POWER ELECTRONICSAn Introduction

Er. FARUK BIN POYENDept. of AEIE, UIT, BU, BURDWAN, WB, INDIA

faruk.poyen@gmail.com

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Contents:

1. Definition2. History3. Classification of Power Electronic Devices4. Power Semiconductor Switches5. Power Electronics System6. Scope of Power Electronics7. Advantages8. Drawbacks9. Applications10. Major Issues of Concern in Power Electronics

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Definition: Power Electronics is the subject concerning the application of principles of electronics at high rated power levels and not signal levels.

It is the technology of conversion, control and conditioning of electric power into a desired electrical output. It is the conglomeration of control system, electronics and power systems.

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Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics• Range of power scale :

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Contributing Areas• Electronics – Deals with solid – state devices and signal processing circuits.• Power System –Deals with static and rotating power equipment. • Control System – Deals with steady state and dynamic characteristics of closed – loop system.

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General Structure of Power Electronic System

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History of Power Electronic Devices

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• 1882: J. Jasmin (French) discovered semiconductance. • 1892: L. Arons (German) invented the first mercury arc vacuum valve.• 1901: P. C. Hewitt (U.S) developed the first arc valve. • 1906: J. A. Fleming (U.S) invented the first vacuum diode. • 1907: L. Forest (U.S) invented vacuum triode. • 1921: F. W. Meyer (German) formulated the main principles of power

electronics. • 1948: J. Bardeen, W. H. Brattain and W. B. Shockley (U.S) invented

transistor. • 1960: J. Moll (U.S) & team invented silicon – based thyristors. • 1975 – 90: MOSFET, UJT, GTO were developed. • 1990s: IGBT was developed.

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Classification of Power Electronic Devices

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Power ElectronicsUncontrolled device: diode

(2 terminals, uncontrolled by control signal)

Half – controlled device: thyristor(turned on by control signal but turned off by power circuit)

Fully – controlled device: Power MOSFET, IGBT, GTO, IGCT(on and off both by control signals)

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Power Semiconductor Switches• Power Diodes

1. P – N Junction Diode2. Fast Recovery Diode3. Schottky Diode

• Power Transistor1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)2. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)3. Insulated Gate Biased Transistor (IGBT) 4. Unijunction Transistor (UJT)5. Static Induction Transistor (SIT)6. MOS – controlled Thyristor (MCT)

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Thyristors

1. Phase Controlled Thyristors (SCR)2. Bidirectional Phase Controlled Thyristors (BCT)3. Fast Switching Thyristors (SCR)4. Light Activated (LASCR)5. Bidirectional Diode Thyristors (DIAC)6. Bidirectional Triode Thyristors (TRIAC)7. Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)8. Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)9. Light Activated SCS (LASCS)10. Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)11. Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT)

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12. Gate Turn – Off Thyristor (GTO)13. Gate Assited Turn – Off Thyristor (GATT)14. FET – controlled Thyristor (FET - CTH)15. Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)16. MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)17. Static Induction Thyristor (SITH)18. MOS Turn – off Thyristor (MTO)19. Emitter Turn – Off Thyristor (ETO)20. Integrated Gate – Communicated Thyristor (IGCT)21. Gate assisted Turn – Off Thyristor (GAT)22. Asymmetrical Thyristor (ASCR)

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Other Category Classification

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Devices under Categories

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POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHING DEVICES

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Power Electronics System

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Power Electronic Converters

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Scope of Power Electronics

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Power and Frequency Rating of Power Devices

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Characteristics of Ideal Switch• Turns On – Off in zero time.• ON state, Zero voltage drop, High current. • OFF state, Zero current flow. Withstand high voltage. • Zero power dissipation.• Little power for controlling. • High reliability. • Small size and weight. • No maintenance.

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Advantages of Power Electronic Converters• High efficiency• High reliability• Long life and less maintenance• Fast dynamic response• Small size and less weight & cost.

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Drawbacks of Power Electronics• Harmonics generating tendency• Power regeneration is difficult• Low overload capacity.• AC – DC & AC – AC converters operate at low i/p power

factors.

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Power Electronics Applications

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Applications: • Industrial• Transportation• Utility systems• Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment• Residential and home appliances• Space technology• Other applications

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Sector wise Applications:• Industrial applications1. Motor drives2. Electrolysis3. Electroplating4. Induction heating

• Transportation applications1. Trains & locomotives2. Subways3. Trolley buses4. Magnetic levitation5. Electric vehicles6. Automotive electronics

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Sector wise Applications:• Utility systems1. High-voltage dc transmission(HVDC)2. Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)3. Static VAR (volt-ampere reactive) compensation & harmonics suppression: TCR, TSC,

SVG, APF4. Custom power & power quality control

• Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment1. Telecommunications2. Computers3. Office equipment4. Electronic instruments

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Sector wise Applications:• Residential and home appliances1. Lighting2. Heating3. Air conditioning4. Refrigeration & freezers5. Cooking6. Cleaning

• Space technology1. Spaceship power systems2. Satellite power systems3. Space vehicle power systems

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Sector wise Applications:• Other Applications1. Nuclear reactor control2. Power systems for particle accelerators3. Environmental engineering

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Major Issues of Concern in Power Electronics• How to meet the requirement of the load or gain better control of the load

• How to improve the efficiency --for reliable operation of power semiconductor devices --for energy saving

• How to realize power conversion with less volume, less weight, and less cost

• How to reduce negative influence to other equipment in the electric power system and to the electromagnetic environment

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Major topics for the devices• Appearance, structure, and symbol• Physics of operation• Characteristics

1. Static characteristics2. Switching characteristics

• Specification• Special issues• Devices of the same family

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THANK YOU!!