TitleAbout the authorsPrefaceContentsPart 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Power Electronic Systems1.1 Introduction1.2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics1.3 Scope and Applications1.4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters1.4.1 Power Processors1.4.2 Power Converters1.4.3 Matrix Converter as a Power Processor

1.5 About the Text1.6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics1.7 Convention of Symbols Used Problems References

Chapter 2 Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches2.1 Introduction2.2 Diodes2.3 Thyristors2.4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons2.6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors2.7 Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors2.9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors2.10 Comparison of Controllable Switches2.11 Drive and Snubber Circuits2.12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics Summary Problems References

Chapter 3 Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts3.1 Introduction3.2 Electric Circuits3.2.1 Definition of Steady State3.2.2 Average Power and rms Current3.2.3 Steady-State ac Waveforms with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents3.2.3.1 Phasor Representation3.2.3.2 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor3.2.3.3 Thre-Phase Circuits

3.2.4 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms in Steady State3.2.4.1 Fourier Analysis of Repetetive Waveforms3.2.4.2 Line-Current Distortion3.2.4.3 Power and Power Factor

3.2.5 Inductor and Capacitor Response3.2.5.1 Average Vl and Ic in Steady State

3.3 Magnetic Circuits3.3.1 Amper's Law3.3.2 Right-Hand Rule3.3.3 Flux Density or B-Field3.3.4 Continuity of Flux3.3.5 Magnetic Reluctance and Permeance3.3.6 Magnetic Circuit Analysis3.3.7 Faraday's Voltage Induction Law3.3.8 Self-Inductance L3.3.9 Transformers3.3.9.1 Transformers with Lossless Cores3.3.9.2 Ideal Transformers3.3.9.3 Transformers with Cores Having Hysteresis3.3.9.4 Per-Unit Leakage Inductances

Summary Problems References

Chapter 4 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems4.1 Introduction4.2 Challenges in Computer Simulation4.3 Simulation Process4.3.1 Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation4.3.2 Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design4.3.3 Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior4.3.4 Switching Details

4.4 Mechanics of Simulation4.4.1 Circuit-Oriented Simulators4.4.2 Equation Solvers4.4.3 Comparison of Circuit-Oriented Simulators and Equation Solvers

4.5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis4.5.1 Linear Differential Equations4.5.2 Trapezoidal Method of Integration4.5.3 Nonlinear Differential Equations

4.6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators4.6.1 SPICE4.6.2 EMTP Simulation Program4.6.3 Suitability of PSpice and EMTP

4.7 Equation Solvers Summary Problems ReferencesPart 2 Generic Power Electronic Circuits

Part 2 Generic Power Electronic CircuitsChapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac - Uncontrolled dc5.1 Introduction5.2 Basic Rectifier Concepts5.2.1 Pure Resistive Load5.2.2 Inductive Load5.2.3 Load with an Internal dc Voltage

5.3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers5.3.1 Idealized Circuit with Ls=05.3.2 Effect of Ls on Current Commutation5.3.3 Constant dc-Side Voltage vd(t)=Vd5.3.3.1 Rectifier Characteristic5.3.4 Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers5.3.4.1 Analytical Calculations under a Highly Discontinuous Current5.3.4.2 Circuit Simulation for General Operating Conditions5.3.4.3 Line-Current Distortion5.3.4.4 Line-Voltage Distortion

5.4 Voltage-Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers5.5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems5.6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers5.6.1 Idealized Circuit with Ls=05.6.2 Effect of Ls on Current Commutation5.6.3 A Constant dc-Side Voltage vd(t)=Vd5.6.3.1 Distortion in the Line-Current Waveforms

5.6.4 Practical Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers

5.7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers5.8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-On5.9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor Summary Problems ReferencesAppendix

Chapter 6 Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac - Controlled dc6.1 Introduction6.2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control6.2.1 Basic Thyristor Circuit6.2.2 Thyristor Gate Triggering6.2.3 Practical Thyristor Converters

6.3 Single-Phase Converters6.3.1 Idealized Circuit with Ls=0 and id(t)=Id6.3.1.1 dc-Side Voltage6.3.1.2 Line Current is6.3.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes

6.3.2 Effect of Ls6.3.2.1 Input Line Current is

6.3.3 Practical Thyristor Converters6.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction

6.3.4 Inverter Mode of Operation6.3.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)

6.4 Three-Phase Converters6.4.1 Idealized Circuit with Ls=0 and id(t)=Id6.4.1.1 dc-Side Voltage6.4.1.2 Input Line Currents ia, ib, and ic6.4.1.3 Power, Power Factor, and Reactive Volt-Amperes

6.4.2 Effect of Ls6.4.2.1 Input Line Current is

6.4.3 Practical Converter6.4.3.1 Discontinuous-Current Conduction

6.4.4 Inverter Mode of Operation6.4.4.1 Inverter Start-up

6.4.5 ac Voltage Waveform (Line Notching and Distortion)6.4.5.1 Line Notching6.4.5.2 Voltage Distortion

6.5 Other Three-Phase Converters Summary Problems ReferencesAppendix

Chapter 7 dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters7.1 Introduction7.2 Control of dc-dc Converters7.3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter7.3.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode7.3.2 Boundary Between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction7.3.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode7.3.3.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd7.3.3.2 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant V0

7.3.4 Output Voltage Ripple

7.4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter7.4.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode7.4.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction7.4.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode7.4.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements7.4.5 Output Voltage Ripple

7.5 Buck-Boost Converter7.5.1 Continuous-Conduction Mode7.5.2 Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction7.5.3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode7.5.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements7.5.5 Output Voltage Ripple

7.6 Cuk dc-dc Converter7.7 Full Bridge dc-dc Converter7.7.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching7.7.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching

7.8 dc-dc Converter Comparison Summary Problems References

Chapter 8 Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc - Sinusoidal ac8.1 Introduction8.2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters8.2.1 Pulse-Width-Modulated Switching Scheme8.2.1.1 Small mf8.2.1.2 Large mf8.2.1.3 Overmodulation

8.2.2 Squre-Wave Switching Scheme

8.3 Single-Phase Inverters8.3.1 Half-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)8.3.2 Full-Bridge Inverters (Single Phase)8.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching8.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Voltage Switching8.3.2.3 Squre-Wave Operation8.3.2.4 Output Control by Voltage Cancellation8.3.2.5 Switch Utilization in Full-Bridge Inverters8.3.2.6 Ripple in the Single-Phase Inverter Output

8.3.3 Push-Pull Inverters8.3.4 Switch Utilization in Single-Phase Inverters

8.4 Three-Phase Inverters8.4.1 PWM in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters8.4.1.1 Linear Modulation8.4.1.2 Overmodulation

8.4.2 Square-Wave Operation in Three-Phase Inverters8.4.3 Switch Utilization in Three-Phase Inverters8.4.4 Ripple in the Inverter Output8.4.5 dc-Side Current id8.4.6 Conduction of Switches in Three-Phase Inverters8.4.6.1 Square-Wave Operation8.4.6.2 PWM Operation

8.5 Effect of Blanking Time on Output Voltage in PWM Inverters8.6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes8.6.1 Squre-Wave Pulse Switching8.6.2 Programmed Harmonic Elimination Switching8.6.3 Current-Regulated (Current-Mode) Modulation8.6.3.1 Tolerance Band Control8.6.3.2 Fixed-Frequency Control8.6.4 Switching Scheme Incorporating Harmonic Neutralization by Modulation and Transformer Connections

8.7 Rectifier Mode of Operation Summary Problems References

Chapter 9 Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings9.1 Introduction9.1.1 Switch-Mode Inductive Current Switching9.1.2 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switchings

9.2 Classification of Resonant Converters9.2.1 Load-Resonant Converters9.2.2 Resonant-Switch Converters9.2.3 Resonant-dc-Link Converters9.2.4 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters

9.3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts9.3.1 Series-Resonant Circuits9.3.1.1 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit9.3.1.2 Series-Resonant Circuit with a Capasitor-Paralloel Load9.3.1.3 Frequency Characteristics of a Series-Resonant Circuit

9.3.2 Parallel-Resonant Circuits9.3.2.1 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit9.3.2.2 Frequency Characteristics of Parallel-Resonant Circuit

9.4 Load-Resonant Converters9.4.1 Series-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters9.4.1.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with9.4.1.2 Continuous-Conduction Mode with9.4.1.3 Continuous-Conduction Mode with9.4.1.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics9.4.1.5 Control of SLR dc-dc Converters

9.4.2 Parallel-Loaded Resonant dc-dc Converters9.4.2.1 Discontinuous Mode of Operation9.4.2.2 Continuous Mode of Operation Below w09.4.2.3 Continuous Mode of Operation Above w09.4.2.4 Steady-State Operating Characteristics

9.4.3 Hybrid-Resonant dc-dc Converter9.4.4 Current-Source, Parallel-Resonant dc-to-ac Inverters for Induction Heating9.4.4.1 Start-up

9.4.5 Class E Converters

9.5 Resonant-Switch Converters9.5.1 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converters9.5.2 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converters9.5.3 Comparation of ZCS and ZVS Topologies

9.6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies9.6.1 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converters9.6.2 ZVS-CV dc-to-ac Inverters9.6.3 ZVS-CV dc-dc Converter with Voltage Cancellation

9.7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings9.8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters Summary Problems References

Part 3 Power Supply ApplicationsChapter 10 Switching dc Power Supplies10.1 Introduction10.2 Linear Power Supplies10.3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies10.4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation10.4.1 Introduction to dc-dc Converters with Isolation10.4.1.1 Unidirectional Core Excitation10.4.1.2 Bidirectional Core Excitation10.4.1.3 Isolation Transformer Representation10.4.1.4 Control of dc-dc Converters with Isolation

10.4.2 Flyback Converters (Derived from Buck-Boost Converters10.4.2.1 Other Flyback Converter Topologies10.4.3 Forward Converter (Derived from Step-Down Converter)10.4.3.1 Other Forward Converter Topologies10.4.4 Push-Pull Converter (Derived from Step-Down Converter)10.4.5 Half-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-Down Converter)10.4.6 Full-Bridge Converter (Derived from Step-Down Converter)10.4.7 Current-Source dc-dc Converters10.4.8 Transformer Core Selection in dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation

10.5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies10.5.1 Linearization of the Power Stage Including the Output Filter Using State-Space Averaging to Obtain v0(s)/d(s)10.5.2 Transfer Function d(s)/vc(s) of the Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator10.5.3 Compensation of the Feedback System Using a Direct Duty Ratio Pulse-Width Modulator10.5.4 Voltage Feed-Forward PWM Control10.5.5 Current-Mode Control10.5.6 Digital Pulse-Width Modulation Control

10.6 Power Supply Protection10.6.1 Soft Start10.6.2 Voltage Protection10.6.3 Current Limiting10.6.3.1 Foldback Current Limiting

10.7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop10.8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications10.8.1 Input Filter10.8.2 Input Rectifier Bridge10.8.3 Bulk Capacitor and the Hold-Up Time10.8.4 Limiting Inrush (Surge) Current at Initial Turn-On10.8.5 Equivalent Series Resistance of Output Filter Capacitor10.8.6 Synchronous Rectifier to Improve Energy Efficiency10.8.7 Multiple Outputs10.8.8 EMI Considerations Summary Problems References

Chapter 11 Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies11.1 Introduction11.2 Power Line Disturbances11.2.1 Types of Disturbances11.2.2 Sources of Disturbances11.2.3 Effect on Sensitive Equipment

11.3 Power Conditioners11.4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)11.4.1 Rectifier11.4.2 Batteries11.4.3 Inverters11.4.4 Statib Transfer Switch Summary Problems References

Part 4 Motor Drive ApplicationsChapter 12 Introduction to Motor Drives12.1 Introduction12.2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components12.2.1 Match between the Motor and the Load12.2.2 Thermal Considerations in Selecting the Motor12.2.3 Match between the Motor and the Power Electronic Converter12.2.3.1 Current Rating12.2.3.2 Voltage Rating12.2.3.3 Switching Frequency and the Motor Inductance

12.2.4 Selection of Speed and Position Sensors12.2.5 Servo Drive Control and Current Limiting12.2.6 Current Limiting in Adjustable-Speed Drives Summary Problems References

Chapter 13 dc Motor Drives13.1 Introduction13.2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors13.3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors13.4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding13.5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform13.5.1 Form Factor13.5.2 Torque Pulsations

13.6 dc Servo Drives13.6.1 Transfer Function Model for Small-Signal Dynamic Performance13.6.2 Power Electronic Converter13.6.3 Ripple in the Armature Current ia13.6.4 Control of Servo Drives13.6.5 Nonlinearity Due to Blanking Time13.6.6 Selection of Servo Drive Parameters

13.7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives13.7.1 Switch-Mode dc-dc Converter13.7.2 Line-Frequency Controlled Converters13.7.3 Effect of Discontinuous Armature Current13.7.4 Control of Adjustable-Speed Drives13.7.5 Field Weakening in Adjustable-Speed dc Motor Drives13.7.6 Power Factor of the Line Current in Adjustable-Speed Drives Summary Problems References

Chapter 14 Induction Motor Drives14.1 Introduction14.2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage14.4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage14.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics14.4.2 Start-Up Considerations14.4.3 Voltage Boost Required at Low Frequencies14.4.4 Induction Motor Capability: Below and Above the Rated Speed14.4.4.1 Below the Rated Speed: Constant-Torque Region14.4.4.2 Beyond the Rated Speed: Constant-Power Region14.4.4.3 High-Speed Operation: Constant-fsl Region14.4.4.4 Higher Voltage Operation

14.4.5 Braking in Induction Motors

14.5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors14.5.1 Harmonic Motor Currents14.5.2 Harmonic Losses14.5.3 Torque Pulsations

14.6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications14.7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives14.7.1 Impact of PWM-VSI Harmonics14.7.2 Input Power Factor and Current Waveform14.7.3 Electromagnetic Braking14.7.4 Adjustable-Speed Control of PWM-VSI Drives14.7.5 Induction Motor Servo Drives

14.8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives14.9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives14.10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives14.11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives14.12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors14.13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery Summary Problems References

Chapter 15 Synchronous Motor Drives15.1 Introduction15.2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation15.3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms15.4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms15.5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives15.6 Cycloconverters Summary Problems References

Part 5 Other ApplicationsChapter 16 Residential and Industrial Applications16.1 Introduction16.2 Residential Applications16.2.1 Space Heating and Air Conditioning16.2.2 High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting16.2.3 Induction Cooking

16.3 Industrial Applications16.3.1 Induction Heating16.3.2 Electric Welding16.3.3 Integral Half-Cycle Controllers Summary Problems References

Chapter 17 Electric Utility Applications17.1 Introduction17.2 High-voltage dc Transmission17.2.1 Twelve-Pulse Line-Frequency Converters17.2.2 Reactive Power Drawn by Converters17.2.2.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation17.2.2.2 Inverter Mode of Operation

17.2.3 Control of HVDC Converters17.2.4 Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors17.2.4.1 dc-Side Harmonic Filters17.2.4.2 ac-Side Harmonic Filters and Power Factor Correction Capacitors

17.3 Static var Compensators17.3.1 Thyristor-Controlled Inductors17.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors17.3.3 Instantaneous var Control Using Switching Converters with Minimum Energy Storage

17.4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid17.4.1 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection17.4.1.1 Single-Phase Interconnection17.4.1.2 Three-Phase Interconnection

17.4.2 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection17.4.3 Minnesota Interface: a New Topology Utility Interface for Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel Cell Systems17.4.4 Interconnection of Energy Storage Systems for Utility Load Leveling

17.5 Active Filters Summary Problems References

Chapter 18 Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems18.1 Introduction18.2 Generation of Current Harmonics18.3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor18.4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices18.5 Need for Improved Utility Interface18.6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface 18.6.1 Passive Circuits18.6.2 Active Shaping of the Input Line Current18.6.3 Interface for a Bidirectional Power Flow

18.7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface18.7.1 Minnesota Rectifier

18.8 Electromagnetic Interference18.8.1 Generation of EMI18.8.2 EMI Standards18.8.3 Reduction of EMI

Summary Problems References

Part 6 Semiconductor DevicesChapter 19 Basic Semiconductor Physics19.1 Introduction19.2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors19.2.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors19.2.2 Electrons and Holes19.2.3 Doped Semiconductors19.2.4 Recombination19.2.5 Drift and Diffusion

19.3 pn Junctions19.3.1 Potential Barrier at Thermal Equilibrium19.3.2 Forward and Reverse BIAS

19.4 Charge Control Description of n-Junction Operation19.5 Avalanche Breakdown19.5.1 Impact Ionization19.5.2 Breakdown Voltage Estimate

Summary Problems References

Chapter 20 Power Diodes20.1 Introduction20.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics20.3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations20.3.1 Breakdown Voltage of Non-Punch-Through Diodes20.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Punch-Through Diode20.3.3 Depletion Layer Boundary Control

20.4 On-State Losses20.4.1 Conductivity Modulation20.4.2 Impact on On-State Losses

20.5 Switching Characteristics20.5.1 Observed Switching Waveforms20.5.2 Turn-on Transient20.5.3 Turn-Off Transient20.5.4 Reverse Recovery

20.6 Schottky Diodes20.6.1 Structure and I-V Characteristics20.6.2 Principle of Operation20.6.3 Ohmic Contacts20.6.4 Breakdown Voltage20.6.5 Switching Characteristics Summary Problems References

Chapter 21 Bipolar Junction Transistors21.1 Introduction21.2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures21.3 I-V Characteristics21.4 Physics of BJT Operation21.4.1 Basic Gain Mechanism and Beta21.4.2 Quasi-Saturation

21.5 Switching Characteristics21.5.1 BJT Turn-On21.5.2 Transistor Turn-Off21.5.3 Switching of Monolithic Darlingtons

21.6 Breakdown Voltages21.7 Second Breakdown21.8 On-State Losses21.9 Safe Operating Areas Summary Problems References

Chapter 22 Power MOSFETs22.1 Introduction22.2 Basic Structure22.3 I-V Characteristics22.4 Physics of Device Operation22.4.1 Inversion Layers and the Field Effect22.4.2 Gate Control of Drain Current Flow

22.5 Switching Characteristics22.5.1 MOSFET Circuit Models22.5.2 Switching Waveforms

22.6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas22.6.1 Voltage Breakdown22.6.2 On-State Conduction Losses22.6.3 Paralleling of MOSFETs22.6.4 Parasitic BJT22.6.5 Safe Operating Area

Summary Problems References

Chapter 23 Thyristors23.1 Introduction23.2 Basic Structure23.3 I-V Characteristics23.4 Physics of Device Operation23.4.1 Blocking States23.4.2 Turn-On Process23.4.3 On-State Operation23.4.4 Turn-Off Process

23.5 Switching Characteristics23.5.1 Turn-On Transient and di/dt Limitations23.5.2 Turn-Off Transient23.5.3 Turn-off Time and Reapplied dvf/dt Limitations

23.6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings23.6.1 Improvements in di/dt23.6.2 Cathode Shorts

Summary Problems References

Chapter 24 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors24.1 Introduction24.2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics24.3 Physics of Turn-Off Operation24.3.1 Turn-Off Gain24.3.2 Required Structural Modifications and Performance Compromises

24.4 GTO Switching Characteristics24.4.1 Insulation of Snubber and Drive Circuits24.4.2 GTO Turn-On Transient24.4.3 GTO Turn-Off Transient24.4.4 Minimum On- and Off-State Times24.4.5 Maximum Controllable Anode Current

24.5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs Summary Problems References

Chapter 25 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors25.1 Introduction25.2 Basic Structure25.3 I-V Characteristics25.4 Physics of Device Operation25.4.1 Blocking State Operation25.4.2 On-State Operation

25.5 Latchup in IGBTs25.5.1 Causes of Latchup25.5.2 Avoidance of Latchup

25.6 Switching Characteristics25.6.1 Turn-On Transient25.6.2 Turn-Off Transient25.6.3 NPT Versus PT Structures

25.7 Device Limits and SOAs Summary Problems References

Chapter 26 Emerging Devices and Circuits26.1 Introduction26.2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors26.2.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics26.2.2 Physics of Device Operation26.2.3 Switching Characteristics

26.3 Field-Controlled Thyristor26.3.1 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristic26.3.2 Physical Description of FCT Operation26.3.4 Switching Characteristics

26.4 JFET-Based Devices versus Other Power Devices26.5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors26.5.1 Basic Structure26.5.2 MOSFET-Controlled Turn-On and Turn-Off26.5.3 Rationale of Off-Fet Placement in the MCT Structure26.5.4 MCT Swytching Behavior26.5.5 Device Limits and Safe Operating Area

26.6 Power Integrated Circuits26.6.1 Types of Power Integrated Circuits26.6.2 Challenges Facing PIC Commercialization26.6.3 Progress in Resolving Challenges

26.7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices26.7.1 Properties of Candidate Replacement Materials for Silicon26.7.2 Comparative Estimates of Power Device Performance Using Other Materials26.7.3 Challenges in Using New Semiconductor Materials26.7.4 Future Trends Summary Problems References

Part 7 Practical Converter Design ConsiderationsChapter 27 Snubber Circuits27.1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits27.2 Diode Snubbers27.2.1 Capacitive Snubber27.2.2 Effect of Adding a Snubber Resistance27.2.3 Implementation

27.3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors27.4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors27.5 Turn-Off Snubber27.6 Overvoltage Snubber27.7 Turn-On Snubber27.8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations27.9 GTO Snubber Considerations Summary Problems References

Chapter 28 Gate and Base Drive Circuits28.1 Preliminary Design Considerations28.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits28.2.1 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Unipolar Output28.2.2 dc-Coupled Drive Circuits with Bipolar Ouyput

28.3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits28.3.1 Need for and Types of Electrical Isolation28.3.2 Optocoupler Isolated Drive Circuits28.3.3 Transformer-Isolated Drive Circuits Providing Both Signal and Power

28.4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits28.4.1 Open-Emitter BJT Drive Circuit28.4.2 Cascode Drive Circuits for Normally on Power Devices

28.5 Thyristor Drive Circuits28.5.1 Gate Current Pulse Requirements28.5.2 Gate Pulse Amplifiers28.5.3 Commutation Circuits

28.6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits28.6.1 Overcurrent Protection28.6.2 Blanking Times for Bridge Circuits28.6.3 "Smart" Drive Circuits for Snubberless Switching

28.7 Circuit Layout Considerations28.7.1 Minimizing Stray Inductance in Drive Circuits28.7.2 Shielding and Partitioning of Drive Circuits28.7.3 Reduction of Stray Inductance in Bus Bars28.7.4 Current Measurements28.7.5 Capacitor Selection28.7.5.1 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors28.7.5.2 Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors and Ceramic Capacitors

Summary Problems References

Chapter 29 Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks29.1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures29.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction29.2.1 Thermal Resistance29.2.2 Transient Thermal Impedance

29.3 Heat Sinks29.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection29.4.1 Thermal Resistance Due to Radiative Heat Transfer29.4.2 Thermal Resistance Due to Convective Heat Transfer29.4.3 Example Heat Sink-Ambient Calculation

Summary Problems References

Chapter 30 Design of Magnetic Components30.1 Magnetic Materials and Cores30.1.1 Magnetic Core Materials30.1.2 Hysteresis Loss30.1.3 Skin Effect Limitations30.1.4 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores30.1.5 Core Shapes and Optimum Dimensions

30.2 Copper Windings30.2.1 Copper Fill Factor30.2.2 Winding Loss Due to dc Resistance of Windings30.2.3 Skin Effect in Copper Windings

30.3 Thermal Considerations30.4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design30.4.1 Inductor Parameters30.4.2 Characteristics of the Inductor30.4.2.1 Copper Fill Factor30.4.2.2 Current Density and Winding Losses30.4.2.3 Flux Densities and Core Losses

30.4.3 Inductance L30.4.4 Temperatures in the Inductor30.4.5 Effect of an Overcurrent on the Hot Spot Temperature

30.5 Inductor Design Procedures30.5.1 Inductor Design Foundation: the Stored Energy Relation30.5.2 Single-Pass Inductor Design Procedure Outline30.5.3 Iterative Inductor Design Procedure30.5.4 Inductor Design Example

30.6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design30.6.1 Transformer Parameters30.6.2 Transformer Electrical Characteristics30.6.2.1 Areas of Primary and Secondary Conductors30.6.2.2 Winding Loss30.6.2.3 Flux Density and Core Loss30.6.2.4 Leakage Inductance

30.6.3 Temperature in the Transformer30.6.4 Effect of Overcurrents on Transformer Temperatures

30.7 Eddy Currents30.7.1 Proximity Effect30.7.2 Optimum Conductor Size and Minimum Winding Loss30.7.3 Reduction of Loss in the Inductor Winding30.7.4 Sectioning Transformer Windings to Reduce Eddy Current Loss30.7.5 Optimization of Solid Conductor Windings

30.8 Transformer Leakage Inductance30.9 Transformer Design Procedure30.9.1 Transformer Design Foundation: the Volt-Ampere Rating30.9.2 Single-Pass Transformer Design Procedure30.9.3 Transformer Design Example

30.10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes Summary Problems References

Index