Power Quality Compensation Using Universal Power Quality Conditioning System
Power quality
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Transcript of Power quality
Power Quality Monitoring
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples2
Measure of disruptions in the power supply Availability
Reliability
Power Quality Events recorded to an existing standard
Power System Analysis
What is Power Quality?
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples3
Power Quality Standards
Some existing Power Quality standardsEN 50160 Standard (Europe)
IEEE 1159 Recommended Practice (North America)
NRS-048 standards (South Africa)
also ITIC (CBEMA) curve for computer equipment
Defines the technical criteria for voltage quality
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples4
Power Quality definitions: Dips and Surges
Voltage dips
Amplitude and duration
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
110%100%90%
Time
Surge/Swell - Above 110% of Nominal value
Dip/Sag - Below 90% of Nominal Value
Short time 1min to 60min
Very Short time 1 sec to 1min duration
RMS Value calculated over 10 minute period
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples5
Power Quality definitions: DISDIP
Distribution of Dips Report
Tabular distribution of dip events
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples6
ITIC CurvePower Quality Envelope
ITIC Curve: 1996
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
450%
500%
0 3 20 500 10000
Rating
Time mS
Voltage tolerance
ITIC (CBEMA) Curve revised 1996
Single phase IT operating parameters
Swells or Overvoltage: rating very short over 110%(towards 0ms)
Sags or Undervoltage: rating very short under 70% (500ms) Financial Costs
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples7
Power Quality definitions: Interruptions
Voltage interruptions
Amplitude and duration
Interruption below 1% of Nominal value EN50160
Interruption below 10% of Nominal value IEEE 1159
Time duration depends on equipment tolerance, generally more than 1 cycle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
110%100%90%10%1%
InterruptionTime
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples8
Power Quality definitions: Harmonics and Signalling voltages
Voltage harmonics
Losses proportionalto Frequency 2
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD%)
Measured according IEC 61000-4-7
Measure every 200ms using FFT, 10min RMS average
Signalling voltages, 3 sec RMS average
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
50HZ
63HZ
100H
Z15
3HZ
200H
Z
Limit
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples9
Power Quality definitions: Flicker
Voltage flicker
Severity
Time
Measured according IEC 61000-4-15, over a 2hour period (Plt) over a 10 min period (Pst)
Modulation of the RMS voltage that can be seen by the human eye ~8.8HZ
Classified by a severity index:
1 = good<1 = better>1 = worse
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
110%100%90%
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples10
Power Quality definitions: Unbalance
Voltage unbalance
Percentage
Time
Where the voltage vectors do not add to zero
Where the voltage magnitudes are unequal
10 minute average of RMS values
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
110%100%90%
Time
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples11
Power Quality definitions: Frequency
Frequency change
Swiss- Italian Fault September 2003
EN 50160: 50 Hz +4% /-6%
NRS048 : ±2.5% for grid network
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples12
Sources of poor Power Quality
Power Quality flows
Power Quality as a polluter
Sources:Industrial sites
Domestic rural sites
Utility network
Exported to others
Imported from others
Circulate within the site
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples13
Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 1
Dips / SagsRemote fault, load switching
Trips, process control restarting, motors stalling
Surges / SwellsLightning strikes, arcing and switching
Trips, damage to insulation and winding, destruction of sensitive devices
InterruptionFaults, equipment failure, protection operation
Production down time
Financial costs
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples14
Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 2
Voltage VariationLoad variation (e.g. welding, furnaces..)
Trips, damage to insulation and winding
Harmonics and InterharmonicsPower electronics, non-linear loads; signalling voltages
Equipment mal-operation, damage to motors, generators and transformers
FlickerLoad variations at a particular frequency(e.g. arc furnaces..)
Noticable effects in the lighting
Financial costs
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples15
Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 3
Voltage UnbalanceUnbalanced Load variation
Overheating in motors and generators
FrequencyLoss of generation, governors
Generator trip (extreme)
Financial costs
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples16
Why monitor Power Quality? 1
SUPPLIERSNetwork Planning
• accurate forecast of demand
• load profiling
• optimise transformer load
• optimise PQ remedy location
Legislation (de-regulated energy markets)
Monitor Consumers
Proactively respond to complaints
Asset management and customer care
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples17
Why monitor Power Quality? 2
CONSUMERSIdentify source of PQ problems
Reduce Financial Costs• Lost production
• Replacement of equipment
Reduce Operational Costs• Interruption of services
• Working environment (Flicker)
Compliance• With supply agreements
Asset management and customer care
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples18
Most prevalent Power Quality problems
0
10
20
30
Com
puto
r Lo
ckup
s
Flic
ker
Equ
ipm
ent d
amag
e
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
PFC
ove
rload
ing
Pro
blem
s w
hen
switc
hing
heav
y lo
ads
Ove
rhea
ted
Neut
ral
Pro
blem
wot
h lo
ng li
nes
Nuis
ance
Tri
ppin
g
Util
ity M
eter
ing
clai
ms
Industry Utility
European Copper Institute (2001): 1400 sites in 8 countries
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples19
Financial cost of poor Power Quality
Semi conductor Industry 3,800
Financial Trading 6,000 per hour
Computer centre 750
Telecommunications 30 per minute
Steel Works 350
Glass Industry 250
Typical financial loss per event € ‘ 000s
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples20
Power Quality Benefits
SUB TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
LV NETWORK
G
G
G
G
G
SECONDARY (RURAL)DISTRIBUTION
HeavyIndustry
Medium Industry
Light Industry
POW GEN
IPPPOW GEN
IPP
Renewable Sources/IPP/ Municipal
CO-GENDOMESTIC
URBANTRANSFORMERS
CHEMICAL PLANTS
STEEL WORKS
GRID LOAD FLOW IMPROVEMENT
END USER VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT
DEFINED IN PQ STANDARDS
DEFINED BY PLANNING LEVELS
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples21
Solutions: Improving Power Quality
UN-INTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIESDips, surges, spikes and interruptions
EARTHING PRACTICESHarmonics
FILTERS (passive and active)Harmonics
STATIC VAR COMPENSATION (SVC)Dips, surges and Power Factor
FERRO-RESONANCE TRANSFORMERS (Stored Energy)Dips, surges, spikes and interruptions
Important to place at the correct location
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples22
Disturbance Recording
All records saved in memory as comtrade files
Record fault details as waveform records
Record short term variations as disturbance records
Record long term variations (10 minute averages) as trend records
Trend records used as basis for power quality conformance analysis
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples23
Magnitude-Duration list
Global view of the events over the
assessmentperiod
Power Quality Event Viewing
Voltage Fluctuations
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples24
Programmed thresholds
%RMS
Power Quality Event Viewing
Event viewing:Voltage surges, dips and interruptions
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples25
Voltage
Frequency
Power Quality Event ViewingTrend viewing (average 10min)
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples26
View of historical data of 10 minute averages
Check for compliance against EN50160 limits
Power Quality Event Viewing
Trend viewing
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples27
Power Quality Event Viewing
Trend viewingVoltage Harmonics
Limit for Total Harmonic distortion
Also limit for each individual hamonic
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples28
TIHD
Inter-harmonics at cursor 1 position
06h00 22h30
Group 2(150-200Hz)
10 min average
Power Quality Event Viewing
Trend viewingInter-harmonic total and spectrum views
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples29
Power Quality Event Viewing
PQ report creation and generationCreation
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples30
Power Quality reportPQ report creation and generation
Creation: use of an existing profile (template)
Available actions
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples31
Power Quality reportPQ report creation and generation
Generation: PQ report on a single unit
Events PQ reports
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples32
Power Quality reportPQ report creation and generation
Generation: PQ report on a single unit
Events PQ reports
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples33
PQ to EN50160
Long term monitoring for up to 3 years
Monitoring parameters:
Frequency variations
Voltage variations
Voltage Dips
Voltage Interruptions
Voltage Unbalance
Transients
Flicker
THD
Harmonics
EN50160 Power Quality compliance monitoring
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples34
Power Quality report to EN50160
EN50160 Power Quality compliance monitoring
> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples35
True RMS measurements
High sample rate
128 samples per cycle to measure harmonics up to 63 order
Instantaneous measurements
U, I, P, Q, S, PF, PA, φ, f
Maximum Demands
THD
Energy
Min / Max values
Power Quality Measurements