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CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9
ENERGY IN A CELLENERGY IN A CELL
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Presentation credentialsPresentation credentials
This is presentation is a mash up of This is presentation is a mash up of 3 different sources. They are:3 different sources. They are:
Taylor, J.(2010). Unit 4 Chemical Taylor, J.(2010). Unit 4 Chemical energy and ATP.energy and ATP.
Distarasiswa, D. (2010). Cellular Distarasiswa, D. (2010). Cellular Respiration.Respiration.
Ferguson, S. (2009).Energy in a cell.Ferguson, S. (2009).Energy in a cell.
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ENERGYENERGY
All living organisms must be able to All living organisms must be able to obtain energy from their obtain energy from their environmentenvironment
All energy comes from All energy comes from sunlightsunlight and and organisms either obtain it directly or organisms either obtain it directly or indirectlyindirectly
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ADENOSINE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATETRIPHOSPHATE
((ATP)ATP)
Energy storing molecule.Energy storing molecule.
Releases energy quickly whenever a Releases energy quickly whenever a cell needs it.cell needs it.
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ATP StructureATP Structure
Composed of an adenosine molecule with Composed of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate molecules attached.three phosphate molecules attached.
The energy of ATP becomes available The energy of ATP becomes available when the bond is broken between the when the bond is broken between the 22ndnd and 3and 3rdrd phosphate groups. phosphate groups.
adenosineadenosineTRITRIphosphate to adenosinephosphate to adenosineDIDIphosphatephosphate
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ATPATP
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
The process that The process that uses sunlight to uses sunlight to make simple make simple sugars.sugars.
Contains 2 Contains 2 reactions.reactions.
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Light - dependent Light - dependent reactionreaction
Requires lightRequires light in order to occur. in order to occur.
Reactants:Reactants: Sunlight and water. Sunlight and water.
Products:Products: ATP and NADPH and ATP and NADPH and releases oxygen.releases oxygen.
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Light - Independent Light - Independent ReactionReaction
Also known as the Also known as the dark cycledark cycle oror calvin calvin cycle.cycle.
Does not need sunlightDoes not need sunlight in order to occur. in order to occur.
Reactants:Reactants: ATP, NADPH, and Carbon ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide.dioxide.
Products:Products: Glucose and Pgal. Glucose and Pgal.
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Calvin Cycle
OR
Dark Cycle
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Formula for Formula for photosynthesisphotosynthesis
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + sunlight O + sunlight → C→ C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
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ChloroplastChloroplast
The plant organelle in which The plant organelle in which photosynthesis occurs.photosynthesis occurs.
Contains pigments called Contains pigments called chlorophyllchlorophyll that absorbs most that absorbs most wavelengths of light except green.wavelengths of light except green.
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ChloroplastChloroplast
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Aerobic Cellular Aerobic Cellular RespirationRespiration
(with Oxygen)(with Oxygen) Breakdown of sugar (food) into ATP Breakdown of sugar (food) into ATP
(usable energy).(usable energy). Occurs in the Occurs in the mitochondria.mitochondria.
3 phases:3 phases:1. 1. glycolysis:glycolysis: Anaerobic (no oxygen) Anaerobic (no oxygen)
*Steps 2&3 with oxygen*Steps 2&3 with oxygen2. 2. citric acid cyclecitric acid cycle (kreb cycle) (kreb cycle)3. 3. electron transport chainelectron transport chain
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MitochondriaMitochondria
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Formula for aerobic Formula for aerobic respirationrespiration
Opposite of photosynthesis.Opposite of photosynthesis.
CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 → 6CO→ 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O + energyenergy
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GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS(sugar splitting)(sugar splitting)
AnaerobicAnaerobic: : no oxygenno oxygen is used. is used. Takes the Takes the 6-Carbon glucose6-Carbon glucose and breaks it and breaks it
into into 2, 3-Carbon pyruvic acid2, 3-Carbon pyruvic acid molecules. molecules.
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Glycolysis Cont…Only produces Only produces 2 ATP2 ATP molecules molecules
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Glycolysis Cont…Glycolysis Cont…
Pyruvic acid is then converted into Pyruvic acid is then converted into Acetyl Co-enzyme AAcetyl Co-enzyme A before it enters before it enters the citric acid cycle.the citric acid cycle.
Reactants:Reactants: Glucose Glucose
Products:Products: Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid
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CITRIC ACID CYCLECITRIC ACID CYCLE(Also called the Kreb Cycle)(Also called the Kreb Cycle)
During this process high energy electrons are During this process high energy electrons are captured by captured by NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22. (electron . (electron carriers)carriers)
Pulls carbons off the sugar molecules, Pulls carbons off the sugar molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and generating releasing carbon dioxide and generating 2 2 ATP ATP (varies)(varies)..
Reactants:Reactants: Acetyl Co-enzyme A Acetyl Co-enzyme A Products:Products: NADH and FADH NADH and FADH22
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Kreb CycleKreb Cycle((Citric Acid Cycle)Citric Acid Cycle)
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINCHAIN
The electron carriers The electron carriers NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22 transfer their electrons to the transfer their electrons to the electron transport chain.electron transport chain.
The electrons are passed through a The electrons are passed through a series of proteins, gradually releasing series of proteins, gradually releasing the energy they contain, to form the energy they contain, to form 32 32 ATPATP molecules. molecules.
The final electron acceptor is The final electron acceptor is oxygenoxygen..
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Electron Transport Chain
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Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
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Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration(No oxygen)(No oxygen)
Lactic acid Lactic acid fermentation:fermentation: Occurs during Occurs during strenuous exercisestrenuous exercise when the body is not when the body is not able to supply needed able to supply needed oxygen to the muscles. oxygen to the muscles.
Allows the continued Allows the continued production of ATP until production of ATP until oxygen levels are oxygen levels are restoredrestored..
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Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Cont...Cont...
No Oxygen!!!No Oxygen!!! Occurs in the Occurs in the cytoplasmcytoplasm of the of the
cell.cell. Produces lactic acid.Produces lactic acid.
Not very efficient – Only Not very efficient – Only 2 ATP2 ATP produced.produced.
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Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Cont..Cont..
Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeast and some Used by yeast and some bacteria.bacteria.
Produces carbon dioxide and Produces carbon dioxide and alcohol.alcohol.
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is the process that Cellular Respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down food releases energy by breaking down food
molecules in the presence of oxygen.molecules in the presence of oxygen.
6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + EnergyO + Energy
Oxygen + Glucose Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Dioxide +
Water + EnergyWater + Energy
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
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KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.
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Cellular respiration makes Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down ATP by breaking down
sugars.sugars. Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell
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Glycolysis must take place first.Glycolysis must take place first.
– anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)– takes place in cytoplasm– splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules– produces two ATP molecules
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Cellular respiration is like Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of a mirror image of photosynthesis.photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an
electron transport chain.electron transport chain. takes place intakes place in
mitochondrial matrixmitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbonbreaks down three-carbon
molecules from glycolysismolecules from glycolysis– makes a small amount of ATP– releases carbon dioxide– transfers energy-carrying
molecules6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
Krebs Cycle
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6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
• The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
– takes place in inner membrane
– energy transferred to electron transport chain
– oxygen enters process– ATP produced
– water released as awaste product
Electron Transport
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The equation for the overall process is:The equation for the overall process is:
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO
• The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.
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FermentationFermentation Releases energy from glucose without the Releases energy from glucose without the
presence of oxygen.presence of oxygen. There are two types of fermentation: There are two types of fermentation:
alcoholic and lactic acid.alcoholic and lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts
and some microorganisms. It produces and some microorganisms. It produces alcohol & Carbon Dioxidealcohol & Carbon Dioxide
Lactic Acid is produced by muscles during Lactic Acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.enough oxygen.
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Fermentation is used in food production.Fermentation is used in food production.
– yogurt
– cheese
– bread
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Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
1.1. Includes the Includes the Krebs Krebs CycleCycle & the & the Electron Electron Transport ChainTransport Chain
2.2. Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid from from glycolysis diffuses into glycolysis diffuses into matrix of mitochondria matrix of mitochondria & reacts with coenzyme & reacts with coenzyme A to form A to form acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA (2-(2-carbon compound)carbon compound)
3.3. COCO2 2 and NADHand NADH are also are also
producedproduced
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Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrionOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is
broken down into carbon dioxide in a broken down into carbon dioxide in a
series of energy-extracting reactions.series of energy-extracting reactions.
Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus
giving it the nickname Citric Acid cycle.giving it the nickname Citric Acid cycle.
Net ATP Production is 2 ATP.Net ATP Production is 2 ATP.
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The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
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ReferencesReferences
This presentation is a mash up of 3 different sources. They This presentation is a mash up of 3 different sources. They are:are:Taylor, J.(2010). Unit 4 Chemical energy and ATP.Taylor, J.(2010). Unit 4 Chemical energy and ATP.http://www.slideshare.net/olympushighschool/unit-4-chemical-energy-and-atp
Accessed 6 March 2014Accessed 6 March 2014Distarasiswa, D. (2010). Cellular Respiration.Distarasiswa, D. (2010). Cellular Respiration.http://www.slideshare.net/dhitaunforgetable/powerpoint-metabolisme-2
Accessed 6 March Accessed 6 March Ferguson, S. (2009).Energy in a cell.Ferguson, S. (2009).Energy in a cell.http://www.slideshare.net/biologyteacher60/chapter-9-biology-iAccessed 6 March 2014