2007 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

Power Quality Overview

October 2015

Dan Carnovale, PSEC Manager

danieljcarnovale@eaton.com

2013 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

Power Quality Events

Outage

Surge

Swell

Sag

Harmonics

2

1

3

4

5

What is Power Quality?

The concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.1

What works for YOU and YOUR system???

1 IEEE 1100-1992

sensitive

4

How Much Downtime is Acceptable?

Power Availability Equivalent Power Disruptions (yr)

99.9%

99.99%

99.999%

99.9999999%

8.8 hours

0.88 hours

5.3 minutes

< 3 seconds

ISPs,

e-Business,

Communications,

Electronics mfg.

N+ Redundancy

Pharma Processing

Server Operating Systems

Generators and Some UPS

Hospitals, Airports, Universities

Generator Only

Residential Homes

Typical Grid Power

Specification driven or problem resolution driven

SPDs

UPS

HMT

SRT EVR

HCU

Specification Driven Problem Resolution Driven

PFC

2013 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.

7

Sources

Normal

(550 kVA, 5% Impedance)

Alternate (18% Impedance;

Simulates a Generator)

EPRI Sag Generator (200A)

Surge Generator (7 kV)

Natural Gas Generator

(150 kW)

Solar Power (44 kW)

* High Current Test Set (30 kA)*

Loads

Residential, Commercial,

Industrial, Data Center

320 Computer Power Supplies

(160 kVA, Harmonic Load)

Resistive Load Bank (250 kW)

Motor-Generator Sets

Variable Frequency Drives

300 hp Induction Motor

Electric Vehicle

Supply Equipment

8

Purpose

Teach Power system issues, especially power

quality problems, are difficult to understand

Demonstrate This is a full scale demonstration

facility its not a mock up! Using PQ meters and

system software, you can see the results

Seeing is believing!

Demystify There is a considerable amount of

mis-information and confusion in the marketplace

regarding PQ and energy savings

Help End users in selecting the most appropriate

(economic and technical) solution

R&D/Testing Evaluate and test equipment by Eaton

and others

Fox_news_story.flvKVAR Slides.pptx

Technical vs. Economic Solutions

9

Max Temp 176 F Max Temp 105 F

Standard Transformer

Harmonic Mitigating

Transformer Loaded with

100%

Harmonics

75 kVA

105

176

Solutions for EFFICIENCY

A Culture of SAFETY

Remote racking with FlashGard

MCC

Remote Power Racking II

( RPR2 )

Understanding Arc Flash

Hazards

Standard vs Flashgard MCC Arc Flash.mpgMCC Arc Flash Risk Compare.mpgAccident Racking Breaker.wmv18 Cal Clothes Test.mpeg

12 2013 Eaton. All Rights Reserved. 12

Visitors

Dr. Ralph Wyndrum IEEE President, USA

you make Power Quality seem fun.

Mike Holt (www.MikeHolt.com)

EPRI

IEEE PES/IAS Chapters

Industrial/Commercial/

Residential End Users 20%

55%

25%

Types of Visitors

Eaton Employees

End Users

Students, Consultants,Distributors, Partners

http://www.ieee.org/index.html?WT.mc_id=hpf_logohttp://www.epri.com/

University of Pittsburgh

IBEW

Carnegie Mellon University

Notre Dame

Penn State University

Ohio State University

Point Park University

Youngstown State University

and others

13

Students and Universities

Senior Design Projects Harmonic Demo

Surge Demo

Load Bank Automation

Data Center Build-out

I learned more here in 2 hours than I did during an entire 16 week class! EE Student (Junior, Undisclosed University)

See and Learn Physical Experience

In-depth Demo Training

Power Quality Theory

Electrical Distribution

and more

The Power Systems Experience Center Full-scale power system

Compare economic vs. technical solutions

Demonstrate and test PQ, arc flash and energy solutions for:

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Utility

Data Center

Green Technologies

www.eaton.com/experience

15

Power Quality Concepts

Effective Grounding

Surge Solutions

Harmonic Solutions

Voltage Variation Solutions

16

Interruption Sag Swell

Undervoltage

Line Noise Switching Transients Harmonic Distortion

Overvoltage

Common Power Problems

Voltage Variation

Solutions

Surge

Solutions

Harmonic

Solutions

17

Surge Protection

The two sources of surges/transient overvoltages that account for the majority of all events are switching and lightning

Effective Grounding

Surge Solutions Harmonic

Solutions

Voltage Variation Solutions

18

Symptoms of Voltage Transients

Equipment damage

Insulation breakdown on electrical conductors

Premature aging of electrical and electronic

equipment

Process interruption

Data loss and data transfer rate reduction

19

Equipment Damage

Catastrophic

damage to

equipment

can occur as

a result of a

high energy

transient

voltage

event

20

Insulation Breakdown on Conductors

Insulation rating on

conductors is typically twice

line voltage plus 1000V

Transient voltages can be

well in excess of 20kV

insulation breakdown and

motor winding failure can

occur

21

Premature Aging and Failure

Damage to

trace on

electronic

printed

circuit

board

Electronic

Rust

22

Where Do Voltage Transients Come From?

20% External

Lightning

Capacitor

switching

Short circuits

80% Internal

Load switching

Short circuits

Capacitor switching

Imaging equipment

VS Drives

Arc welders

Light dimmers

Surge - With Protection

Load

L

G

20,000 Volts

20 Amps

10 2000 A

Ohms Law

I=E/R

I=200V/10

I=20 Amps

Some residual let-

through voltage.

Manageable by load

Installation Lead Length Can Increase Let-Through Voltage by 15- 25v Per Inch

Installation Criteria Order of Importance:

1) Lead Length - 75% reduction

2) Twisting Wires - 23% reduction

3) Larger Wire - minimal reduction

Additional Let-Through Voltage Using

IEEE C1 (6000V, 3000A) Waveform (UL1449 Test Wave)

25

Surge Protection

Problem Description:

Power electronic

devices have taken

over our world

at home, work

and school

Eaton Solution:

Surge Protection

Costs do not include the substantial cost that may be required

to hire electrician to repair/replace the infrastructure wiring

INFRASTRUCTURE APPLIANCES ELECTRONICS

$7-25,000 Typical $4-$15,000 Typical $5-20,000 Typical

Air conditioner, heat

pump, electric hot

water tank, lighting

control, garage door

openers, lighting,

security system, pool

pump, hot tub

controls

Refrigerators, stoves,

microwave ovens,

countertop appliances,

dishwashers,

washer/dryer,

electrical tools,

treadmill, other

exercise equipment

Televisions, stereo systems,

personal computers, video

games, entertainment

centers, DVD players,

printer/fax/copier, satellite

receivers, internet modems,

telephone, answering

machines, clock radios,

MP3 players, various

battery chargers

The average

college

student has

18 electronic

devices

26

Grounding Example

300 kVA

208/120 V

300 kVA

208/120 V

500 kVA

480 V

Phone Lines

in

PVC Conduit

208 V

Metering

480 V

1200 A 208 V

800 A

Phone

Room

27

Grounding Example

Isolated

Ground

Rod! 300 kVA 208/120 V

208 V

800 A

Computer

or Phone

Equipmen

t

Dont Use Isolated Ground

Rods!

NEC Violation

IEEE Emerald Book Violation

28

Solutions for Transient Voltages

SPD Series

Commercial/Industrial surge protection

Integrated or side-mount

CVX

OEM and value line

AEGIS

Critical 120V and 230V loads

Residential

Complete Home Surge Protectors

Surge Strips

29

Multi-Cycle Voltage Variations

Sags are responsible for a