOME STATEMENT COMPARISON

ILLUSTRATION 15-10 INTERCOMPANY

INCOME STATEMENT COMPARISON

CONDENSED INCOME STATEMENTS

QualityDepartment Sears, RoebuckStore Inc. And Co.

(in thousands) Dollars Percent Dollars PercentNet sales $ 2,097 100.0% $ 46,937,000 100.0%Cost of goods sold 1,281 61.1% 26,899,000 65.7%Gross profit 816 38.9% 14,038,000 34.3%

Selling and administrative expenses 357 17.0% 11,851,000 28.9%Income from operations 459 21.9% 2,187,000 5.3%

Other expenses and revenues (including income taxes 195 9.3% 884,000 2.1%Net income $ 264 12.6% $ 1,343,000 3.3%

Vertical analysis enables you to compare companies of different sizes. Quantity’s major competitor is a Sears store in a town nearby town. Using vertical analysis, the small Quality Department Store Inc. can be meaningfully compared to the much larger Sears, as shown below. 1 Gross profit rates were somewhat comparable at 38.9% and 34.3%. 2 Income from operations percentages were significantly different at 21.9% and 5.3% . 3 Quality’s selling and administrative expenses percentage was much lower than Sears’ – 17% to 28.9%. 4 Sears’ net income as a percentage of sales was much lower than Quality’s: 3.3% to 12.6%.

Vertical analysis enables you to compare companies of different sizes. Quantity’s major competitor is a Sears store in a town nearby town. Using vertical analysis, the small Quality Department Store Inc. can be meaningfully compared to the much larger Sears, as shown below. 1 Gross profit rates were somewhat comparable at 38.9% and 34.3%. 2 Income from operations percentages were significantly different at 21.9% and 5.3% . 3 Quality’s selling and administrative expenses percentage was much lower than Sears’ – 17% to 28.9%. 4 Sears’ net income as a percentage of sales was much lower than Quality’s: 3.3% to 12.6%.

RATIO ANALYSISRATIO ANALYSIS

• Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among selected items of financial statement data.

• A ratio expresses the mathematical relationship between one quantity and another.

• A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful, in the upcoming illustrations we will use:

1 Intracompany comparisons covering two years for the Quality Department Store.

2 Industry average comparisons based on median ratios for department stores

3 Intercompany comparisons based on Sears, Roebuck and Co. as Quality Department Store’s principal competitor.

ILLUSTRATION 15-11 FINANCIAL RATIO CLASSIFICATIONS

ILLUSTRATION 15-11 FINANCIAL RATIO CLASSIFICATIONS

Liquidity Ratios

Measures of short-term ability of the enterprise to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash

Profitability Ratios

Measures of the income or operating success of an enterprise for a given period of time

Solvency Ratios

Measures of the ability of the enterprise to survive over a long period of time

Revenues Expenses

- = Net Income

XYZ Co.

Industry average Sears, Roebuck and Co.———————— ———————————

1.34:1 2.38:1

CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT RATIO = ———————————

CURRENT LIABILITIES 2000 1999

$1,020,000 $945,000————— = 2.96:1 ———— = 3.1:1 $344,500 $303,000

Quality Department Store

The current ratio (working capital ratio) is a widely used measure for evaluating a company’s liquidity and short-term debt-paying ability. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities and is a more dependable indicator of liquidity than working capital. The current ratios for Quality Department Store and comparative data are shown below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-12

CURRENT RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-12

CURRENT RATIO

ILLUSTRATION 15-13 CURRENT ASSETS OF

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE

ILLUSTRATION 15-13 CURRENT ASSETS OF

QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE

2000 1999

Current assets Cash $ 100,000 $ 155,000

Temporary invest. 20,000 70,000 Receivables (net) 230,000 180,000

Inventory 620,000 500,000 Prepaid expenses 50,000 40,000Total current assets $ 1,020,000 $ 945,000

ILLUSTRATION 15-14

ACID-TEST RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-14

ACID-TEST RATIO

CASH + MARKETABLE SECURITIES + RECEIVABLES (NET) ACID-TEST RATIO = ————————————————————————————

CURRENT LIABILITIES Quality Department Store


1.3:1 1.3:1

2000 1999

$100,000 + $20,000 + $230,000 $155,000 + $70,000 + $180,000—————————————— = 1.0:1 —————————————— = 1.3:1 $344,500 $303,000

The acid-test ratio (quick ratio) is a measure of a company’s short-term liquidity and is calculated by dividing the sum of cash, marketable securities, and net receivables by current liabilities. The acid-test ratios for Quality Department Store and comparative data are shown below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-15 CURRENT CASH DEBT COVERAGE RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-15

CURRENT CASH DEBT COVERAGE RATIO

The current cash debt coverage ratio usually provides a superior representation of liquidity since it uses not cash provided by operating activities rather than a balance at a point in time. Quality Department Store’s current cash debt coverage ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated below.

CURRENT CASH DEBT NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES COVERAGE RATIO = ———————————————————————— AVERAGE CURRENT LIABILITIES

Quality Department Store2000 1999

$404,000 $340,000—————————— - 1.25:1 —————————— - 1.15:1 $303,000 + $344,500 $290,000 + $303,000—————————— —————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]

Industry average Sears, Roebuck & Co.———————— ———————————

1.1:1 0.137:1

ILLUSTRATION 15-16

RECEIVABLES TURNOVERILLUSTRATION 15-16

RECEIVABLES TURNOVER

2000 1999

$2,097,000 $1,837,000—————————— = 10.2 times —————————— = 9.7 times $180,000 + $230,000 $200,000 + $180,000—————————— —————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]



15.7 times 2.19 times

NET CREDIT SALES RECEIVABLES TURNOVER = ——————————————— AVERAGE NET RECEIVABLES

The receivables turnover ratio is used to assess the liquidity of the receivables. It measures the number of times, on average, receivables are collected during the period. The ratio is calculated by dividing net credit sales by average net receivables during the year. The receivables turnover ratio and comparative data for Quality Department Store for 2000 and 1999 are calculated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-17

INVENTORY TURNOVERILLUSTRATION 15-17

INVENTORY TURNOVER




COST OF GOODS SOLD INVENTORY TURNOVER = ———————————— AVERAGE INVENTORY 2000 1999

$1,281,000 $1,140,000—————————— = 2.3 times —————————— = 2.4 times $500,000 + $620,000 $450,000 + $500,000—————————— —————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]

The inventory turnover ratio measures the number of times, on average, the inventory is sold during the period – which measures the liquidity of the inventory. It is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by average inventory during the year. The inventory turnover ratio and comparative data for Quality Department Store for 2000 and 1999 are calculated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-18

PROFIT MARGIN RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-18

PROFIT MARGIN RATIO



3.16% 1.8%

NET INCOME PROFIT MARGIN ON SALES = —————— NET SALES 2000 1999

$263,800 $208,500————— = 12.6% ————— = 11.4%$2,097,000 $1,837,000

The profit margin ratio is a measure of the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net income. It is calculated by dividing net income by net sales for the period. The profit margin ratios and comparative data for Quality Department Store for 2000 and 1999 are calculated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-19 CASH RETURN ON SALES RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-19 CASH RETURN ON SALES RATIO



6.2% 7.4%

NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH RETURN ON SALES RATIO = ————————————————————————— NET SALES

2000 1999

$404,000 $340,000————— = 19.3% ————— = 18.5%$2,097,000 $1,837,000

The cash basis counterpart of the profit margin ratio is the cash return on sales ratio which uses net cash provided by operating activities as the numerator and net sales as the denominator. Using net cash provided by operating activities of $404,000 in 2000 and $340,000 in 1999, Quality Department Store’s cash return on sales ratios are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-20

ASSET TURNOVERILLUSTRATION 15-20

ASSET TURNOVER

2000 1999

$2,097,000 $1,837,000—————————— = 1.2 times——————————— = 1.21 times

$1,595,000 + $1,835,000 $1,446,000 + $1,595,000——————————— ——————————— 2 2

[ ] [ ]




NET SALES ASSET TURNOVER = ————————— AVERAGE ASSETS

The asset turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its asset to generate sales. It is determined by dividing net sales by average assets for the period. Quality Department Store’s cash return on sales ratios are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-21

RETURN ON ASSETSILLUSTRATION 15-21

RETURN ON ASSETS

2000 1999

$263,800 $208,500——————————— = 15.4% ——————————— = 13.7%$1,595,000 + $1,835,000 $1,446,000 + $1,595,000——————————— ——————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]



7.42% 1.99%

NET INCOME RETURN ON ASSETS = —————————

AVERAGE ASSETS

An overall measure of profitability is the return on assets ratio. It is calculated by dividing net income by average assets for the period. Quality Department Store’s return on assets ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-22 RETURN ON COMMON

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

ILLUSTRATION 15-22 RETURN ON COMMON

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

2000 1999

$263,800 $208,500——————————— = 29.3% ——————————— = 28.5% $795,000 + $1,003,000 $667,000 + $795,000——————————— ——————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]



18.6% 10.9%

RETURN ON COMMON NET INCOME STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY = ——————————————————————— AVERAGE COMMON STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

A ratio that measures profitability from the viewpoint of the common stockholder is return on common stockholders’ equity. It is calculated by dividing net income by average common stockholders’ equity for the period. Quality Department Store’s return on common stockholders’ equity for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-23 RETURN ON COMMON STOCKHOLDERS’

EQUITY WITH PREFERRED STOCK

ILLUSTRATION 15-23 RETURN ON COMMON STOCKHOLDERS’

EQUITY WITH PREFERRED STOCK

RATE OF RETURN ON COMMON NET INCOME – PREFERRED DIVIDENDS STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY = ——————————————————————— AVERAGE COMMON STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

When preferred stock is present, preferred dividend requirements are deducted from net income to determine income available to common stockholders. The par value of preferred stock (or call price – if applicable) must be deducted from total stockholders’ equity to arrive at the amount of common stockholders’ equity used in this ratio. The ratio then appears as shown below.

When preferred stock is present, preferred dividend requirements are deducted from net income to determine income available to common stockholders. The par value of preferred stock (or call price – if applicable) must be deducted from total stockholders’ equity to arrive at the amount of common stockholders’ equity used in this ratio. The ratio then appears as shown below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-24

EARNINGS PER SHAREILLUSTRATION 15-24

EARNINGS PER SHARE


EARNINGS NET INCOME PER SHARE = ———————————————————————————— WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING

2000 1999

$263,000 $208,500————————— - $.97 ————— - $.77 270,000 + 275,400 270,000————————— 2[ ]

Earnings per share (EPS) of common stock is a measure of net income earned on each share of common stock. It is calculated by dividing net income by the number of weighted average common shares outstanding during the year. Quality Department Store’s EPS for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-25

PRICE-EARNINGS RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-25

PRICE-EARNINGS RATIOThe price-earnings (PE) ratio measures the ratio of the market price of each share of common stock to the earnings per share. It is calculated by dividing the market price per share of common stock by earnings per share. Quality Department Store’s PE ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.


MARKET PRICE PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK PRICE-EARNINGS RATIO = ————————————————————————— EARNINGS PER SHARE

2000 1999

$12.00 $ 8.00——— = 12.4 times ——— = 10.4 times$ .97 $ .77


33 times 22 times

ILLUSTRATION 15-26

PAYOUT RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-26

PAYOUT RATIO



17.5% 44.5%

2000 1999

$61,200 $60,000————— = 23.2% ————— = 28.8% $263,800 $208,500

CASH DIVIDENDS PAYOUT RATIO = —————————

NET INCOME

The payout ratio measures the percentage of earnings distributed in the form of cash dividends. It is calculated by dividing cash dividends by net income. Quality Department Store’s payout ratios for 2000and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

The payout ratio measures the percentage of earnings distributed in the form of cash dividends. It is calculated by dividing cash dividends by net income. Quality Department Store’s payout ratios for 2000and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-27

DEBT TO TOTAL ASSETSILLUSTRATION 15-27

DEBT TO TOTAL ASSETS



42.0% 81.7%

2000 1999

$832,000 $800,000————— = 45.3% ————— = 50.2%$1,835,000 $1,595,000

TOTAL DEBT DEBT TO TOTAL ASSETS = ————————

TOTAL ASSETS

The debt to total assets ratio measures the percentage of total assets provided by creditors, indicating the degree of leveraging. It is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Quality Department Store’s total debt to total assets ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

The debt to total assets ratio measures the percentage of total assets provided by creditors, indicating the degree of leveraging. It is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Quality Department Store’s total debt to total assets ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-28

TIMES INTEREST EARNEDILLUSTRATION 15-28

TIMES INTEREST EARNED


TIMES INTEREST INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND INTEREST EXPENSE EARNED = —————————————————————————————

INTEREST EXPENSE



2000 1999 $468,000 $388,000 ———— = 13 times ———— = 9.6 times $36,000 $40,500

The times interest earned ratio provides an indication of the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due. It is calculated by dividing income before income taxes and interest expense by interest expense. Quality Department Store’s times interest earned ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

The times interest earned ratio provides an indication of the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due. It is calculated by dividing income before income taxes and interest expense by interest expense. Quality Department Store’s times interest earned ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-29 CASH DEBT COVERAGE RATIOILLUSTRATION 15-29 CASH DEBT COVERAGE RATIO

NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH DEBT COVERAGE RATIO = ————————————————————————— AVERAGE TOTAL LIABILITIES

2000 1999

$404,000 $340,000—————————— = .495 times —————————— = .442 times$800,000 + $832,000 $740,000 + $800,000——————————— ——————————— 2 2[ ] [ ]



.38 times .09 times

The ratio of net cash provided by operating activities to average total liabilities is the cash debt coverage ratio and is a measure of solvency. Quality Department Store’s cash debt coverage ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

The ratio of net cash provided by operating activities to average total liabilities is the cash debt coverage ratio and is a measure of solvency. Quality Department Store’s cash debt coverage ratios for 2000 and 1999 are calculated and evaluated below.

ILLUSTRATION 15-30 SUMMARY OF LIQUIDITY,

PROFITABILITY, AND SOLVENCY RATIOS

ILLUSTRATION 15-30 SUMMARY OF LIQUIDITY,

PROFITABILITY, AND SOLVENCY RATIOS

• For users of financial statements to determine earning power or regular income, the irregular items are separately identified on the income statement.

• Three types of irregular items are reported:

1 Discontinued operations,

2 Extraordinary items, and

3 Changes in accounting principle.

EARNING POWER AND IRREGULAR ITEMS

EARNING POWER AND IRREGULAR ITEMS

• Discontinued operations constitutes the disposal of a significant segment of a business.• The income (loss) from discontinued

operations consists of1 the income (loss) from operations and2 the gain (loss) on disposal of the segment.

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS


ILLUSTRATION 15-31 STATEMENT PRESENTATION OF



DISCONTINUED OPERATIONSAcro Energy Inc. has revenues of $2.5 million and expenses of $1.7 million from continuing operations in 2002. The company therefore has income before income taxes of $800,000. The company discontinued and sold its unprofitable chemical division during 2002. The 2002 loss from chemical operations was $140,000 (net of $60,000 in income taxes), and the loss on disposal of the chemical division (net of $30,000 in income taxes), was $70,000. Given a 30% income tax rate, the partial income statement presentation is shown below.

Acro Energy Inc. has revenues of $2.5 million and expenses of $1.7 million from continuing operations in 2002. The company therefore has income before income taxes of $800,000. The company discontinued and sold its unprofitable chemical division during 2002. The 2002 loss from chemical operations was $140,000 (net of $60,000 in income taxes), and the loss on disposal of the chemical division (net of $30,000 in income taxes), was $70,000. Given a 30% income tax rate, the partial income statement presentation is shown below.

• Extraordinary items are events and transactions that meet two conditions:

they are1 unusual in nature and2 infrequent in occurrence.

• Extraordinary items are reported net of taxes in a separate section of the income statement immediately below discontinued operations.

EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS

EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS

ILLUSTRATION 15-32 EXAMPLES OF

EXTRAORDINARY AND ORDINARY ITEMS

ILLUSTRATION 15-32 EXAMPLES OF

EXTRAORDINARY AND ORDINARY ITEMS

SALE

CONDEMNED

4. Destruction of property by fire or explosion


EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS


EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS

ACRO ENERGY INC.Partial Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 2002

Income before income taxes $800,000Income tax expense 240,000Income from continuing operations 560,000Discontinued operations Loss from operations of chemical division, net of $60,000 income tax saving $ 140,000 Loss from disposal of chemical division, net of $30,000 income tax saving 70,000 210,000Income before extraordinary item 350,000Extraordinary item Expropriation of investment, net of $21,000 income tax saving 49,000Net income $ 301,000

In 2002 a revolutionary foreign government expropriated property held as an investment by Acro Energy Inc. If the loss is $70,000, before applicable income taxes of $21,000, the partial income statement presentation will show a deduction of $49,000 – as shown below.

In 2002 a revolutionary foreign government expropriated property held as an investment by Acro Energy Inc. If the loss is $70,000, before applicable income taxes of $21,000, the partial income statement presentation will show a deduction of $49,000 – as shown below.

• To make them comparable, financial statements are expected to be prepared on a basis consistent with that used in the preceding period.• A change in accounting principle occurs when the

principle used in the current year is different from the one used in the preceding year.

• A change is permitted when1 management can show that the new principle is preferable to the old principle and2 the effects of the change are clearly disclosed in the income statement.

CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE


When a change in accounting principle has occurred,1 the new principle should be used in

reporting the results of operations of the current year and

2 the cumulative effect of the change on all prior year income statements should be disclosed net of applicable income taxes in

a special section immediately preceding net income.



ILLUSTRATION 15-34 STATEMENT PRESENTATION OF CUMULATIVE

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE

ILLUSTRATION 15-34 STATEMENT PRESENTATION OF CUMULATIVE

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE

At the beginning of 2002, Acro Energy Inc. changes from the straight-line method of depreciation to the declining-balance method for equipment purchased on January 1, 1999. Assuming a 30% income tax rate the net of income tax effect of the change is $16,800 ($24,000 X 70%). The partial income statement presentation is shown below.

You should be aware of some of the limitations of the three analytical tools illustrated in the chapter and of the financial statements on which they are based.1 Estimates: Financial statements contain numerous

estimates; to the extent that these estimates are inaccurate, the financial ratios and percentages

are inaccurate.2 Cost: Traditional financial statements are based on cost and are not adjusted for price-level changes.

Comparisons of unadjusted financial data from different periods may be rendered invalid by

significant inflation or deflation.

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS


3 Alternative Accounting Methods: Variations among companies in the application of GAAP may hamper comparability. Although differences in accounting methods might be detectable from reading the notes to the financial statements, adjusting the financial data to compensate for the different methods is difficult, if not impossible, in some cases.4 Atypical Data: Fiscal year-end data may not be typical of the financial condition during the year. Firms often establish a fiscal year-end that coincides with the low point in operating activity or in inventory levels. Thus, certain account balances may not be representative of the account balances during the year.5 Diversification of Firms: Diversification in American industry also restricts the usefulness of financial analysis. Many firms today are too diversified to be classified by industry, while others appear to be comparable when they are not.



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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that named in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written consent of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the PermissionsDepartment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copiesfor his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumesno responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of theseprograms or from the use of the information contained herein.

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