Power Point Pre Zen Tare

8/8/2019 Power Point Pre Zen Tare

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DENOTATION AND

CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION


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DENOTATION DENOTATION the primary meaning of a lexical item, involving itsrelationship to the non-linguistic entities which it represents.

-Denotation represents for most linguists the cognitive or communicative aspect of meaning.

-Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the dictionarydefinition.

According to Z drenghea (1977 : 22) denotative meaning, being to acertain extent equivalent to extensional meaning, accounts for ther elationship between the linguistic sign and its object . Nevertheless,it is not possible to equate denotation with the object for the samereasons that make it impossible for the referential meaning to cover all its

aspects.In order to establish the denotation, respectively of meanings of words,

the use of the dictionary, more exactly of a great number of dictionaries,is compulsory L evitchi (1975 : 19 ).


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In Venuti` s opinion (2000 : 2 1) words have emotionalconnotations.

According toC

hitoran (1973 : 35 ) connotation standsfor the emotional overtones a speaker usually associateswith each individual use of a word. The connotativeaspects of meaning are highly subjective springing fromthe personal experiences which each speaker has had of a given word as well as from the attitude he would like toemphasize either towards what he wants to express or towards the person he is speaking to.


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In L evitchi`s opinion (1994 : 113) referring to the classification

of connotations these are of two types : objectives andsubjectives.A noun like r oser ose from English or his Romanian equivalentt r andafi r t r andafi r has positive connotations: beauty, perfume, youth,freshness; as the word hyena hiena has negativeconnotations: ugliness, rapacity, danger for people.T hese are connotations accepted by a very large social group,what allows us to call them (conventionally) objectives.L ess interesting, however not neglected for the translator, arethe subjective connotations, revived by personal experiencesand being often into opposition and contrast relations than theobjective connotations. A t a social level, rose trandafir haspositive connotations. But what happens when somebody has

suffered from the allergy called rose-fever /-cold, a kind of rinita alergica caused by the pollen not always benign of the flower? T his kind of connotation is a subjective one. T heemotion caused by the view or the simple mention of the roseisn`t anymore of aesthetic order.


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. A word that evokes one or more attributes of the referent. Simpleword (rose), compound word, metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche andsome other figures of speech evoke one or more attributes of the referent.Nose with its metaphorized and attested sense of prora , bot (decorabie) evokes the prominence, the front placement and the sharpness of the nose.

3. A word that evokes another word.There are three important aspects of the association :A . by analogy;

B. by contiguity;C . by contrast.

A . A ssociation by analogy : consonantic group; rhyme; derivates; similar words without motivation; evocation by similar contents.

B. A ssociation by contiguity : ellipsis, stylistic derivation, anacoluthon.

C . A ssociation by contrast: explicit monovalent antonyms, explicit polyvalentantonyms, implicit antonyms.


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4. A word that evokes itself . A word can evoke itself diachronic and synchronic.

A . Diachronic evocation : archaisms, etymology.A rchaisms : yon (adj., pron.) acel (a), ace (e)a, acei (a) sau acele (a)

expresses a greater distance than that and those, was used more rarelyeven when it hasn`t been an archaism yet , today it is a poetism.

Etymology : pen toc sau stilou, still remembers us in a way about the old

sense of pana, condei which derived (romanian toc or stilou don`thave such etymological connotations).

B Synchronic evocation:1. Semantic dominant.2. Metasense.3. The Dominant of the grammatical sense.4. Echo Words.


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EX AMPLES


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Roll out the red carpet (for) to welcome and entertain ina grand and impressive style.

The mayor of the little town r olled out the r ed ca r pet

for new business by

c alling on them personally.Red carpet a carpet laid down for important visitors

Well have to get out the red c arpet for the Presidentsvisit.Red carpet deferential treatment accorded to a person

of importance.The returning hero had a r ed-ca r pet re c eption.Red-faced embarrassedRed-handed in the act of committing a crime or doingsomething wrong or shameful.

They were c aught red-handed, and now they are red-fac ed. (Margaret Thatcher)T o see red to be extremely angry

People who dont finish a job really make me see r ed .


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red flag a warning signal; something that demandsattention or provokes an irritated reaction; red flag as awarning of danger or a problem :They had overlooked the r ed flags that should have

alerted them to the c ounty`s disastrous investment strategy.red tape excessive formality and routine requiredbefore official action can be taken; bureaucraticprocedures that delay progress :Paula had hoped to settle the inheritan c e qui c kly but got c aught up in a lot of r ed tape.Red - a communist or socialistB etter dead than Red or better Red than dead. ( a cold war slogan claiming that the prospect of nuclear war ispreferable to that of a communist society; or vice versa).


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Red flag a warning signal; something that demands attention or provokes anirritated reaction; red flag as a warning of danger or a problem:They had overlooked the r ed flags that should have alerted them to the c ountys

disastrous investment strategy.

Red tape excessive formality and routine required before official action can be

taken; bureaucratic procedures that delay progress:Paula had hoped to settle the inheritan c e qui c kly but got c aught up in a lot of r ed tape .

Red a communist or socialistB etter dead than Red or better Red than dead. (a c old-war slogan c laiming that the

prospe c t of nu c lear war is preferable to that of a c ommunist so c iety; or vi c e versa).

Red C ross an international organization that cares for the wounded, sick, andhomeless in wartime, according to the terms of the Geneva Convention of 1864 , andnow also during and following natural disasters.H e joined the Red C r oss following a 21-year c areer in the United States Army where

he worked within the Armys health c are system.


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Red C ross - an international organization that cares for the wounded, sick, and homeless in wartime, accordingto the terms of the Geneva Convention in 1864 , and nowalso during and following natural disasters.

H e joined the Red C r oss following a 21 year c areer inthe United States Army where he worked within the

Army`s health c are system.

2. Y ellow the primary color between green and orangein the visible spectrum.G ive me that yellow book, please ! Y ellow journalism J ournalism that exploits, distorts,or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attractreaders.When it c omes to yellow jou r nalism, The M irror,Sunday M irror and the People newspapers make the


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Y ellow Pages A volume or section of a telephonedirectory that lists business, services, or productsalphabetically according to field.The Romanian Y ellow Pages does not verify advertising

c laims or c ontent, and does not assume any responsibility regarding ads.Y ellow dog an offensive term meaning so cowardlyand mean as to be beneath contempt (informal insult).The man says you`re a yellow dog. Wanna makesomething of it ?Y ellow-dog contract an employer-employee contract,now illegal, by which an applicant for a job agrees not tobe a labor-union member while employed.Y ellow dog cont r acts were c ommon in many industriesuntil the 1930s , when they were made illegal.


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Y ellow people are a vast Asiati c nation, settled inChina, Japan, Korea, Thailand and other c ountries. (of the color yellow; having a yellow-brown skin color; -offensive being a person of Asian origin)

3. blue film a film that shows a lot of sexual activity.Children c annot wat c h blue films.Blue joke ( Indecent) vulgar I do not tolerate blue jokes in my house ! Blues - A dress blue uniform, especially that of the U.S. Army.Good blueT rue blue someone loyal and faithfulOut of the blue unexpected (could be positive or negative)


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Blue ribbon first rate, top prizeBlueblood person of noble birth, royaltyBluestocking well-read or scholarly womanBluebook register of socially prominent peopleT he Blues (capitalized) popular style of musicsometimes characterized by melancholy melodies andwordsBaby blues B lue eyes (also see B ad blue words)Bad blueFeeling blue feeling sad or depressedBlue devils feelings of depressionT he blues (not capitalized) depression, state of sadnessBlue Monday feeling sad


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Baby blues post-partum depressionSinging the blues bemoaning one`s circumstancesBlue laws laws originally intended to enforce certainmoral standardsBlue language profanityBluenose puritanical individualInto the blue entering the unknown or escape to partsunknownOut of the blue unexpected (could be positive or negative)4. green - eyed monster jealousy


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The phrase was used by, and possibly coined by,Shakespeare to denote jealousy, in The M er c hant of Veni c e, 16 00 :Portia :

H ow all the other passions fleet to air, As doubtful thoughts, and rash-embra c ed despair, And shuddering fear, and g r een-eyed jealousy ! O love,B e moderate; allay thy e c stasy ,I n measure rain thy joy; s c ant this ex c ess.I feel too mu c h thy blessing : make it less,For fear I surfeit.

In Othello, Shakespeare also alludes to cats as green-eyed monsters in the way that they play with mice beforekilling them.


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Iago :O, beware, my lord, of jealousy;I t is the g r een-eyed monste r whi c h doth mo c k

The meat it feeds on ; that c uc kold lives in blissWho, c ertain of his fate, loves not his wronger;B ut, O, what damned minutes tells he o`er Who dotes, yet doubts, suspe c ts, yet strongly

loves !


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Green hand - a noviceH e is a g r een hand in the field.

5. black market a place or system for selling goodsillegally, as in violation of rationing.B lack ma r ket labor is a fundamental problem inRomania and is mainly en c ouraged by publi c systemc orruption and la c k of legislation.black sheep a member of a family or group regardedas not so respectable or successful as the rest.H e is the black sheep of the family.In the black running a business profitablySin c e he be c ame manager, the c ompany has beenr unning in the black.Black day a day when something sad or disastrous


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6. A white lie An often trivial, diplomatic or well-intentioned untruthE veryone tells a white lie on o cc asion, it`s just aquestion of why ?

A white hope any person who is expected to bringhonor, glory, etc. to some group, place, etc.The great white hope is a singer from I reland.W hite meat any light-colored meat, as pork, chicken,beef

She regularly eats white meat.white elephant something from which little profit or use is derived;

A white elephant gift ex c hange is a popular holiday party game in the North Ameri c a.

W hite night sleepless night


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BIB LIO GR APHY

Chitoran, D., (1973 ) E lements of E nglish Stru c tural Semanti c s, B ucuresti, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica.Dima, G., Outlines of E nglish Semanti c s, Galati,Universitatea Dunarea de J os.

Levitchi, L., (1975 ) I ndrumar pentru tradu c atorii dinlimba engleza in limba romana, B ucuresti, EdituraStiintifica si Enciclopedica.Levitchi, L., (1994 ) M anualul Tradu c atorului, B ucuresti,Editura Teora.

Neagu, M., (200 7) Lexi c

ologie si semanti c

a, Galati,Universitatea Dunarea de J os. Venuti, L., (2000) The Translation Studies Reader,

London, Routledge Publishing H ouse. Zdrenghea, M., (1977 ) I ntrodu c tion to Semanti c s, Cluj

Napoca, Universitatea B abes - B olyai.

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