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Chapter 22

Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions

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Patterns of Long-Distance Trade

Silk roads

Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin

Trans-Saharan caravan routes

Development of trading cities, emporia

Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but

expand trade network

E.g. Mongols in China, 13th c.

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Marco Polo (1253-1324)

Example of long-distance travel

Travelled to China with merchant father, uncle

Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan

Returns to Venice after 17-year absence

Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in

Venice-Genoa conflict

Great influence on European engagement with far

east

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Travel and trade from the twelfth to the

fourteenth century.

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Political and Diplomatic Travel

Trade requires diplomatic relations after 1000 CE

Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as

common enemy, 13th century

Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to

Christianity

Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule

or face destruction

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Diplomatic Travellers

Rabban Sauma

Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Persia,

1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem

Did not win European support

1295 new leader of Persia accepts Islam

Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)

Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel

Strict punishment meted out according to sharia Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft

Unable to convince women of Maldive islands to cover breasts

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Missionary Travelers

Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim

territories, 1000-1500 CE

Christian missionaries accompany, follow

Crusaders

Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate

communities

John of Montecorvino travels to China in 1291 Translates Biblical texts, builds Churches

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Cultural Exchanges

Narratives, Stories

E.g. European troubadours take Muslim love songs

European scientists learn from early Muslim, Jewish

scientists

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Spread of Crops

Citrus fruits, asian rise, cotton

Sugarcane

Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans

Demand increases rapidly

Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large

populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations

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Gunpowder Technologies

Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder

Technology reaches Europe by 1258

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Bubonic Plague

The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE

Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread

famine

Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China Carried by fleas on rodents

Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese Interior

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Spread of Plague

Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west

1346 Black Sea ports

1347 Mediterranean ports

1348 Western Europe

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Symptoms of the Black Plague

Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck,armpits, groin area

Buboes, hence Bubonic

60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset ofsymptoms

Extreme northern climates less affected

Winter hard on flea population

India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected

Reasons unknown

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Population Decline (millions)

0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1300 CE 1400 CE 1500 CE

China

Europe

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Social and Economic Effects

Massive labor shortage

Demand for higher wages

Population movements

Goverments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf

movements

Riots result

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Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty

Yuan dynasty collapses 1368, Mongols depart

Impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks,

works through military ranks, becomes Emperor

Hongwu

Proclaims new Ming (Brilliant) dynasty, 1368-

1644

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Ming Centralization

Reestablishment of Confucian educational system

Execution of minister suspected of treason, begins

tradition of direct rule by Emperor

Reliance on emissaries called Mandarins

Heavy reliance on eunuchs

Sterile, could not build hereditary power base

Centralized structure lasts through Qing dynasty

to 1911

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Economic Recovery

Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation

systems

Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk

Cultural revival

Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting

traditional Chinese culture

Emperor Yongle commissions 23,000-rollEncyclopedia

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Recovery in Western Europe: State

Building

China: centralized Empire

Europe: regional states

Europe develops new taxes

Italian states: bonds

France: salt tax, sales tax

England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax

Establish large standing armies

French Louis XI (1461-1483) had army of 15,000

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Spain

Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile,

1469

Major political and economic alliance

Completes reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian

peninsula to Italy

Funded Columbus quest for China

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The Renaissance, 14th-16th centuries

rebirth of classical culture

Italian artists use perspective

Work with real human anatomy and musculature

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Architecture: domed cathedrals

Imitation of Roman domes

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The Humanists

Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy

Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to

Christianity

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) publishes critical

Greek-Latin edition of New Testament

Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin

texts, often ignored in monastic libraries

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Humanist Moral Thought

Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally

virtuous life while engaged in the world

Marriage, business

Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidlychanging European society and economy

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Renaissance Europe and the Larger World

Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian

worlds

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) tries

to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism,Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism

Illustrative failure

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Exploration and Colonization

Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations

Mongol experience

Allowed small populations in port cities

Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount sevenmassive naval expeditions, 1405-1433

Placed trade under imperial control

Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty

Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threatin the north

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Chinese and European voyages of

exploration, 1405-1498.

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European Exploration in the Atlantic and

Indian Oceans

Motives: profit, missionary activity

Portugese early leaders in Atlantic exploration

Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin

Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) siezes

Strait of Gibraltar, 1415

Begins encouragement of major Atlantic voyages

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Colonization of the Atlantic Islands

Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc.

Investments in sugarcane plantations

Exploration of west African coast

Dramatically increases volume of slave trade

Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to

Americas for slave labor

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Indian Ocean Trade

Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in

trade with east

1488 Bartolomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good

Hope 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama sails this route to India and

back

Portuguese gunships attempt to maintain trademonopoly

Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia

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Christopher Columbus

Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean

Portuguese consider his proposal impractical,

reject it

Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage,

departs in 1492

Makes landfall in San Salvador

Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia