Minor project presentation on

POWER GENERATION USING HUMAN POWER AND ANIMAL POWER

PRESENTED BY:TARESH KALA MANISH SUYALNIKHIL PANDITAISHITA GUNJAN JOSHIAKANSHA JOSHI

ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM

• Lack of suitable home lighting is directly linked to illiteracy, poverty and health problems.

• The current widespread burning of kerosene also results in environmental pollution.

• It is very difficult and very costly to provide grid power everywhere specially at remote isolated communities in developing countries.

• General feeling is that bullocks are non-economical and burden on economy.

• They are being sold to slaughterer houses for about 1,000/- each. A butcher gets more than Rs. 7,000/- in terms of beef leather, blood, bones and other ingredients.

METHOD FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT

We could take two approaches to accomplish this goal:

Introduce a new product or service and hope that it succeeds in front of a new audience.

Innovate on an existing technology or service, reducing the need for product education.

The latter option appears more practical and feasible to achieve.

TARGET AREAS

• In examining target areas, our group recognized a need in India and China for electricity. We also recognized the use of bicycles in Western Europe and the US.

• Bicycles serve as a main method of transportation in these countries.

• Over 60% of India’s population already owns a bicycle

• In an effort to raise awareness about energy use and global warming, the BBC even made a TV-programme in which an entire household was powered via these generators, with 80 cyclists generating up to 14 kW.

• These multi-person pedal power generators were pioneered in the

1970s by the Campus Centre for Appropriate Technology.

EXISTING BICYCLE GENERATORS

• A few companies have produced bicycle generators that can be used while biking.

• Bike2Power and Nokia have come out with similar models relying on a bicycle dynamo whose axle rubs and spins with the rotation of the front wheel.

• Both products are priced around $80.

• More recently, ECOXPOWER released a product that uses the rotation of the spokes in the bicycle wheel to generate electricity.

OTHER ALTERNATIVE

• Animal energy in form of high-torque low-speed can be converted into low-torque high-speed through speed increaser to energize the electric generator.

• The electricity generated is stored in the battery and used when lighting is required either for DC light or AC light using inverter.

• This equipment is emission free, low cost and has long life.

• This equipment needs less maintenance and any person can run either skilled or unskilled.

MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION

Integrated device, Mech. link, Speed Increaser, belt & pulley, alternator and battery

GEAR ARRANGEMENT AND SPEED INCREASER

• The gear arrangement is basically the main part of the system because of their need for speed increasing

• Gears are arranged in step by step manner such that each step will increase speed by increasing gear ratio

• We’ll be using herringbone instead of spur gear for smoother power transmission

• Planetary gear trains provide high power density in comparison to standard parallel axis gear trains. But we won’t be using it due to high cost and design complexity

CALCULATION FOR BULL SYSTEM

• Radius of path (r) =2.5m

• Velocity of drought animal = 0.80m/s

• Total distance travel in 60sec (1min) = 0.80*60=

48m

• Distance travel in one round = 2* π*r =15.708m

• Revolution per minute (rpm) = 48/15.708

=3.05rpm

GEARING

• Gear Ratio:

• In 1st step = 1:1

• In 2nd step = 1:7

• In 3rd step = 1:7

• In 4th step = 1:10

• So, final speed at gear output =

(Nf)g = 3.05*1*7*7*10 ≈ 1495rpm.

• And, final output introduced to alternator =

(Nf)alt =1495*2 = 2989rpm

CALCULATION FOR BICYCLE SYSTEM

• Average cycling speed=6km/h=100m/min

• Average dia. of a cycle=0.6m

• Paddling speed in rpm=100/(п*0.6)=53.1

• Gear ratio between two sprockets=1:3

• Rpm at rear axel=53.1*3=159.3

GEARING

• Gear Ratio:

• In 1st step = 1:1

• In 2nd step = 1:3

• In 3rd step = 1:2(second gear connected to alternator shaft)

• So, final output introduced to alternator =

(Nf)alt =159.3*1*3*2=955.8rpm

ALTERNATOR

An alternator is such a machine which produces alternation electricity. In other words it is a kind of generators which converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy. It is also known as synchronous generator.

• Works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

• Preferred because converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices is effective and usually economical.

• Simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons.

• An Alternator is able to produce power across multiple high-current power generation coils connected in parallel, eliminating the need for the commutator.

• The output energy from the dynamo is very low.

CONNECTING THE ALTERNATOR

• Alternator is larger in size compared to dynamo and it would seizemore space.

• One way to connect an alternator with the bicycle is to place itbehind the seat by removing the carrier. The shaft of the alternatorshould be connected to tyre with a belt that rolls over shaft on oneend and other end rolls over a cylindrical structure attached to itsrear tire’s hub. In this way when the bicycle moves, the structurerotates and thereby facilitates rotation of alternator’s shaft.

• The other way to connect the alternator with the bicycle is by makingthe shaft directly roll over the tire. A rubber cap placed on the shaftis used to provide grip and to facilitate roll without slipping.

• Among the two ways, the first way will be more power efficient butthe bicycle is needed to be pedaled in stationary mode

USE AS A BATTERY CHARGER• The alternator charges the battery when it is in running condition;

without it, the battery would run down very quickly.

• The alternator tries to power the electrical system and charge the battery at the same time. When loads are high the battery can instantly supply more current when necessary.

• Alternators do not produce voltage/current as soon as they start to spin.

• Just above the idle speed is the cut-in speed at which the alternator begins to deliver current for the first time. The exact speed depends on the battery voltage, the rate of change of rotational-speed.

BATTERY

• An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices.

• When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit.

• It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

• When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

• When battery is charged, the positive terminal is anode and negative terminal is cathode.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

NiCd:

• Used where long life, high discharge rate are important.

• Moderate rate of self-discharge.

• Environmental hazard due to Cadmium – use now virtually prohibited in Europe.

• Main applications are two-way radios, biomedical equipment, professional video cameras.

Lead-acid:

• Moderate energy density.

• Moderate rate of self-discharge.

• Higher discharge rates result in considerable loss of capacity.

• Environmental hazard due to Lead.

• Common use – Automobile batteries.

NiMH:

• It has a higher energy density compared to the NiCd at the expense of reduced cycle life.

• High rate of self-discharge.

• NiMH contains no toxic metals.

• Applications include mobile phones and laptop computers.

Lithium ion:

• Very high energy density.

• Very low rate of self-discharge.

• Volatile: Chance of explosion if short-circuited, allowed to overheat, or not manufactured with rigorous quality standards.

• Very common in laptop computers, moderate to high-end digital cameras, camcorders, and cellphones.

Lithium ion polymer:

• It offers the attributes of the Li-ion is ultra-slim in geometry and simplified packaging.

• Lower energy density and decreased cycle count compared to Li-ion .

• Its main application is in mobile phones.

• Expensive to manufacture.

BATTERY SELECTION

We are using deep cycle lead acid battery for our purpose because of the following advantages:

• The positive electrode is row of lead-oxide cylinders or tubes strung side by side , thus increases surface area in contact with the electrolyte, hence exhibit a higher power density than flat-plate cells.

• Meaningful to situations where there is insufficient space to install higher capacity (and thus larger) flat-plate units.

• Deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to degradation due to cycling.

• required for applications where the batteries are regularly discharged.

• Inexpensive and simple to manufacture.

• Low self-discharge.

• Low maintenance requirements.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF LEAD ACID BATTERY

CHARGING

In the fully charged state, the negative plate consists of lead, and the

positive plate lead dioxide, with the electrolyte of concentrated sulfuric acid.

DISCHARGING

In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates

become lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4), and the electrolyte loses much

of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water.

Negative plate reaction:

Release of two conducting electrons gives lead electrode a net negative charge. As electrons accumulate they create an electric field which attracts hydrogen ions and repels sulfate ions, leading to a double-layer near the surface.

Positive plate reaction:

The total reaction can be written as:

CONFIGURATION OF COMPONENTS

Power rating of alternator:300W

Power produced considering losses:200W

Current output from inverter:1 amperes

Current rating of alternator:60 amperes

Current output from alternator:30 amperes

Charging time of battery:t=1*10/30