Power Production Fuels & Jamaica

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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS &

JAMAICA

By

Neville A. Tomlinson, Ph.D.

March 18, 2009

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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA

INTRODUCTION

The long term fuels challenge

Identifying fuels that that satisfy the following:

Plentiful (available for the life of the supporting installation - ≥ 25 yrs.)

Available Contains high energy density Economical Safe to transport and use Supported by proven technology Environmentally economical Promote Jamaica’s short and long term economic development :

Investor friendly Promotes job creation Promotes improved living standard for Jamaican’s

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CONVENTIONAL SOURCESUNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Fossil Fuels : -petroleum (oil) - coal - propane - natural gas

Nuclear Fuels: - uranium - plutonium - thorium - minor actinides

Fossil Fuels: - tar sands - oil shale - heavy oil - coal to liquid (CTL) - coal to gas (CTG)

- petcoke

Alternative Fuels : - bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, butanol)

- biogas (methane) - biodiesel - fuel cells - hydrogen - non-fossil natural gas

Renewables: - wind - solar - tidal - geothermal - biofuels (biogas, bioalcohol,

biodiesel, etc)

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GLOBAL TRENDS

EIA: Global energy demand grows despite the sustained high world oil prices that are projected to persist over the long term.

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GLOBAL TRENDS


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Fossil Fuel Emission Levels - Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input

Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal

Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000

Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208

Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457

Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591

Particulates 7 84 2,744

Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016

Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998

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Typical Composition of Natural Gas

Methane CH4 70-90%

Ethane C2H6

0-20%Propane C3H8

Butane C4H10

Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8%

Oxygen O2 0-0.2%

Nitrogen N2 0-5%

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0-5%

Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe trace

Coal Natural Gas Gas Condensate Crude OilHg0 T D D D(CH3)2Hg ? T T, S(?) T, S(?)HgCl2 S(?) N S SHgS D N Suspended SuspendedHgO T(?) N N NCH3 HgCl ? N T? T?

Abundance: D (dominant) - greater than 50 percent of total

S (some) - 10 to 50 percent T (trace) - less than 1 percent N (none) – rarely detected

? indicates that data not conclusive

Approximate Natural Abundance of Mercury Compounds in Hydrocarbons

Source: Naturalgas .org

Source: Abbot and Openshaw (2002)

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NATURAL GAS RESERVES

Middle East 2,548.9

Eurasia 2,020.0

Africa 489.6

Asia 415.4

North America 283.1

Central and South America 261.8

Europe 166.9

Total 6,185.7

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Gas Reserves by Country Top gas reserves by country, TCF World reserves: 4980 TCF

1. Russian Federation 17482. USA 14753. Iran 7424. Qatar 2455. Abu Dhabi 1886. Saudi Arabia 1857. Venezuela 1408. Algeria 1289. Turkmenistan 10010. Kazakhstan

8311. Canada 6712. Uzbekistan

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Gas to Market Technologies


LNG (Proven technology, expensive)

CNG (Not proven, Developing, Cheap)

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CNG TRANSPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

1. SeaNG

2. TrasOcean Gas

3. Floating Pipeline Company

4. Knutsen OAS Shipping

5. Enersea Transport


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CNG Transport

Courtesy Enersea

ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS & JAMAICA

VOTRANS concept in which the natural gasis compressed and cooled to lowertemperatures. This reduces the volume of thecompressed gas compared to just compressing itat ambient temperatures. At the lowertemperatures of 0 to –4oF the process works atlower pressures than at ambient temperatures.

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CNG Cargo Containment System

Courtesy Enersea


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CNG TRANSPORT - CONCEPT (Teekay Corporation Cosselle CNG Ships for 150 – 2000 miles

Cran and Stennings Technology)


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Economical for distances ≤ 2500 miles

Requires less facilities and infrastructure

Low up front investment

Inexpensive onshore facilities

Can exploit isolated supply sources

Suitable for small demand markets

Not economical for distances > 2500 miles

Technology in development – not proven

Low energy density

Weather sensitive

Not suitable for large power requirements

Environmental concern / cost impacts

High operating pressures (2500 to 3500 psi)

Safety Concerns / Explosive hazard

No existing regulation for power plant facilities uses. Need to develop regulatory platform

CNG ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE


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EIS / HAZOP / HAZID report/review Cold eyes review of Ship/ Off-shore/Onshore facilities design Engineer representing Jamaica’s interest in the project (design

basis review , regulatory concerns, fire protection and ESD philosophy, etc.) Commissioning

Regulation

CNG PROJECT ENGINEERING

SUPPORT


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LNG tanker underway

Photo Courtesy of BP


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LNG Tank


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Economical for distances > 2500

Proven Technology

Can support large power demands

Vaporized gas can be supplied as feed-stock for other products

Suitable for large demand markets

Weather flexibility

High energy density CNG (60% that of diesel )

Expensive onshore facilities

Large up front investment

Safety Concerns

Facility needs careful regulation (NFPA 59A can be adopted)

Only 100 LNG liquefactions trains currently exist worldwide

LNG ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE


Power Production Fuels & Jamaica

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