POWER OF ASTAXANTHIN · POWER OF ASTAXANTHIN ALGAETECH INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD, MALAYSIA ......
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Transcript of POWER OF ASTAXANTHIN · POWER OF ASTAXANTHIN ALGAETECH INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD, MALAYSIA ......
POWER OF ASTAXANTHIN
ALGAETECH INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD, MALAYSIA“T H E F U T U R E I S N O W”
Frost & Sullivan 2011 Best Practice Award
“Asia Pacific Green Excellence Award for Service Innovation in Algae Technology”
BIONEXUS Status Award
Astaxanthin is a natural antioxidant with capability to scavenge free radicals
Astaxanthin is a keto carotenoid, classified under Xanthophylls. It is a metabolite of Zeathanthin and / or Canthaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a colourful lipid soluble pigment
Astaxanthin has two chiral centers/stereoisomers at the 3 and 3’ positions. There are three stereoisomers recorded so far in Astaxanthin3R, 3’R, 2. 3R, 3’R and 3. 3S, 3’S
What is Astaxanthin?
Astaxanthin Benefits
Strong Antioxidant Anti-Inflammatory Provides Eye Fatigue Relief Increase Muscle Endurance Supports Healthy Blood Lipids Aids in Wrinkle Reduction
Astaxanthin is assimilated with lipoprotein and transported into the
tissues. Of several naturally occurring carotenoids, Astaxanthin is
considered as one of the best carotenoids being able to protect cells
lipids and membrane lipid proteins against oxidative damages
(Olson, J.A., 2004. Pure Appl. Chem. 66: 1011 – 1016)
• The colour of Astaxanthin is due to the extended chain of conjugated – alternating double and single bonds at the centre. The double bonds of hydroxyl and keto groups are responsible for antioxidant function of Astaxanthin.
• Astaxanthin protects body tissues from oxidative and Ultra-violet damage through its suppression of NF-kB activation
(Lennikov, A., Nobyoshi, K. and Risa Fukase, 2012. Molecular vision 18: 455 – 464)
• The yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous produces 3R, 3’R stereoisomers for the synthesis of Astaxanthin
• Synthetic Astaxanthin obtained from petroleum products contains a mixture of all three stereoisomers
• Astaxanthin was approved by US, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a New Dietary ingredient in 1999
(Lennikov, A., Nobyoshi, K. and Risa Fukase, 2012. Molecular vision 18: 455 – 464)
Production
Haematococcus pluvialis cultivationVegetative cell Immature Aplanospore Aplanospore
40-80μm
Haematococcus pluvialisHaemato (Blood) Coccus (Seed) Pluvialis (Fresh Water)
Microalgae family – includes Chlorella and Spirulina
Single cell fresh water Microalgae (Plant source)
Found in standing pools and ponds world wide (non-GMO)
During harsh environment conditions – Hibernates
Why we choose Haematococcus pluvialis for Astaxanthin:
The freshwater unicellular microalga Haematococcus pluvialissynthesizes and accumulates the highest levels of Astaxanthincompared to the other Astaxanthin producer organisms.
Commercially grown Haematococcus pluvialis can accumulate morethan 40g of Astaxanthin per kg of dry biomass.
Studies showed Astaxanthin’s health-beneficial effects in humans wereperformed on the stereoisomer found in Haematococcus, 3S-3’S.
In nutraceutical applications , scientists have proven that one of themain advantages of natural Astaxanthin esters is that the esterifiedform is inherently more stable than the free form, providing for asignificantly longer shelf life without being oxidized.
The advanced commercial production of natural Astaxanthin from themicroalga Haematococcus pluvialis supplies the market with high-qualityproducts rich in Astaxanthin, suitable for human applications.
Free Astaxanthin from H. pluvialis has 4.4 fold higher free radicalscavenging activity (IC50 value of 8.1 microgram/ml) when compared tothat of Astaxanthin esters (Kamath, 2007).
Natural sources of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin has shown both lipophilic and
hydrophilic properties. It acts as a strong
antioxidant by donating the electrons and
reacting free radicals to convert them to be
more stable products and terminate free
radical chain reaction.
Astaxanthin has a unique structure which
enables to stay both in and outside cell
membrane. It gives better protection than
beta carotene and vitamin C since, it could
link with cell membrane from inside to
outside.
Functional properties of Astaxanthin and other compounds
Its unique lipophilic and hydrophilic properties allow it to span the entire cell, with one end
of Astaxanthin molecule protecting the fat soluble part and another end protecting water
soluble part of cells.
(Yamashita, 2013. Funct. Foods Health Dis. 3: 254 – 258)
Health Benefits of Astaxanthin
• For humans, Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant with broad health implications and unlike other antioxidants such as beta carotene, zeaxanthin, vitamin E, C, D. and selenium, Astaxanthin never becomes pro-oxidant in the body
(Pearson, P., et al., 2006. BioDrugs 20: 271 – 273)
• Haematococcus pluvialis extract is known to inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells by arresting cell cycle progression and promoting apoptosis
(Palozza, P. et al., 2009. Cancer Lett. 283: 108 – 117)
• Astaxanthin has shown excellent results for helping with skin moisture levels, smoothness and elasticity and preventing fine wrinkles and spots.
(Camera, E., et. al., 2009. Exp. Dermotol. 18: 222 – 231)
• Bioavailability of Astaxanthin in human plasma was confirmed with single dosage of 100 mg
(Osterlie, M., Bjerkeng, B. and Liaaen-Jensen, 2000. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11: 482 – 492)
Health Benefits of Astaxanthin
• Supplementation of Astaxanthin in human for eight weeks resulted in increased blood levels and improved the activity of killer cells which targeted to destroy the cells infected with viruses
(Park, J.S. et al., 2010. Nutr. Metab. 7: 1 – 10)
• A clinical trial made on humans revealed that Astaxanthinhelps diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, eye strain and fatigue and seeing in fine details
(Sun, Z., et al., 2011. Food Funct. 2: 251 – 218)
Health Benefits of Astaxanthin
Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) values for H. pluvialis made Axtaxanthin isabout 3 times more than that of the synthetic product and about a third more than theyeast- made version (Nguyen, 2013).
Table: Sustainability comparison on economical, environmental and societal impact of Astaxanthin production via chemical synthesis,yeast fermentation (Phaffia rhodozyma) and algal induction (H. pluvialis):
Per kg of Astaxanthin
Economical Environmental Societal
Production method
Raw material cost ($)
Land usage(Sq.km)
Energy cost ($)
Waste water
Emissions (Air)
Cost ($) Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
Human consumption?
Chemical synthesis
40 10 26 0 2 2,000 33% NO
Yeastfermentation
140 20 160 9 5 2,500 66% Most
H. pluvialissynthesis
164 25 120 2 9 >7,000 100% YES
Note: Green indicates the best option, yellow medium and red is the worse.
Organism Content% W/W dry wt
Reference
Green algae
Haematocus pluvialis 2.0-3.0 Lorenz and Cysewski , 2000
Neochloris wimmeri 0.6 Orsa et al.2000
Chloroccum <0.2 Zhang et al. 1997
Nannochloropsis gaditana <0.3 Lubian et al. 2000
Scenedesmus vacuolatus 0.01 Orsa et al. 2000
Chlorella zofingiensis <0.01 Ip and Chen 2005
Chlamydomonus nivalis 0.04 Bidigare et al. 1993
Fungi
Phaffia rhodozyma 0.4 Jacobson et al. 2000
Yeast-Candida utilis 0.04 Miura et al. 1998
Bacteria
Agrobacterium aurantiacum 0.01 Yokoyama et al. 1995
Animals
Shrimp –Pandalus clarkii 0.015 Mayers and Bligh 1981
Back snow crab-Chinoecetes opilio 0.011 Shahidi and Synowiecki,1991
Comparisons of Astaxanthin content from Natural sources :
Cultivation system of H. pluvialis:
Astaxanthin production from H. pluvialis was developed on the industrial scale aroundthe late 1990s. Many different system have been developed for large scale productionof H. pluvialis.
First growth stage (Green stage):Usually facilitated by either closed indoor photo-bioreactors or enclosed outdoorsystems.Closed system:
-Environmentally controlled process with less biological and chemicalcontamination.
-Much more popular and optimal growth conditions can be achieved.
The cyst induction ‘reddening phase’ :Conducted via open raceway ponds, where nutrient deprivation and cellular stress areactually preferred.
Industrial systems have utilized nutrient deprivation, high irradiance, and/or hightemperature. Yields have hovered around 1-3% Astaxanthin harvested from cells.
17
Excess of light
Generation of ROS
Cellular sensing, mediators
Activation of cell response
+ LIGHT
Environmental Stresses: Nutrient deprivation Salt stress High light Low temperature Drought Aging
Cell response to stress in the green alga Haematococcus
Mode of action
Slowdown of cell division
1. Xanthophyll cycle 2. ROS quenching enzymes3. antioxidants
Change in cellanabolism(lipids)
PalmelloidMotile cell Astaxanthin accumulation
Encystment
Red cyst
18
Synchronized cultures and Life Cycle
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h)
1
10
1
10
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (h)
Lag enhanced productivity
High LightNormal Light
Very few companies commercially produce Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. TheHawaiian companies Cyanotech Corporation and Mera Pharmaceuticals cultivate the algaeusing an open pond system for the “Red Stage.”
The Japanese company Fuji Chemicals operates an indoor facility in Sweden and its“domeshaped” bioreactors in Hawaii. The Israeli company Algatechnologies uses tubularsolar-powered photobioreactors for both the “Green and Red stages” in closed, strictlycontrolled systems
The major parameters used to assess high-quality commercial Haematococcus biomassand oleoresins are high Astaxanthin content in the product, low levels of biological andchemical contamination, and excellent stability of the Astaxanthin in the product.
Producing Astaxanthin in a closed system throughout the entire process (“Green” and“Red”) in an area with high solar-radiation intensity year-round, as in the case ofAlgatechnologies, yields high-quality Astaxanthin products
Company LocationAlga Technologies IsraelCyanotech HawaiiJingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc China
Algaetech International Malaysia
Parry Nutraceuticals IndiaMera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Hawaii
Fuji Chemicals Japan, Sweden
Valensa International Florida
Prominent Players in the Astaxanthin Market
(http://www.oilgae.com/non_fuel_products/astaxanthin.html#sthash.FVwemMuu.dpuf)
The demand for natural astaxanthin is now emerging in the multi-billion dollarnutraceutical market.
Astaxanthin is principally consumed by the salmon feed industry. The annualworldwide aquaculture market of this pigment is estimated at US$ 200 million withan average price of US$ 2500/kg.
The global astaxanthin market is estimated at about $257 million, most of which isused in fish coloration .
The human uses market is growing and estimated at about $27-$40 million. Mostastaxanthin is derived from the H pluvialis, which is commonly consumed by fishand crustaceans – like salmon and lobster – and is responsible for their pinkcoloration.
(http://www.oilgae.com/non_fuel_products/astaxanthin.html#sthash.vyvgtBKR.dpuf)
Market Scope of Astaxanthin
Market Sectors Market Size ( as of 2009) ( Million USD)
Potential Market(2020)( Million USD)
Animal feed colouring agents 300 800Antioxidant nutraceuticals 30 300Pharmaceuticals Emerging 500Cosmetics Emerging 30
(http://www.oilgae.com/non_fuel_products/astaxanthin.html#sthash.FVwemMuu.dpuf)
Market Scope of Astaxanthin
Challenges in Astaxanthin Production
Although natural sources have long been exploited for astaxanthin production, it is stilluncertain if natural astaxanthin can be produced at lower cost than that of syntheticastaxanthin or not.
One of the major limitations with the H pluvialis production system is that the astaxanthingets trapped behind thick cells walls, thus complicating the extraction process and theproduction yields.
Production capacity of H pluvialis is constrained by its intrinsic slow growth, low cell yield,ease of contamination by bacteria and protozoa, and susceptibility to adverse weatherconditions. These challenges are magnified as processes are scaled up, and thereforerequire advanced technology to control
H pluvialis cannot be efficiently cultivated in dark heterotrophic mode, which requires highlevels of irradiance, making the process economically less reasonable.
(http://www.oilgae.com/non_fuel_products/astaxanthin.html#sthash.vyvgtBKR.dpuf)