Powerful Hero (Dpa’ rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th century Amdo and his mediums

7/30/2019 Powerful Hero (Dpa rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th century Amdo and his mediums

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P h (dpa rtsal): Ptctiv Dit mt 19t cnt Amd and is mdims

Danel Beron, Chs Uivsity, Pgu

Summary: T txt ws th histy th ptctiv dity m Nth-Est it (Amd).It stts with th sty his igi, which xpis hw hmit Sgy Ysh cm dm his pssig wy d ws th ituy tmd y th 8th Kti mst i th t 1th ctuy.T tmig is dscid s isig him t th k ditis d th h cm ps

ptct Kiti msts. At th sm tim h pyd sigict i cvtig th cpp m th B igi t th Gugp vsi Buddhism. His cu tu sucdi ccti with th c cict tw Gugp mstis i Amd. But cty hs cm ivvd i th s-cd Shugd i d usd s tidt t this dity, whichws cty d y ci cics i Dhms. Fm th giig th 20th ctuy hpssssd mdiums i th Kti mstis Ngw d gtshg Lhm. th st mdium

th d th dity ws pd y i th y 2000 d th pcss duig which th m-dium th dity ws cgid s icti is tcd ck i this pp i sm dti.

. Intdctin

It is sm u ys g tht I ws th st tim tvig thugh thKti gtshg Lhm (Kti ig D [d Gddss] Lhm) ms-ty i Amd. T Kti is th m th ig ictd msts its uds d th st i th m th city. Hvig itst i thtditis c ditis, it ws supisig t m tht mks th ms-ty ppty d t hv gtiv ttitud twds th cut c dthus wdy ditis. Tis is i g t vy typic mstis th Gugp tditi i Amd. My mks i Amd csid th cditis t dig with simp y pp ths dys.

I ctst t such ttitud, Kti msty hs sm u mstyts (lab tses, tc.); cis th c ditis, which uy ppititd

) T d sch i th ws supptd y th Rsch Pjct N. MSM 5Lgug s hum ctivity, s its pduct d ct, pjct th Fcuty Ats,

Chs Uivsity. T wk th pp civd uth suppt m th Gt Agcy th Cch Rpuic, pjct N. // (): Ditis it Rigis:Appch th Acdmic Studis Rigis. My thks dsv my ids d c-quitcs tiv m Amd, wh udstd ss mi ymus.


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y mks thugh th umigti itu (bsang) d th stiv cti ddig hug ws t th cust th d s t th ci. T thmsty cis ddictd puy t th c ditis. But th uth ;

cctd with dity cd Pwu H (dpa rtsal); is smhw xcp-ti d supsss th usu css c ditis. T ci is situtd th tp th hi v th msty its. A gv d sm tmp th dity ctd w th ci. T ptct th mstyd c dity thus th pst i him t st gc. Tis is it-stig cs dity wh is pty ituy ttd s c dity (gzhi bdag)d pty s ptct Dcti (chos skyong/ srung ma).

T m this dity typicy vis d i dit sucs h is m-

tid s Dj Pwts (Pwu H Vj, Rdo rje dpa bo rtsal), i shtd wy s Pts (Pwu H, Dpa rtsal), Dgc (Owith Bck Mu, Drel nag can), Kmvj (Vj Activity, Karmaba dzra). T vity ms cts his sic tus. It stsss his pwd c tu (H i his m might udstd s s wi tsti Skt. vra, m css igs withi ts), his c-cti with tic pctics (vj), his ppc s wi idig ck mu. F th sk ucidity, i th wig is th dity wi

mtid thughut th txt s Pts, i.. Pwu H.My sudd itst i th Pwu H ws th cd dw y stgsic th pt th mks, m whm I tid t m dtis. Ittk m xt th ys u supiss d ccidts, t th stispstd h i th pp. It is sty ut th igi w ptctivdity, his susqut mistti thugh th mdiums h pssssd dhis ct ckwdgmt s ptct th it gvmt i xi.

) Mks gtshg Lhm msty hd pm with cig himgzhi bdag(Ld th s, i.. pticu dsigti c dity).T itu ddictd t him d tkigpc t ts ds t di much susttiy m ths ddictd t th c ditis,ut is ccmpid y g itus tkig pc isid th msty. O th th hd, wud t d such dsigti i th txtu sucs, wh h sms t wysttd s ptct Dcti (chos skyongs) rgyal po. Such itu dig with thdity ws s th tpic my d tic (Busk ), yt t tht tim I hd id

ut th igi d ckgud th dity d sm th hypthss pstd th w s t mistk i th ight th pst pp. Sti, th tic ctis thumigti txt usd duig th itu pisig th ci (lab tses stod pa) dmstt-ig his s c dity.

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Figu 2: Mks th Lhm Kti msty ddig thi ws t th ci PwuH. T itu hig th dity is t sigifcty dit m tht y cmmuitisi th giv (pht: uth 200).

Figu 1: mp Pwu H i Lhm Kti msty. T ci th dity is thtp th hi with th gv w it. Dw th sp is th tmp its; cd rgyal khang

tmp th kig (pht: uth 2004).

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2. T iin t dit

Ntis ut th igi th dity suvivd i tw txtu sucs d

th thm wi pstd h i th tsti w. But st, thsty ut th cti th dity wi summid; th with th hp th txtu sucs d with cmmts m ctmpy imtsivig i th .

It is sid tht th igi th dity is ud up with th pst discip th th Kti p Gytsh (Bstan pai rgyal mtshan, 171217), th ud th Lhm Kti msty (h udd it wig th y 1748). O his discips ws mk Sgy Ysh (Sangs rgyas ye shes). T mk t -

cm hmit d pcticd ssiduusy th t Vjhiv t vy m th Lhm Kti i th s-cd Upp Tw (the stod).

T is sm tmp th wdys with sig mk pmig di-y itus t th dity Pwu H. Duig my visit t th tmp i 2006th mk shwd m stp ctiig ics th hmit mk SgyYsh isid th tmp. As sh th gigs th pst hmit hpstd th cpy Pjpmit i 8000 vss witt i gd, -ivd t his w wk. Ath cuisity ws pitd chst which s

gdy gd t th pst hmit Sgy Ysh. It is ivd tht thhmit pitd his s-ptit its sid.Tis hmit Sgy Ysh ptd my tims th s cd t-mt

Vjhiv, ut sti h did t succd i pctisig th tt thistuty dity. His tch, th th Kti, c td him, tht h did, hwtd t ssd y him; his discip-hmit. Wh Sgy Ysh gwd d t tht dth ws ppchig him, h st his svt t th Ktimst with ivitti t cm ssigs. F sm s it hppdtht Kti did t cm. Sgy Ysh gt gy d did t tht mmt. Atth sm tim th mu h usd t id did s w.

T mk pmig diy itus t th cti th m hmitgshwd m pc th tmp which ws, ccdig t him, th pc th dth th hmit. w juip ts w gwig th d ccdigt th mk ths sm th hs u-hdd Vjhiv, thtuty dity th m hmit.

3) T sucs c th hmitg Nyin shug. T cti his hmitg is w kimts

m mus pigimg pc cd Ht Wts (chu tshan/ chu khol), i th vy -hid th wst muti this hy pc.) T t-mt (rtsa sngags) us: O Yamarja sadomeya Yamedoruayodaya Yadayo-

nirayakeya Yakeyacchaniramya h h pha pha svh.



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Figu 4: Msks pcu d wthu ppcs Pwu H i th tmp which iss th cti th hmit Sgy Ysh (pht: uth 2006).

Figu : T gd s-ptit th hmit Sgy Ysh, wh cm dm d t thdity Pwu H. It is pitd th sid th chst dpsitd i th tmp which is sth cti his m hmitg; t m hy pc Ht Wts (pht: uth 2006).

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A his dth uvu thigs sttd t ccu i th . My p-p w kid ud stg cicumstcs d umu tht th mhmit cm dm his dth sttd t cicut. T d cmdpputd.

M th hudd ys pssd th withut much chg uti th 8thKti Lzg Tiy (Blo bzang phrin las, 18100) ws ivitd t this y c ictd mst Mgu Ripch (Rmog ru rin po che) t itu-y tm th dm h. Tis vt tk pc t t th m hmitg,ut t th y hy pc Ht Wts, wh sm stp w mks itccdig t c imts. Kti tmd him succssuy i 188. Duigth itu pcss tmig h dd pit t dpict th wthu dpcu ppc th dity wig his istucti (i.. wig his

sig /gzigs/ th dity-dm) sm pitd cds (tsa ka li), which wth pcd i th c vig tmp. O th txts dscis th tmigs s isig him t th k dity.

Figu : T tmp Pwu H which is s th cti th m hmitg Sgy Ysh. It is kpt up y Sthi Lhm msty w s ttmpt t pps th g th dity twds its mks (pht: uth 2006).



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Figu 6: T pc wh th hmit Sgy Ysh did. w juip ts t th smth hs his u-hdd tuty dity ccdig t th tmp-kp (pht: uth 2006).

Kti cmpsd itu txts with sdh ddictd t th dity, which su-vivd mg his cctd wks. H ppitd him t his ps p-tct d t h uit his tmp (rgyal khang) i Lhm Kti mstys w s i th w msty udd y him i Ngw (Rnga ba). Tdity cm ptct Kti msts d his cut spd i th vigs dmstis Upp Tw.

t th sucs spk thmsvs th th i txts mtiig thigi th dity wi pstd i tsti h.T st dscipti

5) T th itu txts ddictd t th Pwu H, wh is cd s Kmv-j h, i th cctd wks th Eighth Kti: Srog bdag rdo rje dpa po rtsal kyi dragbskul dus mthai me dpung la (5is), Bstan srung karma ba dzra yi gsol mchod bka rgya

ma (3is), Rgyal chen karma ba dzrai rjes gnang la (is). A icudd i th stvum his cctd wks (mkd s ithi). S Lhg p tsh ig 99, p. dhttp://www.tc.g (it Buddhist Rsuc Ct, wks ctd y B zg phis st p gy mtsh).

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th pcss tmig th dity y th 8 th Kti pps i his g ig-phy m th 1th ctuy (Zhw dm pit dg du st di gymtsh, Cg ug khi g jm dygs thu st gy mtsh, 2007, pp.1160):

Duig th scd (mth th y 188) h md pptis his visit t th (hy pc)Ht Wts i (th city cd) Kygtsh. Sv visis ppd t th (c mst)Ag Mgu Ripch (vig tht) th tim hd cm th Kig Kygtsh (i. spiit th city) t isd t th k dity. Fwig this h thught tht h hims ws t t d it. H tud t Ag Djchg (i.. Kti mst) d skd whth h, thughhis gt kidss, wud d it duig ths dys d h d him vy g stip sik.(Kti) wt t th Ht Wts th vth dy ( th scd mth). Duig th ightth ppd th hws wvs t th u pits th cmpss m his cmpmtd h csidd this t m. H dd ch th th vigs Kygtsh tpp sustcs th umigti itu. Ad cmpsig w umigti txt T

S Rug th Ld Sws duig th fth dy ( th scd mth) h pmd

) F th igi it txt s ppdix . .

Figu 7: Hy pc Ht Wts, wh th dm th m hmit ws tmd ccdigt c pp (pht: uth 2006).



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th umigti itu, ig scici cks, d mpwd (th spiit) t Ptct Dhm. Ctig sm pictu-cds with th wthu d pcu (dpicti ) th NwKig (rgyal gsar), ths w th pcd i th tmp th kig (rgyal khang). Tis Kigwith Bck Mu ws mst; th discips ccmpishd (th Kti) py Gytsh-. H ws th s dm (dre), dwt t th hmitg Nyishug d ws hmig th-s vy cuy. H ws such kid tht t v his m ws uttd i th suudig

s. But sic th tim wh h ws isd t th k dity, h cmd dw d cmgt. Wh h t ctd i ccdc with ds ( Kti mst), it ws s i th pvi-us (hmu dds) tud t him i his qut timidity. But m tim t tim it smdtht this Ptct Dhm hd t cm t cu d vit ig. (T Kti mst)thught tht i th tims his gt vic it ws impssi t chg his mid. Tus hmdittd Avkitv s his miy-d d cmpssi ws ivkd s much s pssi.It is sid tht it hppd i such wy.

It sms tht th sty is smhw td t th itducti th cut Avkitv t Tw. T scd txt tstd h pps i th -

ct utigphy (rtogs brjod) Jigm Rigp Ld (11018), t whmit ws gdy sid y sci Kti mst. G uti th styis i gmt with th pvius vsi. But it dds itstig ts

Figu 8: Stp cmmmtig th pc wh th dm ws tmd y 8th

Kti, wh isdhim t th k dity h; isid th hy pc Ht Wts (pht: uth 2006).

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th dut c pp (Jigs m igs pi gs 187, pp. 646; Jigs migs pi gs 2007, pp. 146147):

A discip (th Fih) Kti py Gytsh, wh is kw s s Uqud Kti, cdwt i this pt th vy cd Kygtsh. T m th discip ws Sgy Ysh dh ws puiyig his dmt. H ptd hudd ii tims th Ymj mt (i..th t-mt Vjhiv). It is s kw tht h th tims ttmptd t gm, ut it cm dmgd.

Wh h gw d, Pcius Kti td him: Wh yu cm cs t pssig wy, yu wihv t c m t yu piw up y tms. Lt, wh his dy ws wkig, h cdhis mst, ut (th mst) did t cm. T discip gt gy i his ht d t tht m-mt h pssd wy. T mu h usd t id hd sw y d it s did t th smmmt. Immdity tht tks ut mud wh ws ctuy s h spd i

th d pp th cuty.T Eighth Kti Lg Tiy d tht th tim tmig him hd cm. O th d-

std pi h pitchd his tt styig. Tugh th itu th ptctiv cic h ctuysummd th sujct his visuiti; h mpwd him, istuctd d md him hissvt. Mwhi th tist sttd t mk his dpicti. T dity ws stdiy s-d-ig; d th whit-ggd mu d hd ts i his hds. H ws giv th m Ptct chig Kmvj Pwu H. H is s cd Ptct Kti, th ckmu m Kygtsh. Kti cmpsd sdh him, itu txt istuctig, stiti,

pyig, tc., which i his cctd wks.Tis histy I hv hd m th sci Kti Khwg Lzg Sgy, s h hd it m

th Pcius Mst (Kti) hims. Lt I thught tht pp wh kw v ughy thishisty , s I wt it dw s ig psig t th Ptct chig hims.Ts wh d t kw th histy, mix up usy (this dity) with th dity kw

s Gdth Tw (A myes the bo). Gdth Tw ws hmu dm yug pi th tim Pdmsmhv d th uidig Smy. Wh mst Pdmsmhv x-pd him t th mgis th cuty, (th dm) k his g, s h ws kw s D-m (d) with id g. H scpd d hid hims i th st Tw, thgtshg Lhm msty. Stis ut his hmig w umus d pssd thughgtis. It is sid tht his cu is i th mth Kti msty, it is cu simi t thskpt y Chis ists; twistd i th m sk. I sw it mys

3. T bacnd t t st

T tw xistig vsis cdd i th txts. T scd vsictis usi t ttiv sty, wh sttig tht sm ppcsid th dity t i ct Gdth Tw, i.. th gdth

) F th igi it txt s ppdix . .) Mth Kti msty is i K hmitg t vy m Ngw, it ws udd th

y Fist Kti.



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this pticu gi. My sch sm imti such dity thi th txtu sucs d mg th pp th giv ws i vi.Hwv, th w vidty m stis th igi th dity. O

thm, py cctd with th d histy this cd Tw(Gdth Tw) d kw m tditi, disppd withuttc t pcd y sty dispyig th pw th Kti msts dthi mstis.

Lc ditis mus imptc y cmmuitis i Amd.Ty immdit suc th idtity d idpdc pticuc d ud up with pst h. H w witss th imiti th d dity th thugh pcig him with wy-itducd

. Tugh th sty th w dity is cctd with micuus pws Kti msts d this ms s th chg idtity th c p-p. Ty cm csy ud up with th Buddhist msty. T dityis suc w-ig th c pp. With th chg thi pi-cip dity it Pwu H, thi w dity is t ym ppchddicty y th vigs th . Excusiv ccss is w svd thKti msts, wh w stt t mdit mtts imptc tw thy cmmuitis d th dity. Tt such dvpmt mt with succss is

pvd y th ct tht th Pwu H d Kti msts wshippdy mst Buddhist cmmuitis i Upp Tw ths dys. As iusttivcs might mtid th vig Lw Nmd Zu (Brog pa gza rus

og ma) i th Tw . Isid thi vig tmp th is ct sttu Pwu H dity with sm sttu th c dity th vig -sid him. It is s i th Pwu H ws th picip , wh chcks dvss th th dig th cmmuity d thi c dity w k.

Wh cmig ck t th d histic vts, it wud cm p-pt, tht th dity d th itducti his cut pyd imptt i Buddhist missiy ctivitis i this pticu . I this gicd Tw, B igi uishd t st m th 12th uti th 17th c-tuy, wh Buddhism sttd t itducd h. Oy m gm-ty ts c tht i 1671 miity xpditi ws d t UppTw (th pc t tmig th dm-mk) y th Buddhist um C. Accdig t suc h kid th vig ds d p-pitd w s h (Dk mchg i ch 1, p. 1). Buddhism thGugp d ws itducd i such cu wy h d it ds t

sm tht kiig th tditi vig ds wud pisd y th -c pp t tht tim. Tt th cvsi t Buddhism ws t smth ispvd y th gmt m histis spkig ut th miity

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xpditi, which ws d h wig th upisig c pp i 168(Mg p dg gy 17, p. ).

A th udig Lhm Kti msty i 1748 t th wst d

Tw d sid th pty std hy pc gtshg Lhmsuudd y pdmity mdic sttmt, Kti msts cms ivvd i th missiy ctivitis i Tw d ctiud th mis-siy wk sttd y th us C. Fm th pit viw thBuddhist mstic uthitis th Tw ws s s wid tity whichshud tmd d civiizd. As iustti thi ttitud th is thisxtct m much t txt; hgigphy 8th Kti mst m th t1th ctuy. It is t supisig tht th xtct ds t mti um-

us cit Bp sgs wh c ivd i th d w vtd yc pp. Istd it piss th Buddhist missi his pdcss, thth Kti mst d th ud th gtshg Lhm msty (Zhwdm pit dg du st di gy mtsh mchg, Lcg ug khi gjm dygs thu st gy mtsh, p. 16):

Tis vy Tw ws simi t dk i pc with gt hy ps ivigh i th pst. Tugh th pw gt siddh ( th Kti) py Gytsh d his gtcmpssi is th tus his hd, pticu vigs th Tw vy sttd t

mk dpicti Avkitv t tht tim d guy pm th stig tts withchtig mts. Ad svg hums d -hums m this pt d cm d tth whit sid. Ad sic tht tim s th -hums csd t stuct th Dcti dmg mst th sujct pp th hits pmig d spiig t vitu spd.

Tt th svg hums d -hums cm d t th whit sid c-cs s th dity ud th sptight. Fm th i xtct it is md

9) Ts w msty tw Bp sgs ivig py i th th ctuy d kw udth ms Skyang phags d Gtso phags. dy g um hd, t- d thimpits i th sts th Tw scid t thm. Skyang phags is itimtytid t th hy pc cd Brag dkar bya rgod(Whit Vutu Rck) i Tw, wh hvd tsu-txt d y c Bps h is s cditd with th pig th hypc. Mst th Bp mstis cim thi igi m ths tw msts thiss. F cs s Busk , pp. 9, t .

) T it txt ds: Sg th g di skys ch dm p su yg mi y pi mthkh mu gig t u yd tsh gu dg st pi gy mtsh gyis phgs mchg phyg pdmi thugs j sku i sts kyis th g gi sd s s phgs p spy s gzigs

kyi sku hgs p dg/ m i smyug gs kyi gyu dugs p sgs mdd ps/ phygsdi mi dg mi m yi gdug tsu ch ms kyg m dk gyi phygs gh yug/ d phyi chd mi mi ms kyis kyg chs chd mi yd p dg/ ssky ph ch gyis kyg dg yd pi s d yi sts/.



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vidt tht v sm 200 hudd ys th miity xpditi th d C, y th d 1th ctuy th 8th Kti sti hd t h d- wuds cctd with th itducti Buddhism t th i

Tw. O ds sv usis t th itu pcicti ds ckid h i his hgigphy, such s, xmp, th wig stci th txt, dig with th w hus wk m Ht Wts. It isth city wh th tmig th mk-dm tk pc (Zhw dmpit dg du st di gy mtsh mchg, Lcg ug khi g jmdygs thu st gy mtsh, 2007, p. 211):

F th sk th pst u m th tim wh h ws cvtd t Buddhism, h (i.. Kti)

cid ut th puicti itu d th itu ts his csciusss thugh thVic t-itus.

Such itus w pmd h t dm th kiig th tditi d-s i th th distt 17th ctuy pst. Ad it is thus md c tht thc ihitts i th 1th ctuy sti t i ivy m th mischiccmpyig th cu spd Buddhism h i th pst. But i th1th ctuy th si ws tiid ugh h m ctiv cvsi

th c ihitts. T sty th igi Pwu H must s s pt this.Summig up, th cut Pwu H pyd imptt i th

cvsi th c pp m Upp Tw t Gugp Buddhism dthi suditi t th Kti msty. Nwdys, th stms cmmuist xpimts i th 20th ctuy, y th tis ut thdity m th sid th Kti msts suviv. With th highst piityth Pwu H pcd d ditis d pyd ssti i p-mtig th uthity Kti msts d th Gugp d. It mt with suc-css, th psiti Kti mst mg th c pp is ushk thsdys i th pticu d th d ditis d tis suudigthm hv mst tc.

T Pwu H pys miguus d it is t sy t ditydtmi his psiti. I him, tus th kids ditis pstsimutusy. Fisty, th is th dity th rgyal po css. Tis kid dity vvs m pwu idividu his dth. Tus his tmps imstis cd rgyal khang tmp rgyal po. His scd tu

) T it txt ds: Dp tshg du sg m dp g dus chs su gyu pi d duku ig ts i ch gi sgs sygs chg dg ph sgs gg.

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ds t csh with th st . Tugh th itu tmig h cmps ptct Kti msts d ptct Dcti. But th thidtu mks him xcpti. H is cy wshippd s s c dity

(gzhi bdag) thugh th umigti itu (bsang), hvig his ci (la btses),wh h dws. It is this tu which pits t th itsts c pp.

Bsids this h cm s dity pssssig his chs dity-mdi-ums m th giig th 20th ctuy. Tis s might s s d-diti tu stgthig his iuc v th c pp.

4. T ca cnfict gpa mnastis

B cmig t th dity-mdiums Pwu H, his th tuswi itducd h i ti t th cict i th pticu igtshg Lhm. Wh it ws mtid tht i 1748 th Fih Kti s-tishd th gtshg Lhm msty, this ws t tgth ccut.Ath msty ws udd h sid it y Gytsh Sgg (Rgyalmtshan seng ge 1678176), m d t (sthi / gd th hd/,

gser khri) Gd msty Lhs i th sm y. Tis tit its

ud gv th m t this pticu msty cd Lhm Sthi sdistiguishd m Lhm Kti. Bth mstis w ths th Gugpd d t th tim udig thm th did t sm t y cicth d py th w s csidd t uit.

T wig scd Sthi mst (Blo bzang rgyal mtshan seng ge, 177184) spd Gugp tchigs widy i th , msty thugh um w mstis i this pt Amd. T mdic pstus suudigthm w m ig pcu d d mg th md tis thw qut xpditis y ds s. T sty gs tht h utwith th c chi, wh xcisd sm pw v th Sthi Lhm m-sty. At th sm tim h sttd t p his w msty i Hzu (Gt-sos) s his mi sidc. Accdig t th ts i th hgigphy Sthi msts, th c d cctd with his Sthi gtshg Lhmmsty cm jus. H distiutd wps t th mks Sthimsty d duig ight h ut dw th Km (Dkar moiklad) msty, th quicky gig mstis udd y thscd Sthi i th md Dzg. T itti is xpid s

ttmpt t c th Sthi mst t cm ck t Lhm. T mks thut msty w dispsd d sm thm mvd t th Hzu m-sty, which ws s t d d dstyd. T Sthi mst ws ucky



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ugh t scp. Athugh sm dtis th vt mi duius; whtis imptt i this sty is th ct tht th utu mk-dm d t thptctiv dity Pwu H is ptd t igiy mk Km-

msty ud dw y mks d y pp cctd with LhmSthi msty. Ad ccdig t th sucs h vy w mmd thiswg-dig. Tugh this icidt th c tiv xpis his g t-wds th t Sthi msty cmig dity y th d 1th ctuy.

Ts ( th cicts smhw summid i th sig sty) dvtuy t imsity tw th mks Kti Lhm msty dth Sthi ; imsity which ctius t ths dys. It sms tht ywith th 4th Sthi mst, smhw t ccptd y th ighuig Kti

msty, did such ivy tw ths tw mstis stt. M mdcicts tw thm hv hppd sic tht tim. T cst md cict tw th vigs suditd t Kti d Sthi m-stis v m th 140s (Dk mchg i ch 1, pp. 142).

With Chis md itvti wig i th 10s d th t d-stucti th mstis th d cict did t cs d y tk w m. T 11th Kti mst (Blo bzang bstan dzin jigs med ye shes rgyamtsho, 146) d t Idi i 1 wig th upisig i it. I 12

h udd th w Lhm Kti msty i Idi Dhms d i 17

) T sucs t vy xpicit ut ths vts. H, th wy dscipti th c-ict ws th Ktis spch (tstd i th xt chpt), ut ccig th dtig th cict this is giv i ckts i th igi txt s . . 5, which ct c-ctd with scd Sthi, ut th st . H spks cy ut scd Sthi msti his mtu g, ut h ws y th ys t th giv y th cict;i 5. Histy Dcti i Amd mtis cict tw th scd Sthi ms-t d th c chi md Dpon po dpal ldan seng ge, which sutd i th sty thscd Sthi i H (Bg dg p dk mchg st p gys, 9, p. 5). Tis

py t d t th cict mtid h d is vividy dscid i th utig-phy th scd Sthi (s Aymus , . , which h is xtsivy citdm th utigphy th scd Sthi cd Rang rnam nyi moi od), duig whichHu ws ivdd y ths i whm th dm sttd, ud th msty i H-u d kid mks th. Yt, msty Km is mtid i ths sucs. mk th wh mtt th cusig, sm cict is mtid i th hgigphy 5th Kti s hppig i 5, ut it is cctd with sm umd hmitg d isgiv y i vy usiv wy (H spu sku jm dygs mkhs gu , p. 3). It ispssi tht ths vius cicts w smhw mixd up i th spch th ctm-py Kti mst. Lt, th ig Sthi msts spit it ths Hu d ths

gtshg Lhm, sttig with th th

Sthi.3) Sic th d sucs typicy t vy stightwd, must tk it ccuts th pssiiity highightig y sm tus th d cict c hppigh d phps mtuig with th pssig tim.

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h cm miist (k) th xid it gvmt i Idi (Mi-ist Rigi d Cutu i th ys 171). Tis th ctstswith th dvpmt suudig th Lhm Sthi msty sic its -

pig i th 180s. T Sthi mst (Blo bzang rnam rgyal lung rig seng ge, 18) is, uik th Kti mst, mid d sic 12 hs mm- umus pitic cmmitts i th Ksu pvic. His mstyis t s s pmtic d civs suppt m th c gvmt.

T pst cicts d ctvsis ths tw mstis sti py sig-ict i th w d iuc th vydy i th vigscctd with thm. Vy cty th ws cict tw th tw vi-gs Jik (Rgye khags) d B (Bhos) gtshg Lhm i Sptm

2007. Ech th vigs is cctd with dit msty. Accdigt my imts m m B st his yk. H ud it i th pstus Jik vig d tk it ck. Ath m m Jik vig udstd thiss stig d wt t B vig d whi guig h kid th m mB. Bth vigs md thmsvs with pssi wpy witig thfght. Li i gtshg Lhm cm pyzd with csd shps d div-s usig t d thi wk. Whi styig th mys duig th scdh Oct th cict ws sti t svd. O th mi pms

ws tht ch th vigs ws cctd with dit msty ddu t th discd tw thm suit igius uthity th sidscud t ud t stt th cict s is th tditi u i th .Biy ugh, Chis ivig i th cmmtd up th whvt sigicty t m: its d t hv ss cmics, thcmic ss duig th cict is m th 100 000 yus.

5. rsapin t cnfict

It might p tht th cict tw th mstis hs dy pcivd smhw s cict tw thi ptctiv ditis (srung ma)i th pst. It is sid ( cctss must dd tht y i ct suc-s) tht th mk-hmit, wh t cm Ktis ptctiv dity PwuH, ws i th pst mk th Km msty. T tivscicutig tdy ut igmtic dths sv mks Sthi ms-ty scid t th g Pwu H. Ts pst vts s mk u-

dstd th ct tht th sm tmp, uit t th pc th hmitg th mk Sgy Ysh (th mk, wh cm ptct Pwu H),is kpt up y th Sthi msty. T xpti is tht Pwu H



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cusd th dths um mks Lhm Sthi d thus thughdiy wship y ppitd mk th g th dity is t ppsd.But it s might pit t th ct, tht th cict ws viwd y s th -

g Pwu H gist th Sthi msty, t th th wy ud.T ptctiv dity th Sthi Lhm msty is imptt sti. It

is pmtic dity, s rgyal po css, cd Shugd (Dgy). Adsic th ctvsy ccig this ptctiv dity cm, th ctym th 10s tht ccd th mst ssitiv issus tuchigup th highst cics its d th Di Lm hims, it is thtu tht th cict tw th tw mstis tk w chc-t cty. Fisty, th cict tw th mstis cm viwd i

) Athugh th w kw, th vts cctd with Shugd might iy summizdi th wig wy. T cut Shugd ppd st i th tim th h Di Lm() d is csy td t th i sch md Grags pa rgyal mtshan (955), wh ws usuccssu cdidt th 5th Di Lm, ut t w cgiti iDpug msty s sch d ws cgizd s th icti th Pch S-m Dgp (Bsod nams grags pa, 55), th tch th thid Di Lm. As th thm w m Dpug mstis, sm discd ppd mg its mks. Accdigt sm sucs, h ws kid dtig th fh Di Lm i dt, ut th sucsmti his suicid cmmittd udig qus. B it s t, s vius cmi-tis d disss up th . Hispost mortem xistc ws cgid s th micus th dissts. H ws ituy tmd d ppitd th ptct th msty.

Athugh sic tht tim sm suspici hs ppd twds th cut Shugd th pt sv high-kig mks, much ctvsy hs ddd sic, sttigm th 9th ctuy. T dity sumd th tu th gudi th pu chig th Gugp d s cti t th cumic mvmt kw s Rim (ris med).O th schs th Gugp d kw s Phgkhp (Pha bong kha pa, 9) spd th cut cy with such itti hid it.

T pst Di Lm ws ductd withi such tditi d h wshippd th dityuti 95. Tis ws th tim wh suspici s i him twds th cut, ut th dcisiv

s jctig th dity sms t pdictis uttd y th stt c s muth-pic ditis Pd Lhm d Nchug. I 9 h th st tim puicy jctdth cut, ut this ws d i t vy stict wy wh cmpd t his much t stps.

His jcti th cut gv is t sistc m th sid sm th wshipps Shugd d i sm thi pgis th cut v th uthticity th pstDi Lm ws disputd. Tis is pticuy cctd with Lg msty i Amdd miy its ud kw s st Jmyg Zhp (/). I th ud-mt wks this wd sch, th Histy th Dcti Vjhiv (Rdorje jigs byed chos byung), h dis th uthticity th th Di Lm (th w kwpmtic Di Lm d pt shangs dbyangs rgya mtsho 3/?/) d his wk

cm usd s gumt y ppts th pst Di Lm.T sctig situti d th pst Di Lm t much stict puic jcti th cut Shugd i 99. Fwig th dcisi th pimt i xi, um high-kig it cis i Idi hd t sig suti sticty iddig th

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tms th imsity thi ptcts gist ch th; s cict Pwu H d Shugd. I dditi t this, th c c cict wsisd t th much m g v it igius d t th sm

tim pitic uthitis d s csquc it is s s stugg twsuppts th Di Lm d his ppts cuitd m ws Shugd. Ad cus, th Chi-ctd gvmts vius v-s cm ivvd i th cict s w.

Whi th Chis uthitis td t s such cict s pitic issu,m th sid its it mis t sm dg igius . At stsm thm icid t s it s. Such viw c chctid ycitig spch 11th Kti m 2000 y, wh mks usis th -

cit sttus Sthi mst, wh is mid d s disys th viyus (Aymus , pp. 6667):

cut. O th th hd th w sv gitis supptig th cut stishdth i Idi d d. Amg th it msts ptig i th Wst, py thst kw pgist th cut is gsh Kg Gytsh sidig i Gt Biti, whsth ws mdium Shugd d wh thus hd itimt tiship with th dity.Ad this situti did t mi i th dmi psciptis d pgis. I 99th ppts th cut Shugd cs t th Di Lm w ituy mudd, thhd th Istitut Dictics i Dhms d his tw studts. T muds widtid s six it wcms t Idi; igiy m Amd. O cus, th is sus-pici tht ths muds w mpyd ith y Chis uthitis, y thgiztis m Dhi supptig Shugd. A vu study G. Dyus cvicigygus tht th ts th cict y i csh visi th pst Di Lm, whws th cumic ppch th 5th Di Lm, d csvtiv cics stssigth puity Gugp tditi (s Dyus 99). F th th dtid gumttim th sid Di Lm s Tu st ug igs 99.

5) T it txt ds: Ng gd di g skys p yi dus/ m dg s gd psky dg dg s ggs dg phi s sgu p d khi gshis k yi dus/ m dg s

hig yug gd p sky gyi d/ mi gd hg d ui gd p sky gyim d/ hg p du dm tshig yms chg yd pi igs g phi s tshg gis/g spyd gy du gm zhig khyd gsd kyis/ zhs sgs k gg zhi g spydgy du gm s m gw tshg khyd gsd kyis sdd yd p d tsh sgi mdy shs kyi spy gyis y gigs s k chd p thg md hi gyg dgs pd cs k gg yd ps/ d tshi gs sug m dis m dg ys s gd kyi d/m g jug gi m d/ khs gd p gtg gi d/ gd p gtg dgs p khi s gd/ spyi sug m hs p dg pi phi s sgu pi chd sku hgs p hig dggdug p c ms tsh gcd pi chd yi dus gd p yg gi d m gtgs h gh pg zhi gd p d d ts s yg gi m d/ gs p d gyis i gs chug dg

g gcig d/ dk phygs skyg i h hig tu m tshd d hig gis k sgspi sug m yi dus/ mi gd p dg gd p sgs yg i dgs p m tg skydgs kyi m d/ kh shs kyis ch sid dg i thg s d d shd dug mkh ug yg sid/ d tsh s y dgs p m d/.



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Wh his tu s dm s i (Pwu H), h ws sdig hm t th pcs hdisikd d idd ths whm h ikd. Tis ws his chct wh h ws ccmpish-ig his hy dds. Wh smthig h did t ik ppd, h ws sdig hm. H did t

hm i th wy which is dscid s dm tig m.Ad i dditi t this, Lg Ti shg (i.. th 8th Kti) istuctd him ccigths wh k thi vws: Yu shud spciy disspct ths wh shw with d -hviu. I such d th wys h ws istuctd d s h disspctd ths msts c-gs wh w stig with thi d hviu d wh csy svig thm with hispu y pimdi wisdm, stict puishmt cm s i ightig wud stik. H wsistuctd i such wy. Tis ptct disikd d hmd ths such kid. But t thswh w wig th pth ( Dcti). H ws sdig hm. sd hm ws his duty.Gy, wh sys ptct, this is such , wh iss i his dy i d t ccm-pish c hy dds d t ihit ths vi s. Ad y i such (css) ds hmcm. Amg th ditis such hm is v cusd. I th utimt ss h is tu

with (th ptct) Nchug. Wh th is ptctiv dity gudig th whit sid, wh isistuctd y cmptt mst, th is d t ccd ut his hmig thmig d i such wy t giv is t discimitig thught. T ppd sv pp,wh xpi this i such wy ( discimitig thught) d thugh th ccti withpitics. T is d t ist t thm

Futh i th spch th pst Kti mst th c th sty utth cict is pcd it mwk which y cty cm gtimptc. It is w viwd s cict gist ctvsi Shugd m

its giigs, thugh ct suppt this thugh vidc m thd txts (Aymus , pp. 6770):

) T it txt ds: D gy dg md p m zd d gy dg mi mthu phig g hi gyis chgs yd/ khi gy mtsh sg g (dg d khi thg g gsump) h phs s h m gs khi dg p d phyg t () p di sug m shugsd d/ di sku phg gyis p gtss gs khi sku phg dg p d h m gs khiidg p dg thugs m mthu p d/ mdd dgi g gi s dk mi kd kyi dg pz i mtsh yid dg p zhig t p d kh shs kyi g gw p stg kh m zitsm hig yug st h s pi ph gys yug d/ gtss gs khi i gy dg d

sg mtsh sy ggs h s p hig gys s dk mi kd kyi dg p skygs pyi dus/ h m gs khi yd pi d p m dg s g tsh dg p gyg gi mi dugdg p d md p s tshu phs yg gi d s mtsh m h mi gs khiigw p tshi g tu mtsh ch hg s dk mi kd kyi dg p m sgs (5 h tshs ) tg dus gtss gs khi y si g s dm hg m phyg mddh du t gcig h s s t sgi gs g yi gyis ig yi s sdd dgsyug i sks m gtgs/ khg gi mi s dg gw p tshs dgg m mtsh dmggy p hig yi p h g yd p m d/ s tshg m sdd m thu p mgtss m phs p d/ d s ug shugs d dg chd p d/ dp tsgyi sku phg dg p d dk mi kd kyi dg p di gw p d/ dk mi kd kyi

dg pi m dg gw p gyis k md p s mkh gs khi dg gg gyisyi dus gs khi dg gg dg di sug m dg cs p kh yug i dg gism dg hig g hi gyis chgs p d/ js su h mi g dp ts d h kddus ph phygs gs khi shugs d gyi dg kg dg tshu phygs dp ts gyi

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Nt y tht (Pwu H) hs ccti t Dgy (i.. Shugd), h cm vdiscdt with him. Wh th /th t Gd msty/ Gytsh Sgg cm tLhm d udd Lhm Sthi msty /i 1748/, its ptct ws Shugd. T scd

icti ( Lhm Sthi mst) is th st icti Sthi msty i Hu.His mid ws i discd with Lhm Sthi msty. I th mds d Dg hudd msty with cg chctistics cd Km. It hppd tht withi w ys th w mst thusd mks i this msty d i such supisigwy th msty ws gig. Ad t th tim wh th Sthi msty i Hu gidw i Chi, it d Mgi d wh th Km msty ws pspig, thLd (dbon po) Lhm Sthi msty cm dispsd. H sid tht (th Lhm Sthimsty) hs d d i h dstys th (Km) msty, (th Sthi) wi cm ck.Duig th ight h distiutd wps t th mks Lhm Sthi msty d uddw th Km msty /26th dy th 7th mth 174/ (s t 7). At th sm tim thHu Sthi scpd m his spig pc kd; idig hs tgth with his tsu.

Ty w hidig tw dys i th st Lg witig th. Mv, it is t supisigtht his sujcts tgth with mks did t udstd wht ight fghtig mt. A mstsd discips (m Km msty) cud t sty th d thy wt dw t th Hzu.I Hu, th ws hit dhig t Shugd. It sms tht sic tht tim th cc-ti with Shugd hs ituptd. T fst micuus mistti (i.. Sgy Yshwh ws i his xt i s dm) Pwu H ws mk th Km m-sty. At th tim wh (Lhm) Sthi msty d its vigs cusd th dci thmsts d mks th Km msty, th ppd mic twds Sthi ms-ty, its vigs tgth with its ptct. Ad tuy disik ws stishd i him. Lt,Pwu H ws md dity. O th sid th Sthi msty th ws tmp

Shugd d th th sid th ws tmp Pwu H. It ws hit t xpithis s i thy w cig ch th, dcidig (th mtt tw thm) whi styig i thispsiti. Wh kws i it ws s t? Ad smtims it hppd tht i th p pc th msty th ws pitd sc Pwu H cmig th thw dw

T spch Kti mst must tk s pt th itptti th d d my c cict thugh th ct vts cctd withShugd. Fm his pspctiv th stss th cict tw th twptctiv ditis ssumd ct imptc. But th is vidc thtShugd ws s ppititd y 8th Kti, wh stds hid th igi his ptct Pwu H, i th m th ppititi txts ddictdt Shugd, which w cmpsd y him d c ud mg his c-ctd wks (Lhg p tsh ig 10, p. 816).

Bsids it, it is s vidt hw th ctmpy Kti mst viws thcict puy th igius v s cict tw pu mkhd(pstd y stict dhc t viy us) d dvit m ms-tic i. T Pwu H is t ptct th fst d t hm th scd.

h khg yd p d/ d gyis kyg kh spd t u hig kh sdd yd cs shd syd kyg yi mi gg shs/ h mi dg pi ds kyi s stg d mtshms mtshmssu dp ts gyi thg g g.yug hg p yg gi yd/.



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6. Past mdims Ncn and P h

A discussi th igi d tu Pwu H, uth stp t-

wds ivstigtig th mdiums him wi udg i this i chp-t. Mst th th gmty sucs usd h ct igi.Kti mstis, th Lhm d Ngw, hv tw picip ptctivditis. Bsids th Pwu H, Nchug (Gnas chung) ws ppititdth i th tims pi t th isig Pwu H t th k dity.

T is spc dig with this itstig dity i dti. T ismuch cusi d vst jug um tivs cctd withhim. H smhw psts th wh miy ditis kw ud thi

spcic ms. Wh syig Nchug, this s pimiy t th m tmp, wh th cit dity Ph, ud up with with th st it- msty i Smy, hs ppititd m th tim th th DiLm. I ct, ccdig t th tiv ccut th Gugp d, yhis chi miist ppd th, kw ud th m Dj Dgd(Rdo rje drag /grags/ ldan) d spk thugh th mdiums h pssssd.Tus th ppti Nchug ms i mst css Dj Dgd d h iscsidd t mistti th spch Ph (gsung gi sprul ba).

T g dsigti th wh miy ditis is kw s Gy-w Kug (Rgyal po sku lnga, T kig v dis). Athugh Kugis dpictd s sig dity, th dity t th sm tim csists vdgup. Ph is usuy istd s th st mg thm, sids Gyji (Brgyabyin), Mu Put (mon bu pu tra), Shigjc (Shing bya can) d DhKycigu (Dgra lha skyes gcig bu). Amg this fvd gup, Shigjc hdhis mus c i Gdg (Dga gdong) tmp i Ct it d thusis kw ud th m Gdg s w, simiy t th cs Nchug.Accdig t th cssicti, th v- mtid Dj Dgd ist miist Ph hims, ut pticuy Dh Kycigu (wh ids ck mu with whit gs simiy t Pwu H). Ts ditis; Kug,Gdg d Dj Dgd; quty pssss mdiums.

) H, th cty cdd mmis Ja tshogs sprul sku Blo bzang don grub m Rnga bawi usd i mst css (R md sgg, ). Sv ts mdiums y ctmp-y Kti mst (Aymus ) sv s th suc. Ivu, ut sti gmty

imti th mdiums cctd with Kti mstis d m gy withAmd pstd y hgigphis th d 5th Kti msts (Zhw dm pitdg du st dzi gy mtsh mchg, Lcg ug khi g jm dygs thu st gymtsh, ; H spu sku jm dygs mkhs gu ).

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Bsids ths ditis th xists th dity cd shgp (shangspa). H is sid t i ct micuus mistti Ph hims. Hhs th pcu d wthu ppcs. Whi shgp is his pcu

mistti, th wthu is cd Sthc Sthp (Bse khrabcan/ Bse khrab pa). His mus mdium sidd i Lm (La mo) mstyt th st Lhs.

Amg ths ditis with vius ms, th shgp d Gdghd spci tiship with th th Kti mst, th ud LhmKti msty. It is sid tht pi t udig Kti msty i Amd,h skd mdiums ths ditis vtis i Ct it d st-ishd idy tis with thm. A udig Lhm Kti msty,

h ught th mi d sp th shgp dity m Ct itd ths w usd y c mdiums th wy-stishd Lhm Ktimsty (Aymus , p. 7172). Ad s hs dy s m thxtct tstd v, it is stishig hw siy Pwu H t -td this miy ditis. It is sid w tht i utimt ss (nges don)h is idtic with Nchug. O th th hd, this might s s pc-ss iucd y th ct tht mdiums usuy pssssd y um pticu ditis. Pwu H wud y spcic d wy

itducd dity mg vius ms Nchug ditis pssssig m-diums. Giv th pstig th Nchug miy ditis mg its,it is t vy supisig tht h cm csidd mm this gmiy (s Fig. ). O th th hd, it is cimd tht ch th pticu- dity this g gup Nchug, wh pssssig th dy thmdium, hs its w pticu m hviu. Tus, xmp, thctmpy Kti mst vs tht i his mstis Gdg ws d th itu dik cd gd dik (gser bskyems) s his spcic tu.T vics th ditis di cmig t th dy (sku phebs) s dthi mvmts, sm thm timid, sm c, tc.

T st mdium Nchug, ctmpy th h Kti, ws mdKchg Nyim (Dkon mchog nyi ma), ut th is t much imti him i th sucs s w s ut his succsss th i Lhm ms-ty d i Ngw. Uti th tu th 1th d 20th ctuis th mdiumsmi msty ymus. T hgigphy th 8th Kti ctis i,

) F th ppxig d ich miy ditis td t Ph s D Nsky-Wjkwit99, pp. 933. F i ccuts gdy tis Nchug d shgp sCh is sk g thgs md , pp. 339, dtid gds s Lu ug hdpi d j 3, pp. 33.



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ut vu imti vius mdiums i Amd. Bsids th vu- mdium pssssd y th shgp dity d th mdium Nchugi his w msty, sv css itu imiti vig mdiums

mtid th s w. But sig t th mdium Pw-u H pps th.

A it m imti is vi th mdium m Ngw, wh ws mk with th m Chgchu Sthm (Byang chub sre tho ma) divd t th tu th 1th d 20th ctuis. I th txt tstd w his itducd s mdium Pwu H s w (R md sgg, 2002,p. 118), ut th pst Kti mst ds t mti him s such (Ay-mus , p. 6).

Accdig t th ctmpy Kti mst, th fst mdiums pssssd yPwu H cm t. Ty w stpths; sidig i Ngw m-sty d i Lhm Kti d th w ivig i th fst h th 20thctuy. I th cs th mdium t Lhm Kti msty vy itt i-mti is kw sids his m Chkh Chph (Chos kho, Chos phel).His stpth mdium i Ngw Kti msty ws mk kw udth m Kut Dgy (Sku rten dar rgyas), ut his pp m ws .T sti stis ut his pw cicutig mg c pp. Accd-

ig t thm h ws vy fc mdium d wh cuig pp i th stt pssssi, h picd thm isid ut with his sp d d ppd.Bth thm did wig th vts 1. F itducig th p-

vius mdiums t s tsti tstimy y ictd ms-t Lg Ddhup m Ngw Kti msty (R md sgg, 2002,pp. 117121):

Wh I st td th ssmy ( mks) th ws mdium (sku rten, suppt thdy). B tht th ws cd Dzti. H ws discipii th ttic cg d

c it hppd tht h kickd th mk ci; smthig simi. H xpid t thtmk ci tht wh h ws kickig him, h ws pssssd y dity. But it ws sid tht thisis t i ccdc with msty us d h ws t wd t sty i th msty. H

9) Accdig t this txtu suc, th ws mdium Dg cd Lcang lung Skurten (Zhw dm pit dg du st di gy mtsh mchg, Lcg ug khi g

jm dygs thu st gy mtsh, . pp. 5, 3, 3, 3, 5), wh ws pssssdyshangs pa dity d vy quty visitd y th Kti mst. T s mtis mdiums Nchug (p. 53) d s cs mg Ggs cud y him (p. 9),

mdm (i.. s mdium) i Zmtsh cud y him (p. 3), md gis pssssd ydms cud y him (p. 3), itu pppiti mdium d cmpits ut ths s i Btsan dkar mgo (p. 3) d th idig with vws c Nchug i hisw msty (p. ), tc.

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wt t Chm. Lt h cm mk gi d cm ck t Tw. His w s with thm Chgchu Sthm ws mk i th Kck cg. H ws g dy, wd hdsm c. Ad smthig ik pssssi y dity hppd t him. H isistd

tht h hims is y pu mk. H ws ivig tgth with Akhu Zp. Wh th ditypssssd him, it ws vy uusu. Fisty, t tht tim wh h ctd s, u pi thugh him. (Fwig his fst pssssi h sid): Tks tht yu ught m ck. Whth pssssig dity ws ppchig, h cud t t isid thugh th d. H ws th idig th i. T d ws stuctig his gs d hds. Tis ws th pssssigm. Tks tht yu ught m ck. Ad it is sid tht wh thy dv him swy mth d, th pssssi disppd. H ws tuy micuus mistti ( sprul ba). Hsid: Athugh th d ws itt d usuit tig (th dity), it ws y wd.I thught tht vti Hi th u cpig sdwd t is pisig th pts th sky d th sud it is pducd i th pcs v th th. O th sids th

spc v th th th w my (igs) sidigT, wh h ws pssssd, m ws cmig m his muth. Sm sid tht t tht timh ws smtims chwig ic. Wh shigs tu cm d h ws wkig s hp ith csss Akhu Lth, Akhu Lth sid tht v i h chwd ic, h wud pumk mciu wkig. Ad tht h c sid t him: Kp sm ic sid. But it dst sm tht h did s.

O dy h tk pic smthig simi t gd shpd ik qudit d sid tth Akhu Zp whi ig it t him: Tis I t yu, th gt gsh. But Akhu Zptd him: I dt d gd. H did t ccpt it. Ad it is sid tht (th mdium ctd) ths i h wud wys mm it.

) T i is idig-im sv ditis m th Nchug miy.) T tsti is y hypthtic; th txt ity ds s h wud put it it .

Figu : Ph t th d th wthu ppc Pwu H t th ight. Musm Ngw Kti msty (pht: uth 2006).



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Figu 10: Kti msty i Ngw. th ight, utsid th msty its, is gv dtmp ddictd th t Kig-Fiv Bdis (rgyal po sku lnga) d Pwu H. th is pt th tw Ngw (pht: uth 2006).

Figu 11: mp ddictd t Kig-Fiv Bdis (rgyal po sku lnga) d Pwu H i NgwKti msty. Nt th cis with ws stuck t thm. Ts ddd y th mks -uy (pht: uth 2006).

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Smtims h cid mi. T suc th mi ws md m gd d sivd sik stips v cus d th thigs w tid t it. Sm sid tht t th tim whh ws spkig (with th mi) it ws s i h hd sttchd his hd it his x, wh hkpt his utt uishig.

T igs tig him w t ity. It ws t s tht h wud mdium (skukhog) ydy sttig i him.

O dy wh I ws sittig i th ssmy i th cg-tmp pmig th itu vcmig stcs th wk (?) h td (th tmp) uig, w ttmptd t ctchhim d thy did s withut succss. H cm thugh th mi tc (t th tmp) dh ws spkig my thigs. But sic th ssmy ws chtig, wht h sid ws t u-dstd. Wh h th gi cm (shor) duig ight, (h sid:)Hy, k w!Ptct chig Wd Kp (Od ldan dkar po) hs cm! Hy yu, ist t m! Whspkig thugh isight it is t s isight!

Tis Wd Kp is s cd Nchug d this is s cd Pwu H:

I py t th pw th wh ws ppitd th c ptct chig,ig cctd with him thugh th stgth dds d pys m g tim g,th kig wi-ditis Wd Kp.

I ths vss th m this Wd Kp is mtid. Pwu H d Nchug py th sm. Lt, wh th pvius Kti ictis wt t Rgw(msty), (th mdium) wd him th his h. (Kti mst) skd him withwpig: Msts d discips d t c ut thi vws, wh dscdig dity ispmd. Ad h s sid: Tis wud impv i th (dity) wud dscd th; th isthig wg i it. But s h ugd him, it hppd tht sic tht tim th dsct ( thdity) csd t ccu.

A tht ( dity) sttd t dscd it Dgy. His w m ws . O dy tukuDy Dj sid t m: T is sm d ith smthig dscds it him h ismd. I skd him ut th s ( thikig s d h swd:) Ystdy h ws shk-ig supisigy. My pp w tyig t kp him stdy. I thught tht I shud chck hissss. I hd d d my tims I stuck it it his m. H did t shut tsh m pi,h v ws t i mdittiv quipis. Smthig y dscdd it him.

Lt, h ccptd suppssi (mnan blangs) t th pc hid th msty; thcicu pth dig tw th ci d th umigti t Pdmsmhv. I thiswy it ws sctid tht h is suppt-dy (sku rten) d t th gt th dity wspd (lha sgo phye ba red). Fm th giig h ws t t mg th dsct (th dity) w, ut h chtd (txts ) ppchig (bsnyen) Hygv, it impvdstp y stp. H uttd my vtis h cm suppt th dy. Oc, h sidi his vti:

T v cs suds m th midst hv i th st,At th sm tim t th wst su-k th kig with sv hss,T dp with th cu d s dw.H sid my vtis simi t this. W did t kw tht th ws cict stt-

mts d gvmts tw Chi d it t tht tim. But h sid: T t misis uit sids th Rd Rck i th wst. Wh t thikig ut this vti, it cm tmy mid whth it did t m th Rd Hi Pt, tc.

) Py th m Dj Dgd.3) I.. th K hmitg t m Ngw d udd y th st Kti.



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Figu 12: Pictu m mdium Pwu H, Kut Dgy (th pictu ws kidypvidd y mk Ngw Kti msty).

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At ths mmts wh h ws spkig s mts; I c skd Akhu Jmyg: Ps, iyu t tst it, tst it. But h ws t t d it. ji t with t ist wd-wd (thad ka thad kar sbyar chog chog cig ma red) Du t such usiv wdsth my wys udstdig d th wds might d s i ppsit wy.S I d t s mys t t tst it. Tts wht h sid.

H d Chkh /this ws suppt th dy Lhm msty cd Ngthug Chph/w stpths. Wh th dity dscdd it Chkh d h pmd iti duigth c hm itu, h ws chtig itu ukw t us. H pmd itu thughs-cd Hygv with i hds d ight ms d wh h pmd iti duigth hm itu d ddicti th ig sustcs, th ws t v sight distucpst i him d h pmd it i vy dcisiv wy. Wh syig tht h pmd iti such gd wy, which wd hs v s, this ms tht this Chkh ws t whs kwdg is his w imgiti.

7. T psnt mdim

T sty th ctmpy mdium pssssd y Pwu H sttdi 2000, m th 40 ys th dth th pvius s. I th dity th ckgud mtid pviusy is pst w. His igi i th cvsi ws B ig gtt, th c discd -

tw th tw mstis ws itptd t c th ct ctvsyccig Shugd. Tis cm cy dmitig cicumstc dictyshpig th d th dstiy th dity d his mdium w.

A vy uusu txt pitd y Nchug msty i Dhms d ci-cutig mg th mks Kti mstis svs s mi suc th wig is (Aymus ). It cds i dti th spchs uttdy th dity-mdium i th stt pssssi d thugh this it ttmptst dsci th histy cgiti th w mdium. It is supp-mtd y cdd spchs th Kti mst th tpic duig smccsis d tgth it is pt upcdtd g it it-tu. It is th y suc dig with th ctmpy mdium Pwu H sic my imts d t it s dtid d uthi-ttiv dig vts.

7.. hAzy BegINNINgS

Accdig t th txt, th w sv ttmpts t pssssis th mks Kti msty y Pwu H, ptd m th 180s, yt thm sutd i th ppvig th w mdium. I Ngw Kti msty



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th w th mks sighty pssssd (sku phren bu phebs) susqut-y i th ys 188, 18 d 18. I Lhm Kti msty th mkxpicd simi pssssi i 12. It ws pscid t thm t pt

mts d itu txts t Hygv d Vjhiv (bsnyen grangs gsogbyed). Sm thm w xmid s ptti mdiums, ut th psss-si vishd i css xcpt th mk cd Lg Zp wh stt-d t pssssd i 18.

T uth sty wi cctt th mk Lg shi (kw ihis hmd y ud th m Tump /Tum bhe/), wh is th pstmdium Pwu H. H ws igiy m th Ngw Kti ms-ty d vig his hmd h hs sidig i Idi Dhm-

s sic th d th 10s. H ws xpicig tus thugh ivdiss. His stt ws wsig d i Ju 2000 h wt t th mdiumpssssd y th m dity Yudm (G.yu sgron ma) t sk dvic. Hsw ws tht sm dity is gig t t his dy d h shud pmpuicti itus (byabs khrus). Tugh th xtsiv sdhana Vj-hiv th puicti itu ws th pmd y xpicd mkm Kti msty Dhms. It std sv dys d thst dy, t cck i th mig, Pwu H td th dy

Lg shi. Tt dy i th mig h, i stt pssssi, kddw psttig hims d uttd th wig vti:

I m th gt kig Pwu H. It is cssy t pm pig th d th dity tthis mdium (sku rten) vy quicky. T gt dicutis, sic this mdium is th i-cti Est Yt Gmp d thugh this (pmig th itu pig thd th dity) stuctis might pd. Tis must d y sm yu, pss; I m t t d ythig with it. I g yu; t m cm t th Ld-Rug(i.. Di Lm).

I y cs it might sud stg; dity Pwu H cimd th sttus ictd mst his mdium thugh th muth th vy smps. H ucd tht th mdium is t diy ut micu-us mistti (rnam sprul) Est Yt Gmp. F this sh skd s mtig with th Di Lm.

) Aymus , p. : Ng gy ch d j dp ts yi/ t khg dii h sg mgygsp phy dgs p dg/ t khg d sh y t mg pi m spu yi ps chd

shi tu ch/ d g pi ths khyd skys u dm p ms kyis mdd dgs p s gsgg yg yd mi thu/ gg s skys mg ch p sy sg hu dgs/.5) Tis mst ws ps discip sgkhp d th wd u schs

Amd (mdorong chen mkhas pa bzhi). H is kw s y his ickm Bck tgud

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O wk t, h ws pssssd gi d th dity spk thugh hismuth i much gt dti. Pwu H ptd gi thugh thmdium Lg shi tht it is cssy t mt His Psc Di Lm

quicky d tht th mdium is diy , ut ictd mst.T th 14th dy th fh mth th it u cd Kti

mst skd His Psc Di Lm thugh his ps c wht td i th xt dy th Pts w t pp i th dy his mdium; thmk Lg shi. T 1th dy is csidd t th dy PwuH (Dpa rtsal lha tshes) d usuy it is th dt wh ts Pts it his tmp is wshippd i Amd d th stiv pisig dvtig th ts is pmd th i th Ngw d Lhm mst-

is. Duig it th dity might cm t th mdium.His Psc Di Lm, ig i tt, st thugh his c his p-

s gis y (phyag nas), tht is th y ssd y hims, dth kha btags, stip sik ccmpid with th istucti tht i th m-dium wi pssssd, th y shud thw v him d th stip sik d.

7.2. rIuAl o reSrICIoN AND uNexPeCeD reCogNIIoN oPowerul hero o Be ProeCor o IBeAN goVerNMeN

T mdium ws idd pssssd xt dy d itu imd t sudit-ig th dity ws pmd y th Kti mst. Wh i th stt psss-si, th y m th Di Lm ws thw v him. T pssssidd, ut h ws m sti. Wh ig d th stip sik, h ws

jkig d th cm pssssd gi. th dity th th-wt (mna

(ljags nag pa/ lce nag pa) ud th m Gdu Gytsh (35) d isivd t th ud th K hmitg, igi st Kti msts th udig th mstis i gtshg Lhm d Ngw. H is csidd t th st Kti d ud th ig Kti ictis, it it sms tht th i-g s such hs cgisd y tspctivy sic th tim th h Kti. Fdtis him s Dk mchg chs ph ; Bg dg p dk mchg st p gys 9, pp. .

) I th ttmpt t w th it txt which, cus, th Di Lm wud t usstightwdy, th tstis th it pptis wi pp h. Di Lm

is cd His Psc (sku mdun), Ld-Rug (skyabs mgon), Pcius Ld (rgyalba rin po che),Bci t hd (mthong ba don ldan), tc. Oy smtims d I ddDi Lm t mk th txt c d t cquitd with such ich d cus-ig it pptis. Kti mst is usuy cd simpy Pcius (rin po che).



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chu) ws pud it his muth, gist his hd th itu dgg (phur bu) Pdmsmhv ws pcd d h ws istuctd t t d y hm tstit igs thugh his vtis, ut t wk thi t. Pw-

u H gd with tht. A whi th mk ig xmid mdiumship, Lzg Zp, cm sighty pssssd (sku phren bu tsambabs). Pwu H dwig i Lzg shi md gstu wdig (sdig mdzub), pcd his gstuig hd his hd d sid: Fm w ,yu d t d t cm t this vss-dy (sku khog). I m istuctig yus Pwu H. Yu my gt ptcts (sgo srung).

Fw dys t th mdium Lg shi skd mtig with th m-dium Nchug i Dhms d cm pssssd y ptct Pwu

H i t th mdium Nchug. Mks th tmp w cht-ig sdh Nchug, wh mwhi pssssd th stt c. Typmd th itu cscti th mdium (rab gnas) wig thitu xpig stuctig dms (bgegs skrod). T thy my tid stip sik ud th ck th mdium Nchug, d whi hdighim fmy h jkd sv tims d pucd i th stt pssssitht Lzg shi shud pt sdh Ymtk my tims, th thitu wshig (khrus) shud pmd d th h shud i-

stuctd y dity Pd Lhm (bdod khams bdag mo) d stp y stp thmtt wi cid i this wy.T sm mdium Lg shi cm pssssd y Pw-

u H gi d supisigy th Nchug i his mdium ivitd ptc-t Pwu H mg th gup ptcts th it gvmt(dga lden pho brang bai bstan srung). At th sm tim h ucd tht thxt dy th itu thksgivig (gtang rag) t th Pd Lhm shud pmd. T xt dy th itu ws idd pmd d th Nc-hug d Pwu H w umigtd (bsangs) duig it.

T xt vts d um cmigs Pwu H t th dy hismdium sm t cusd sig thig: th mtig with Pcius LdDi Lm. S, 27th Juy Lg shi ws susquty pssssd yth ditis: Sthc (Bse khrab can), Dj Dgd (Rdo rje drags/gragsldan) d Pwu H. A th ditis ucd thugh his muth githt h is ictd mst d tht Di Lm shud cgi him.

Ad gi 28th Juy i th mig h ws susquty pssssdy Dj Dgd, Sthc d Pwu H d th ditis ptd

thi dmd thugh his muth. T sm dy hu t h cmsusquty pssssd y Dj Dgd d Gdg, thy ptd thiqust d i dditi Gdg skd th wt vj-th (rdo rje

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mna chu) d wh th dik ws d, h dk it d cm gtystisd.

Agi, t , h ws pssssd y Dj Dgd d th dity ucdthugh his muth tht th mdium Lzg shi shud immdity stt th Nchug tmp d mt with Kti d His Psc (Di Lm).Ty tk him t th c, wh Dj Dgd pssssd Lzg shi gid thy chd th Nchug tmp. A sm tim Pwu H -td th dy Lg shi. T stt c ivitd Nchug it hisw dy d cm immdity pssssd y him. Pwu H i thdy Lzg shi d stip sik t Nchug. Nchug pmditus xpig dms stucti d cscti (rab gnas), dput th stip sik ud th ck Pwu H. Whi kpig th sik

) T ctmpy Kti mst xpis tht such dss gd dik ws tdi-ti tu th Gdg dity wh pssssig his mdiums Kti mstis i thpst. T ctmpy mdium wud hdy kw ut it. S ppdix .

Figu 1: Ctmpy mdium Pwu H d t th sm tim ictd mstLg shi ( Tumh) i his sidc (pht: uth 2006).



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i hd d tig th chst th mdium Pwu H with thth hd, h uttd th wig supisig spch:

H! F th swi w-ig d t chig d igs th m Pwu H Vj is t pisd. H! I th msi th spch th Mst Bci t Bhdwi pcd i ht d th ds ud with jy, chig d igs wi pcd itgt t.

Tis sms t th ky dcisiv mmt th uth vts. It dst sm tht th w my pp tustig mk Lg shis cimtht h is idd th mdium Pwu H d ictd mst. Buthu pid y Nchug t him chgd th wh mtt.

7.3. rIuAl PerorMeD By PreCIouS lorD DAlAI lAMA

H civd ivitti m His Psc th sm dy. Aivig t th si-dc th Pcius Ld Di Lm, mk Lzg shi ws whipssssd y Pwu H. H cm i t His Psc d pcdhis hd it th p His Psc. T Pwu H pucd th

wig spch thugh his ips:

I m th mistti R cw, gt kig Pwu H Vj. I ws istuctd ygt Kig-Fiv Bdis (Rgyal po sku lnga) d Pd Lhm t cm h. I this pid tim wh chig is I idd my svics with my pw. Fm th Dgy(i.. Shugd), th g my chig, th ps my my mst (Kti),my stcs t th vituus dds N Ld-Rug (Di Lm) cm. I g yu; givm c sig wh th tim t is i th pyu dy mchg ( Rta mchog, m Hygv) d tm him wi cm. Ps, idy t m d giv m yu suppt. It iscssy t istuct m isig i th stt Pyu mchg.

) Aymus , p. : H st dg g ph d myu i phyi/ d j dp ts gyi mig du sggs p yi gs/ h gs kyi s dp mthg d d mchggi gsug gi dud tsi syig du cgs t k yi sp mdd / st dg g phgs ch gs p di gs s/.

9) Aymus , pp. 9: Ng w ts d j ggs kyi m spu gy ch d jdp ts yi/ gy p ch p sku g dg dp d dmg gyi gy ms k sgsp t di yg yi/ st p yg ph i sks di gg us kyi hs phyi hu gsyi/ sgs gys st pi spyi dg/ dp d mi sku dg d gy s gg s sky-

s mg ch pi mdd phi chd yd hi yd ps/ g dp t mchg i sku hgs s du i dus s yd ps gs tgs mtsh th gs hu gi yi/g sdg ggs dg gy t mdd gs/ khyd t mchg i g i g hgs s g k sg mdd dgs/.

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His Psc (Di Lm) gv stip sik t Pwu H d ptc-tiv cd with kt. H tk his ck my it his hds d istuctdhim i th wig wy:

Pcius (Kti) cm with qust ccig yu, ptct. I m y psd tht yu cmh. Yu ptct with vig ttitud d sympthis twds th it chigd gvc (bstan srid). As u mk wig th ch Buddh I m tyig t d thst I c. But it is dicut m t . Sic th tim th th Di Lm pp dgds hv th uitd i mitiig th chig d gvc. dy, it is tim vy p stt th chig d gvc, pp d gds must uitd i thi ct-ig. Wh svig it m vius sids, it sms t m tht w ppchig th mmtwh th tuth ut it wi cy mistd.

Excpt w ditis, th st ws istuctd y pcius cy (Pdmsmhv),

tmd d sujugtd d th ptcts w uitd i thi tsk. I hv pmd sdh Hygv sujugtig dms (Rta mgrin dam sri zil gnon) tdy. I th pst I id Dgy (Shugd). Tis ws my mistk. A w ys g, I ws csy cusd Dgythugh th pctic Hygv tmig th dms th th sphs d t tht timgd sigs ppd.

It is cus th Dgy tht my pss did t cm t th chivmt thpth d isid th igi th pp my mutuy uidy ths. Ad th tim cm yu, ptcts, t shw wht yu pw is. Wh shud yu shw yu pw i t w;duig such p stt th chig s xists i th pst tim? Nw th tim t shwyu pw hs cm.

At this mmt h pcd his g th cw th hd PwuH.

3) Aymus , pp. : Sug m khyd kyi sk i p chs hus sg/ khyd g diyg g h dg dg yug/ d st sid kyi d du sh tsh dg h khgyd pi sug m hig d dug/ g st p shky thu pi js jug dg sg hig yidus gi gs s us p gg yd t gyi yd/ g gcig pus us p th thu p khg p

dug/ gg s g p ch pi sku dus s ug h mi ug ys s st p ch

sid skygs p d/ dg sg d kyi st sid chs yg ph i sks di h miug ys s s d sgu dgs/ phygs gg s s ts g d kyi d mthgs y i dus shig tu ss yd/ h ug m gtgs d mi s dp i p chsk sgs dm hg gy gtd mdd pi sug m thms cd dg ts gcig tu sgis sdd yd/ gs dg sg t mgi dm si i g gyi sy sgu yd hipi sks yi/ gs sg m d gy st p d/ d gs d/ shs sg tmgi khms gsum i g gyi sg s d gy dmigs su k s sgu p ys pisks mtsh m yg p yug/ d gy gyis ky ps skys ch dm p mg p higgi mdd phi m hg mi yg dg chs ugs g ph tshu dm tshig m mt-hu p yg gi yd dus khyd g tsh h sug ms kyis us p ci yd t pi dus

s yd/ st p yg ph d ti dus tshd di us p mi t g dus us pt gyi yi m/ d us p t pi dus s yd/ (di sks phyg mdu kyis dp ts gyi spyi hg st) khyd g tsh gugs c dg gugs md/ dk phygs pyu h ghi dg gy dg cs ps us p ci yd t dgs/.



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A yu with dy d withut dy! Yu c ditis, ds s tgth with gy: yuhv t shw th pw yu hv!

I such wy th cig svic (gnyer gtad) ws cid ut. His Ps-c tk Pwu H ud his ck d ctiud cig th ptctPwu H t svic Kti mst. Ad th Pwu H qustdthugh th muth mk Lg shi:

I wt t kidy sk yu t cgi this mdium (sku khog) mi s th ictd ms-t, th icti th discip sgkhp d th u schs T Est- Yt Gmp. T s mth Pd Lhm d Fiv Bdis (Sku lnga), th thmugd m t stt i this mdium d tht is hw it hppd. I sk yu ddicti th

mit d py t this suppt t ig i h m tht mmt dspit whtvvi h ccumutd.

His Psc pid:

I it is s, it s. Yu sid tht this mdium yus is ictd mst. Tis ws xm-id y th highst ictd mst (i.. Kti) d th xmiti sutd i gmtwith it. I hv cgid him s th wy- dy Yt Gmp. Nw, wht is t d i th msty y msts, my it d.

Fm th mk Lg shis muth th spk ptct Sthc (Bsekhrab can) d ucd:

I m Sthp.His Psc: Ry?

3) Bigs cdgnyan hd t d i Egish. Ts igs ud y th itmdi-t spc tw sky d th (which is s th ivig spc hum igs) d thi

m might dd s u sids th pssi migs such s wid shp, tc.3) Aymus , pp. 3: Ngs hu gyu gcig gi sku khg di jm mg m

tsg kh p ch pi dgs s g ch mkhs p hii y gy sh y t mgpi m spu yi ps spu sku gs di gg hu/ m cig dp d h m dggy p sku g m gyis kyis yg yg sku khg di hugs dgs p gyis sku t hugs dgs yug t sdig p sgs yd ps phyi chd dmy mi skyi sg dg sm m gg gs/.

33) Aymus , p. 3: D yi dg yi/ khyd kyi sku khg di khyd g s spu sku yi gyi yd / gts ch i p chs tg p gg tg p ts mthu yug higs y t mg pi sku sky gs di ys p yi/ d g gw tshg s mi

yd sg g yd p d ys/.3) Aymus , p. 3: Ng s kh p yi/ hs sy sg hus p/ gg s mchgs/ yi ps/ () mthg d d mchg gis d j dp ts gyi sku khg di gits i m yi ps spu sku gs di gg thugs j ch/.

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Mdium: Tk yu cgiti this mdium Pwu H s ictd mst,yu Bci t Bhd, my t-mst.

His Psc pcd his g th cw th hd th mdium dsid suty:

T is histy sm ccti tw Dgy d Sthp. I ct i gmt withpiis th fh Di Lm, wh I ws th th s fh Di Lm. Yu did t cti gmt with th piis th h Di Lm d yu gv suppt t Dgy. Tikut th t d hm t th g chig Buddh, t th pticu chig sgkhp d stit igs. It is p t stisd with wkig ths ig umi-gti, gd dik d pyig t yu. Nw, wh th stt chig d gvc isdspt, it is cssy t ct i ui pp d ditis. Tis is th tim ppchigth c tuth. Yu dcid yus whth t pt pst dds d wht th wi yumi tsk ccig Dgy. Nw th tim hs cm, wh ditis hv t shw thi pw.

T His Psc ptd th tims:

I yu d t c ut wht I sid, yu wi k yu th.

Ad ddd:

k th is t gd.

T th vic Sthp cm wk, cmig simi t th sud ct, d h ptd his pvius dds d pmisd t suppt th Pw-u H.

35) Aymus , p. 5: Bs kh p dg d gy yd pi gyus shig yggi dug/ g gg s g p ch pi khi thg sdd s gg s g p ch pi kdggs dg mthu p sgu kyi yd/ khyd g gis gg s g pi dggs p dg mimthug p d gy gyi gy ts ys p ds spyi sgs gys kyi st p dg ygsgs jm mg mi st p dg sms c ph dug gm gd dug khyd g gissm thgs/ khyd g sgs dg gs skyms/ gs mchd yd mkh phu yug dd p tshims s sdd ths sky d/ d kyi st sid yg phi sks di h mi thms cd dg ts gcig tu sgi s s k yd dgs/ d mth gs y i sks d/ khyd g gis sg ys gyd shgs ys s d phyi chd dgy sk dg i s g gts khyd g gi thg s yd p d/ h mi zug

gyi thg s us p t pi dus s yd/ khyd g gis gs shd p m tsis dm tshig g gyi d/ (cs gsum gsug/) dm tshig g yg p yg gi m d/.3) T is tiv tht cims tht tmig Dgy ( Shugd), Sthp ttmpt-

d t hp th spiit d scp th tmig. S D Nsky-Wjkwit 99, p. 35.



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7.4. PoS SCrIPuM

I such wy th d th dity ws pd (lha sgo phye). O dy t,

2. 7. , stiv cti ws hd i th Kti msty duig whichth dity td th dy Lg shi d pucd th v-ti. A um spchs ws divd y Kti Ripch, th dught th m kig Ngw, d cis td t th Kti mstis. B-sids th thigs h ws dvisd t tu t it d ws pstd with stip sik y .

H idd tud t Ngw i Schu th s th dscidvts with mssg witt y Kti t th pp cctd with th Kti

msty i Ngw. T txt istig msty his pvius ictis wscmpsd d mg sv mks i Ngw I cutd s pstwith his phtgph tk duig th pssssi y th dity. T pictu th pst is dsigd y cmput, s is th u. H spks it mic-ph hd tighty t his hd d ttdts ud him.

Duig 2006 I ws t mt th mdium Pwu H i Ngw.H sidd utsid th msty i g hus i th tw Ngw.It tk sm tim, cus h spds quit t tim i th hspit i

Chgdu, wh his d iv diss hs cud. Wh th tim v-tuy cm, my tig th gt I mt sv guds with tsmitts vy py mpys th c gvmt. Duig th mtig, st-ig t g th h hu, th tk ws vy uspcic m his sid.H pgizd hvig t much tim d pmisd t cd his swst my my qustis th tp cd. Wh I t gt th tp mhis th, it ws cdd s sity tht it ws us

8. Cncdin mas

T sty Pwu H tuchs up th t spcifc tpics whichw t discussd i dti i th pp. Its sic im ws simpy t t thsty with xtsiv us it sucs. Istd ccusi, svpits might highightd h.

T tditi mdiums ws widspd i Amd Chis it-vti. T xtt d tu such tditi mi msty hidd t

us. Tis is du t th its sudd dci d its -ity chct. Ith cs Pwu H, th th xcpti xpicit txtu suc-s which might usd t pty this vcuum. It ws t stssd i th

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Figu 14: Pst cicutig i Ngw dpictig pssssd mdium d styd y cmput(Ngw, 2006).



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tiv its, ut th tmigy usd i th sucs d dscipti th itus usd pig th gt dity(lha sgo phye) is t wys igmt with scdy Wst sucs d th ittis ws

simpy t mk thm vi.T tditi dity-mdiums civs suppt m th sid Chi-

s-ctd gvmts i Amd, which td t viw it s supstiti.But it is s t vy ppu mg th yug gti its, thmks d y pp, t whm it cshs with ids ccmpyig thi vi-sis md it. O th mks m Kti msty i IdiDhms vd t m tht h ds t iv th mdium t gu-i . His cim hims th sttus ictd mst i ct ws

suspicius, mg th ss, m th vy ct tht th mdium cdid t pdict th ight sx y t i Idi. At th sm timit ws s tht his pvius ttmpts t vid this tpic duig u discus-si w s pty mtt its icmptiiity with th visi suc-cssu Dhm-tch qutig Buddhist cmmuitis ud thwd. Such tditis dgd d thugh this might s s sut th tu pcss, sti it is wthy ttti s pt it igius ids stgy td i it histy.

Ath tpic tuchd up thugh th sty might s s vigsmthig m th hidd pt th it pm. T Di Lm, sh cts i th sty, is t vy simi t th uth umus txts wst udics. T sty vs tht th picip qustis cctdwith th situti it s s pimiy igius d s such sivv it ditis vius ks. s it thugh wst scuccpts w, ti d ths wud s v-simpiyig s thpit viw, which tds t gi vythig ud cmic ptd s pt such gm t ssiis icmphsi ids ud thuic cutu ic.

3) I ct, pig th gt dity might dsigt dit itus. F discussig it sDimg 5, pp.333.

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rncs

Anono , Chos sde chen po stag tshang lha mo dga ldan bshad sgrub gling gi gdan rabs pad

dkar khri shing bzhugs so (Succession of abbots and major masters of agtshang Lhamo Gan-den Shedubling monastery called Creeping White Lotus). Xygph m Sthi Lhmmsty.

Anono , Rong chen bstan pai sgron mei sgos kyi bka bsrung rgyal chen srog bdag rdo rjedpa po rtsal gyi sku bsten la lha sgo phye gnang mdzad pai lo rgyus kyi byung rim (Te his-tory of procedure of opening the door of the deity to the medium of Powerful Hero of Vajra; the

great king and master of life; the gate-protector of of Rongchen enpay Donme). Distiutdm Amd Ngw Kti msty, Nchug Msty (y puishig uspcid).

Beron, D., 200, T igss d th Gddss: T it scd pc gtshg Lhm.I: Vck, J., d., Pandanus 05, Sigt, Pgu, pp. 1188.

Beron, D., 2007, Lpsd Buddhists, vi tcc d th pig th B pigimgpc Dmu ri i th Tw gi Amd. I: Vck, J., d., Pandanus 07, it, Pgu,pp. 1624.

Beer , S., 188, Magic and Ritual in ibet; Te Cult of r. Mti Bsidss, Dhi (pitm th k puishd i 17 y Uivsity Cii).

Bra on a on o ban a rab ra, 182,Mdo smad chos byung (Deb ther rgyamtsho). K suu mi igs dp sku khg, Ldhu.

Ca r al bzan o e, 2001,Mnyam med ston pai rjes jug rab tu byung ba rnamsdang brel bai chos sna tshogs kyi khungs brjod pa zhes bya ba bzhugs so (Explanaitions of ori-

gin of various teachings related to ordained followers of Unequalled eacher /Buddha/). Ksuu mi igs dp sku khg, Ldhu.

De Nebe-Wooz, R., 16, Oracles and Demons of ibet. Te Cult and Iconography ofthe ibetan Protective Deities. Bk Fith Idi, Dhi (pit th 16 diti y OxdUivsity Pss).

Deberer, H., 200, Fm Ocs i Md it. I: J. Gyts d H. Hvvik (ds.),Women in ibet. Hust d Cpy, Ld, pp. 11168.

Don o o el, 2007, Mkhs gu ygs kyi kh s sgyu g p jgs g pitgs jd yid phg utp i d sh d sgg mi mgu gy (Bigphy Bck-gud m Rgw, th tuig th wh ti ig d pctis, cd

T Chmig Ltus-Nckc Wis Oig-Gdss). I: Aymus, Rnam thar gserphreng/ gleng bam gnyis pa, distiutd m Amd Ngw Kti msty, pp. 1.

Don o rn en, 1, Lung bzang nang ba sku phreng rim byon gyi rnam thar las brt-sams pai lo rgyus (History consisting from hagiographies of successive Lungzang reincarnations).T pc puishig uspcid.

Dref, Gg, 18, T Shuk-D Ai: Oigis Ctvsy.I:Journal of the Inter-national Association of Buddhist Studies, V. 21, . 2, pp. 227270 ( th visd vsis s http://www.tit.cm/dhgy/shugd-igis.htm).

Hor rl a ban a rb (2007) Bk di mtshugs md g stpi gy mtsh dp g pi thu mg gi m th s dg cs p hugs s(Odiy hgigphy icmpy kid /Fih Kti/ Lg py Gytsh). I:Aymus, Rnam thar gser phreng/ glegs bam gnyis pa/ rong chen bstan pai sgron me kirti

sku phreng rim byon gyi khrung rabs rnam thar phyogs sgrigs, distiutd m Amd NgwKti msty (pc puicti uspcid).J e r a blo ro, 187, Jigs md igs pi gs kyi gsug tsm pd dg p (Fist

vum witigs y Jigm Ripy Ld). Mtsh sg mi igs dp sku khg, Siig.



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J e r a blo ro, 2007, Mym md shkyi dg i js hugs p jigs mdigs pi gs g gi yug jd p d gtm i dud tsi (Autigphy th w uqud Ld Shky Jigm Rigpy Ld cd uy k Amsi Es). I: Jigs md igs pi gs, sh t hs dug j tsu jigs md igs pi gs mchg gi gsug um. V. I (ggs m dg p), Mi igs dp sku khg, Bi-

jig, pp. 280.La a e rn, d., 10, Gsung bum dkar chag (Catalogue of Collected Works). Bd jgs

mi dmgs dp sku khg, Siig.Mon o ban ral, 17, Co ne lo rgyus (History of Cone). K suu mi igs dp sku

khg, Lhu.Re o ene, d., 2002, Kirti tshang dang brel bai ngag rgyun lo rgyus nyams myong rgan

poi gtam phreng/ deb phreng dang po/ dri lan byed po/ ja tshogs sprul sku blo bzang don grub(Girland of narrations concerning the oral history connected with Krti masters from experi-enced elder. First volume: Jatshog ulku Lozang Dondub). Kiti Jp Dtsg, Dhms.

Sle ln bza a ro re, 200, Dam can bstan bsrung gi rnam thar (Hagiographies of oath-bound protectors of eaching). Mi igs dp sku khg, Bijig.

b ban ln r, d., 18, Dol rgyal skor gyi bka slob dang brel yod yig cha khag (Severalwritings of oral teachings connected with Dolgyel). Nthg Pss, Dhms.

Za ar aa e n ban zn ra o o, Lan ln r rana ban b ban ra o, 2007, Rigs dg dkyi kh gy mtshi mg dgj tsu zg phi s st p gy mtsh dp zg pi m p th p g mtshtsis stg k i gs gyi kh thu st mdzs gy zhs y zhugs (Hgig-phy th d c igs d ms; Lg Tiy p Gytsh; cd Aus-picius Gd Wh With Tusd Spks Adig th chig th Mighty O).

I: Aymus, Rnam thar gser phreng/ gleng bam gsum pa stod cha/ gleg bam bzhi pa smadcha/ rong chen bstan pai sgron me skyabs mchog blo bzang phrin las kyi rnam thar chen mo. II vums, distiutd m Amd Ngw Kti msty (pc puishig uspcifd).

Appndi Spc kti mast n t psnt mdim P h(Annms b, pp. 5665)

.. rANSlAIoN

I thik tht I shud iy discuss th wy th mdium ppd. Mst yu kw it ugh-y; sm yu d t udstd it cy. Appximty u tims it hppd tht thw susquty pp wh udwt sight pssssi (sku phran bu phebs) i u hm-d. I sm css thy w (pscid t pm itus ) ppchig (bsnyen) Vj-hiv Hygv. Sm thm w xmid d vtuy (th dcisi ws tht thdity) shud t dscd it thm. Aud y g it ws s i th mdium shi hdiv diss d thus his stt cm ucmt. H ws sick y. It hppd t

him s i h wud t t ch th pc xig d idig with vtd mid.H cm up t Dhms, ut his mid did t cm cmt. H ws id t cmt m diviti. H cm t th psc th dy (i.. mdium) th gddss D-

j Yudm (rdo rje g.yu sgron ma) d sh pmd th diviti. Dj Yudm sid:

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Sm dity dws i yu. Puicti itu (byabs khrus) shud pmd sv dys.Sh uttd such dvic. Uc Gdu th pmd puicti itu sv dys. Byth d th svth mth, th 28th dy, t 1 cck i th mig, th dity cm thst tim (t his dy). H sid th wig: I m Pwu H. Bth wthu d pcuPwu Hs t cm. His vss-dy is gd. Ask m ut it tmw, ps.

Lt i th mig, uc Gdu cm t m d tud t m i d t discuss it. Ntg tht (th mdium) ws ppchd (y th dity) d s h cm it my psch sid: I m Pwu H Vj d I cm h t th qust th Pd Lhm dKig-Fiv Bdis (Rgyal po sku lnga). Ps, giv m suppt wh th tim wi cm. Ad this

vss-dy is micuus mistti dhisttv. H is micuus mistti Est Yt Gmp d th is gt stc. It is cssy t quicky cgis him s ictd mst. Tis shud d y hy pss Pcius Ld (Di m) dyu, d i t, th is wy wd him. u up th Pcius Ld yus. Ptc-tiv dity this vss dy is Sthp (Bse khrab pa).

T h cm vy dy t th dy ( mdium) sv tims d isistd qustigPcius Ld (Di Lm). Ad I xpid tht Pcius Ld is w i tt d it is im-pssi t tu t him. But swy it wi pssi. Mwhi I mys pmd diviticcig ch ths thigs d ch tim th suts tud ut w. I s skd th -t t pm th diviti d h swd tht it wud gd t p th d thdity d s it wud gd t cgi him s icti sm tim. T 14thdy, duig th k Pcius Ld m scusi, I tud t th Pcius Ld t discuss th pvius vts. Tis ws cus I ws t t pdict wht might hpp d thxt dy, th 1th, th dy Pwu H. Tugh his c I st him th histywitt i tts d skd him wht I shud d. His Psc (Di Lm) xmid th

ccuts d st stip sik d ps y (phyag nas) with istuctis. I th d-ity wi cm (t th dy th mdium) xt dy thw th y ( him) d him thstip sik. It is udstd y tht th xt dy, ig th dity dy, th dity cm.Wh th Pcius Lds ps y ws thw d th stip sik pstd it is usutht th pssssi th dity cms t d d dispps. But h cud t std it; hws t t sty sti i pc. At th mmt wh th y ws thw d th stip sik pstd t him, his ust d pw his dy icsd. I did t sy tht th d th dity ws pd. But I td him tht m this tim h is t wd t pucvti which wud hm d dg stit igs.

Wh I xmid th suts ccig th ictd mst, th diviti tud utsupisigy w ccig th cgiti d th tim suit it. O th 26th dy th4th it mth th Dj Dgd dscdd (it th mdium) d sid tht it is cssyt cgi th vss dy Pwu H s ictd mst d s t hk tth Pcius Ld. Ad y ms this must d tmw.

I th mig wh v th sixth hu hd t pssd, Dj Dgd wt (t th dy mdium) d sid: T is th ms th t g ight w t th psc th P-cius Ld. dy is th xtdiy hidy th Fih Mighty Ld (Fih Di Lm). F-wig tht Gdg wt (t th dy th mdium) d sid: Yu must hp. T Sthpwt (t th dy th mdium) d sid: T is d qust t th hy . Atht Pwu H wt (t th dy th mdium) d s i th cs th pvius sh gi sid tht it is cssy t qust th hy (yar zhu dgos).

3) Uc (a khu) is cmm xpssi mk i Amd.



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A th vts th dy w tuy put it tts t pstd (t Di Lm), ut thtmig His Psc (Di Lm) did t cm t his c d th ws chc t pssit up. S it mid th .

B th tim, Dj Dgd gi wt (t th dy th mdium) d sid: Rightw it is cssy t g t Nchug. Ps, ivit th ig-mst shi-. It ws sidtht wh tig it t shi i th mmt wh (th dity) did t dw i him, s th p-sttiv th pivt c ( Di Lm) Jmtshu- must g (t Nchug). Ad sI shud y ms g th. I ws t t g th d istd m I st Ag Mm,ut it kd s thugh h didt g. T ci Jmtshu- d Ag Mm wt withths t Nchug. Ty cd th ci Nchug tmp (i.. th mdium) d whth itu tustig vituus dds (phrin bcol) ws pmd isid th tmp, Pw-u H dscdd it th dy ( shi). As h styd th, chi Pwu H wspcd th. But h did t sit it. A cmptig th itu tustig dds th -ci Nchug (i.. mdium) st th chi d th dity hd t cm t tht vy mmt.

Smthig m th situti t th tim th Fih Mighty Ld (Fih Di Lm) ws sp-k ut. (Nchug dity) ws ugd t cm (t th dy mdium) i th wy i which itwud impssi t t cm. A vy sht ivitti ( Nchug) wh ws dvy quicky, immdity (th dity) cm it th dy. A syig smthig ut th -cssity tt ( th Di Lm) h pucd th wig vti: H! F thswi w-ig d t chig d igs th m Pwu H Vj is t pisd. Tus th swi w-ig d t chig d igs yu m PwuH Vj is pisd. H sid s. H! I th msi th spch th Mst B-ci t Bhd wi tk t ht d th ds ud with jy, chig d igs wi pcd i gt ft. I th mig this vti wud summizd h sid tht i

th istuctis Pcius Ld wud wd ccdigy, it wi ci ch-ig d igs. Such ws th istucti.

Tis istucti ws supisig d gt pis. Pi t this thy mt i Nmgy Dt-shg duig th itu summ pys t Nchug i his tmp (pho brang). H skd mtig with Nchug i Nmgy Dtshg d h th st tim mt with Psc Nchug. At tht tim th Ptct Dcti (Nchug) cm (t th dy th mdium)d pmd itus wdig stuctig dms d cscti ( PwuH). T mtig sik (mjal dar) ws put th ck ( Pwu H). By th ds th stip sik (th ck) ws tightd d s such h ws md t jk. I this wud c-c pp, this wud py idict thi cmig ids. Tt ight h cm t m

d sid tht this dy h ws icudd mg th ptcts it gvmt (dga ldenpho brang gi bstan pa bsrung bai chos skyong) y Dj Dgd. Ad tht h wi sk (p-missi) t sv th gvmt (dga ldan pho brang) d Pcius Ld (th Di Lm).Bsids tht, h pmisd t id m d t ccmpish his vituus dds (phrin las) sh did .

Ystdy, wh w wt t th tmp Nchug, I ws cd t th Pcius Ld (DiLm) m th. I wt th s diy m, h did t kw ut visitig Nchug dmy situti. Tis ws cus my tt did t cm up; it ws ckd, witig t th ttm.As is w kw, Pcius Ld did t kw ut it. Wh I mt with him, I ptd utth situti. Wh h skd ut thi cmig t Nchug t tht vy mmt d simi

thigs, h cd th ci Jmtshu. H th ptd thughy d i dti ut Nc-hugs vtis d th situti t His Pscs . (As) His Psc (d tht) h isPtct chig wh is gty y t th it chig d gvc (chab srid),it ws ccdig t his wish wh h sid I shud g th. Immdity th suppt th

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dy (i.. mdium shi) ws cd . Dssd i igius s His Psc st dw th th i th cpti h. I s st dw sid him.

B th dity wt (t th mdium) isid th cpti h I skd (shi) whth itwud gd i Pwu H w t cm st d th Sthp (it his dy). TusPwu H cm fst. H tud t (th Di Lm) with ss why h dd t ddsshim d i dti h xpid tht it is th tim t tm th s cd Dgy d simi thigs.

His Psc sid tht h pmd d sti is pmig (th itu) ppchig(bsnyen) Hygv suppssig hmig dms (Rta mgrin dam sri zil gnon). H (i.. Pw-u H) th skd cssy istuctig wig (His Psc) isig s Exc-t Hs (Rta mchog) d th thigs. His Psc th gv thughy d vy cuysupisig istuctis. H sid tht th g itsts it i citic stt. Fm thsid Dgy cmpictis cmig t th it chig d gvc.

Wh h pcticd sdh Hygv with gd t Dgy, th ppd psitivsigs. But sm th ws Dgy stiig up tu w. Fm yus th is

d idship d ccmpishmt vituus dds, this ws his supisig istucti.H pcd his hd th ck ( Pwu H) d sid: Yu must ct diigty! Fmtim t tim, h tk his ck d shk with him, s supisigy did h ct. I gt tht I wst t cd th istuctis tp. Idd, i sm s wud ist t tht hwud cssiy supisd. Wh his istuctig ishd, His Psc tk my hd ihis d with his th hd h tk th ck th Ptct Dcti (Pwu H) dsid: T wys tchig d studyig i th Jp Kti Dtshg is gd m sids. Yu xtdiy ptct Kti msts. Ad yu must ccmpish yu vituus ddsd id him i ccdc with th i dsis Ripch. Tis is yu spsiiity.I such stishig wy h ws istuctd d tustd with vituus dds. Ptct

Dcti Nchug d Pcius Ld (Di Lm) pmd istuctig, idig him yth d chgig with svic (gnyer gtad). Amg ths (ditis) wh w t cmhigh Ptcts Dcti, such quick (cgiti s ptct) mst did t ccu. Nticudig th st psssi Fiv Rtivs Lg Li (she ring mched lnga, i. th mdi-ums cmig t th mdium Dj Yudm fst), such st vts hd v witssd i histy. Fm th mmt th ditys (st) cmig (t th mdium) uti w tv mth hs pssd. Withi it Pcius Ld (Di Lm) ws t cm tgthwith Ptct Dcti (Pwu H). It is imptt t cy udstd th situti

.2. IBeAN ex

sku st yug stgs sk tsm hig shd sm yug/ mg ch s tsm high g yd p d/ kh shs kyis gs h g yd gyu m d/ sku ph u phs mkhph yu phygs s sg phyi ys s thgs hi tsm hig ss p d/ kh shs jigs yddg t mgi sy p gsg tu cugs p dg/ kh shs tg dpyd ys s mth m

mi dgs p chgs p d/ sku st k shis gcig tsm gyi gg s mchi p i t u sms khms mi d hig chgs s gcig gi ig d/ sms y kyg sdd sg phs s gs m thu p d d yug d/ d m s y yg s kyg sms

p d m chgs p gi ts m gyg p yg tsh s/ d j g.yu sg misku mdu du c s m gy cug p d/ d j g.yu sg ms khyd h hig hugsy d/ yi m du ig ys khus yd dgs gsug s k ug gg t/ khu dg

du gyis yi du ig ys khus gg d/ yi du gyi mth m tsh 28 dgg m



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mtsh gyi chu tshd 1 thg h dg p d phs p d/ g d j dp ts yi/ d j dpts hi dg gyis k phs thu kyi yd p dg/ khi sku khg d yg p yi/ sg yi dms g hu gs hs gsugs dug/

phyi yi hgs k khu dg du gi ts yg s d ms hus sg/ d s cug mg sku phs s gi ts yg s g d j dp ts yi p dg/ dp d h mdg gy p sku g gyis kyis sku t s di yg yi/ dus s yd ps gyt gg gs/ sku khg d yg yg chu sms dpi spu p yi/ sh y t mg pispu p yi/ chd ch p yd/ myu du spu sku gs dzi yd dgs/ gy i p chdg khyd skys u dm p ms kyis gg dgs p hig d m gtgs kh ths shsci yg mi dug/ khyd g gis gy i p ch hus/ sku khg di sug m s kh pyi hs gsug s/ yi m tg p g shs sku phs yg s gy i p ch hudgs hs u tshugs gyg gi dug/ gs gy i p ch sku tshms hugs yd ps d thu s mi dug/ g hus chg cs shd p yi/ di g g gis kyg m gys tg p ys pi sks m i yg p hig kyi dug/ mkh p tshg yg phyg

m gigs gs hus p/ h sg phys yg p dug/ spu sku gs di d yg ph gygstsm ys yg p dug cs k gg dug/ gy i p chi sku mtshms kyi gsgd tshs 14 yi yi dus/ sg yug gi gs tshu ch tshg gy i p ch hus s/gs tshd tshd yd shs kyi mi dug/ sg yi tshs 1 d dp p ts gyi h tshs shig khyd ps ji t yd dgs hs gyus tshg m yig thg ph s sku sg yig tshg gy-ud s phu yi/ sku mdu gyis gs tshu ch tshg hi gigs gg s/ mj d higdg phyg s shig gg dug/ sg yi h phs sg phyg s d gt kh tgs dphu hs k gg dug/ phyi yi h tshs yi h phs stgs tshg ms h g g dd/ gy i p chi phyg s gt t mj d phu i sks h ths chg cig yi skuy g gi d/ khs d kyi m d/ sdd thu kyi m d/ phyg s gt mj d phu i

sks gi jid ch u dg sku shugs dg du g sg/ gs h sg phys p yi hs md/ yi g d s ug khyd kyis ug st shd pi sks sms c gd cig tshi igs shd chg gi m d cs p yi/

spu sku sk tg p ys pi sks m yg p h s p hig dg spu sku g dyiyd pi dus s hs s kyi dug/ d tshs 26 dgg m d j dg d s sdp p ts gyi sku khg d spu sku gs di yd dgs/ gy i p ch sy sghu sgs kyi yd/ sg yi yi gcig mi gyis hus dgs / hgs p chu tshd dug m itsm d j dg d sku phs s d t g gy i p chi sku mdu du m gths md yi/ d ig gi yi m di gy dg g pi thug mg m yi pi dus chhig yi p dg d t g g dgs yd / gy i p ch chu tshd 10 tsm m gtgs

s khugs phs kyi m d cs shd p yi/ di js dg gdg phs s khyd ggis gs p yd dgs hs gsugs sg/ di js su s kh p phs s y hu dgs ydgsugs sg/ d s dp ts phs s khg ms kyis gsugs p hi y hu yddgs / yi di gs tshu dgs yug ms yig thg ph s phu cug p yi t dihgs p sku mdu s khugs m phs ps yi g d y phu m thu p g yi guggy us sdd dug/

yi gug m i tsm yg sky d j dg d phs s d t g gs chug g dgs/ mchd dp k shis gs skd gtg gs gsug kyg k shis hugs mi dughus dus sku sg yig tshg gi sku tsh sku g yms tshu gs phs dgs/ g yg yigcig mi yis g dgs yd / g g thu kyi mi dug i tsh du gs sm m gtg

gi yi hs shd p yi t khs m d hig yd kyi dug/ sku g yms tshugs dg gs sm m sgs gs chug phs s gs chug sku g gd d hus th khg g phi c gg i sks dp ts sku s sdd yd tsg dp ts ku stgs shig hg p d/ di thg kh g sdd yd m d/ phi c gg tsh

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dg gs chug sku g ku stgs di thg hg s d t g phs dgs yd/ gydg g pi sks kyi gs tshu sgs gsugs s m s ths md cs u tshugs gy sspy d thug thug hig tg dg dus gyu s shi tu mgygs p m sg gschug sku phs p d/ sku mtshms dug dgs p sgs kyi sk gsugs js ug st du/

h: st dg g ph d myu i phyi/ d j dp ts gyi mig du sggsp yi gs/ hs st p dg g ph d myu i phyi khyd g gi mig dj dp ts hs sggs p yi gs hs gsug d/

h: gs kyi s dp mthg d d mchg gi/ gsug gi dud tsi syig cgs tk yi sp mdd st p dg g ph ch gs p di gs s/ hs pi kug di d sdus gy i p chi k gsug ji hi sgu p yi st p dg

g ph hi p di yi/ hs k gg d/gs chug gi k ug d h s pi std p ch p d/ di gg m gy gw tshg

gi gs chug dy gs ph g g gg i sks c thu hs m gy gwtshg dg gs chug sy sg zhus s gs chug gi sku mdu thg dg p c p

d/ d dus chs skyg phs s ggs skd dg gs gg/ d s mj d hig sk g.yg/ kh tgs di s dm du ug st gsig gsig tg d/ mi yi ggs p sgig pyi s d/ di dgg m gi s yg s/ d ig g d j dg d gyis ghug dg dph g gi st p sug i chs skyg gi g du kd sg/ dg d ph g dggy i p chi hs phyi hu gi yi/ hg p du khyd g sg hi sdg ggsdg phi s sgu kyi yi hs h hs gg sg/

kh sg gs chug phs pi sks d ph g s gy i p chs g shgcs k tg sg/ sky ph i g stgs t yi sku st gs chug g dggs gs tshu d y hus yd p ms mkhy yd p m d/ gg yi h gi yi gd y phu m thu p g ggs s sdd yd dus ygs ggs t gy i p chs

m mkhy pi tshu d/ g c i sks gs tshu g d d cs k gg gi dug/d t g khg tsh gs chug g sg sgs hus sks/ gs chug gs tshu g yug dug cs sku g yms tshu gs skd tg shg gsugs yug/ sku gs gs chuggi k ug gg stgs sgs ygs dgs hi ph sku mdu sy sg hus sg/ skumdu gyis d st p ch sid sh h yd pi st sug hig d dug kh g gi

dd p hi y khid shg cs gsug sg/ m sg sku st skd gtg du cug/ sku mdutshms ch gyi hugs khi sku chs hs s hugs/ g yg skui khis sdd cugsg/ chs skyg tshms ch g m phs gg gs dg p dp ts s di js s k p phs yg p dug cs hus p yi ps sku mdu du dg p dp ts phssg/ khs y yg dgs pi gyu mtsh dg d gy d du i dus s yd

tshu sgs hi ph y hus sg/sku mdu gyis gs t mgi dm si i g gyi sy p gtg dg gtg hi p yi

hs gsugs yug/ khs dp t mchg pi sku hgs s k sg gg dgs yd cssgs hus sg/ sku mdu gyis hi cig ph i sg s k s h s p hig gg sg/d spyi i d dg sg gy phg du yd p/ d kyi st p ch sid d gy syg d yg gi yd p/ d gy sk t mgi gyi sgu p gg i sks mtsh m ygp yug/ yi g d gy js g kh shs kyis dg sg md dkugs yd kyi dug/khyd g s ggs dg phi s sgu dgs sgs kyi k s h s p hig gg sg/phyg gis mjig p s ug st khyd g gis hu thg yd dgs gsugs/ mtshms mtshmssu sk s ug st gsig gsig tg gg sgs h s p hig gg yug/ k s k

g cug m thu p d gyd dug/ dgs gs d mi gh gyis g yi h sdgs p d/ k s gg tsh s gi g p sku mdu gyi phyg gyis jus/ phyg gcig gischs skyg gi sk jus s kitii js p gw tshg gi chd y s gy gg cii chs yg p yd/ khyd kiti tshg gi thu mg m yi pi sug m d/ i p chi thugs



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zhd yd p g zhi khyd g gis ggs dg phi s sgu dgs p khyd g gi sg d cs k phs t phi c h s p hig gg sg/ gs chug chs gy ch pdg gy i p chs k sgs dm hg gy gtd gg d/ st sug y phsthu pi g s d di myu m hig ph ch yug md/ tsh ig mchd g dg pphs p d m gtgs gyus thg yug myg yd p m d/ h phs s d ig gcig kyg g gi mi dug/ di g gy i p ch chs skyg dg cs p u uggs thu p yug sg/ gs stgs gs hig shs gyu g ch p d/

Appndi 2ibtan tts n iin P h

2.. zhwA DMAr PAIA Dge DuN BSAN DzIN rgyA MSho, CANg luNgkhrI rgAN jAM DByANgS huB BSAN rgyA MSho, 2007, PP. 560

gyis pi g kyg tshi chu tsh du phs gyui g sgigs yd zhi pi sks gs mgu i p ch kyg tshi gy p di h s gd pi dus p t ui ts g hig yugs d t gyis chg mi gyi dggs stu hus p/ gs d j chg s d k di chs cis kyg d m d t gg dgs hs h d sid du ig hig u mdd/ cugcig gi yi chu tsh du phs/ mtsh m sg khi phygs hi s spyg ki gu ug ysg ts shig tu dggs kyg tshi sd gsum s s sg ds sgigs cug st/ sgyig ggs c skys gcig m gs tsm gg hig/ tshs c gi yi sg dg gt m

phu t chs skyg du mg gs gg/ gy gs hi dg gi ts k i hgs p gykhg du hg/ gy p d g c di gu dg st pi gy mtsh gyi s gs m hig d skys s yi shug mgi i khd du gs p gh gd kyi gdug tsu shi tuch s/ y kh du mig s kyg d mi phd p t u hig yi yg h s kd tshuchd s ug su g mi gd pi hi jm c du sg/ phyis su k s sg chd thmscd kyis sms chug yd gyu mg sg s p d/ sks g zhig tu chs skyg di tshdg ts dgs p t u d md/ h cg ts chs mg mi thu sym s igs dgtu spy s gigs sgm khu gyis thugs j sku gg thu d p ds cig ys sg gsugs/

2.2. jIgS Me rIgS PAI Blo groS 87, PP. 6346; jIgS Me rIgS PAI Blo groS

2007, PP. 4647

kyg tsh hs pi ug khg di sg dus kiti st p gy mtsh m kiti thgs mddu ggs pi dgs s sgi syg mdd mkh sgs gys y shs hs p hig hugs/y m d dug phyu gsum t p dg/ m kyg phu s kyg gsum -t ggs/ dgug mth p s dus kiti i p chs gsug gyu/ khyd gshgs kh gg cis kyg sgs mg d dgs/ hs gsugs yd p / phyis su sku syug s d ysks y gs m gd dgs zhs p/ y gs kyis gsug m tsis/ d s thugs khs

zhi du sku gshgs p dg mym du/ chis d sug zhi dk p c zhig yd pg t ss shi/ d ph s ch d shi gshd kyi gg hig mg sum du mig gis mthggyu yug s s ch ku stgs thug/ kiti sku phg gyd p g phi s kyisku ig gdu i dus p mkhy s thg stg hig tu gim gu phu st mtshms

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cd dm pi sg s dmigs yu mg sum du kug st dg sku hig k sgs gydu gtd/ thu gsg du h s s sku y hgs su jug dus shgs khg mi chdp dg cs d g sug dk cis p chs c/ st sug km dm dp tsdu mtsh tgs kiti sku phg gi sug m st/ kitii sig m kyg tshi d g cyg z/ zhi dg gyis ki sgu phi skg gs sgs ch g ch tshg tsms p gsug

um du hugs/ gyus di tsm i kitii dug yig mkhs dg g sgs gys kyigg s gs p t m i p chi h s ths p gs im tsm hig st phyis su di tsmyg shs mkh dk sm s yi g kd p st sug ch p yid dgys pi mchdp u // gyus mi shs p tshs di dg th mys su ggs p gyis gcig tu ys p i

khu st/ th mys i s dp pdmi sku ig d kyi sm ys zhgs dus gdp yd mkh gyi yug zhig s dp pdms s mth kd dus kg chg s dkg t hs p ggs/ d s s t stg tshg h mi sh phygs h cg mi ig th khg tu yis s sdd d/ gh gd tsh tg s kyi gg gyu mg/ di dyugp yi hs p kitii m dg du yd p gy di si tshs di pi dyug kyg su khyi

d hig st dg gis kyg mthg myg/

Appndi 3Mmis jats cncnin past mdims P h ibtan tt (r md sn, 2002, pp. 72)

g dg p tshgs dug dus sku t mi dug/ di sg d ti hig yd p ds/gyud pi dg sks yi m s s hig dg th hig gy p d/ kh g gis h s

s dg th gy tshu s s shd kyg sgig m gyi sts kyis gig gi md gsugs psdg p sdd m thu p yms m sg dug/ js s gw p g t y mth pi g ss sg/ kh g gi u yg chu s th m i dus kh p hig yd/ sku gugsch p g s dg dig p hig yi/ d h d hig s sg/ kh g gwkyg gw kyg d/ shg khu d pi tg g yd/ kh h dus khyd mtsh hig yi dg p g gyugs s m d p d d ys dus/ kh d g phyi g skygs/ g m

Powerful Hero (Dpa’ rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th century Amdo and his mediums

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Transcript of Powerful Hero (Dpa’ rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th century Amdo and his mediums