Poverty - risks and triggers Family, work and gender equality in Norway and Britain
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Transcript of Poverty - risks and triggers Family, work and gender equality in Norway and Britain
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Poverty - risks and triggers Family, work and gender equality in Norway and Britain
Anne Hege StrandPhD candidate
Department of SociologyUniversity of Bergen
Eight meeting of the European Network for the Sociological and Demographic Study of Divorce
Valencia 14 -16 Oct 2010
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Macro societal trends
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Women in paid work Unstable families
New model(s) for family provision
Gender equality light?
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Gendered poverty risks
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Male & female
UnemploymentIllness
Accidents
Female
DivorcePregnancy
Caring
Work sphere
Family sphere
Source: Daly 2000, Ruspini 2000
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Conceptual framework
Poverty risks•Cross sectional•Static•Between group differences•Pooled regression
Poverty triggers•Longitudinal•Dynamic•Within person changes•Fixed effects
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Data
• Norwegian Level of Living Panel Survey LEVPAN (1997-2002)
• 6 years of data• Sample individuals
• British Household Panel Survey BHPS (1997-2004) (waves 7-14)
• 8 years of data• Sample households
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VariablesFamily •Couple (baseline)•Partnership dissolution•Single•Birth of child•Number of children
Work •Full-time work (baseline)•Part-time work•‘Forced’ inactive•Inactive
Partner work•Partner full-time (baseline)•Partner part-time•Partner inactive
Control variables•Higher education (baseline)•Upper secondary•Lower secondary
•Age
Dependent variable•Income poverty (poor/not poor)•60% median poverty line•Equivalised monthly net household income (modified OECD scale)•Deflated to 2001 prices
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Descriptive statistics
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Norway Britain Men Women Men WomenFamily characteristics
Couple 68.8 72.2 85.0 78.0
Partnership dissolution 2.3 2.5 1.1 1.2 Single 29.0 25.3 13.9 21.0 Birth of child 3.4 2.4 4.9 4.7 No. of children 1 child 17.7 18.2 17.4 19.6 2 children 19.2 18.7 18.4 19.3 3 children 7.6 9.0 6.0 5.8 4 or more children 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 Work characteristics
Full-time work 83.7 52.4 80.4 41.9
Part-time work 5.3 26.3 2.9 26.8 ‘Forced’ inactive 5.4 8.3 9.8 8.1 Inactive 5.7 12.9 2.1 18.6 Spouse (where present) FT 47.1 (n=1093) 75.1 (n=1025) 39.2 (n=1397) 65.8 (n=2349) Spouse (where present) PT 21.7 (n=1093) 1.8 (n=1025) 26.6 (n=1397) 2.3 (n=2349) Spouse (where present)
inactive4.2 (n=1093) 2.2 (n=1025) 11.3 (n=1397) 24.5 (n=2349)
Control variables Higher education 29.3 29.4 50.4 44.4 Upper secondary education 60.2 60.4 35.7 41.5 Lower secondary education 10.5 10.2 13.0 12.8 Age 39.6 (mean) 40.1 (mean) 41.4 (mean) 39.3 (mean) Dependent variable
Poor 7.9 10.1 11.4 14.8
Number of person years 5803 5534 18097 18577 N 1652 1538 3492 3605Data: LKU 1997-2002, BHPS 1997-2004.
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Percentage poor by independent vars
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Norway Britain
Men Women Men Women
Overall poverty rate 7.9 10.1 11.4 14.8
Couple 3.5 4.7 9.7 9.1
Partnership dissolution
19.7 29.7 12.8 43.8
Single 17.6 23.7 21.6 34.5
Birth of child 3.1 5.5 16.1 19.8
Full-time work 4.2 4.6 6.2 3.9
Part-time work 24.4 10.9 21.7 13.2
‘Forced’ inactive 19.6 15.0 42.2 27.0
Inactive 35.8 27.8 52.9 37.3
Number of person years
5803 5534 18097 18577
n 1652 1538 3492 3605
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Poverty risks – descriptive stats
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Generic
SingleForced inact
Inactive
British
Child birth
Gendered
Men - PT
Partnership dissolution
Norway Britain
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Odds ratio of poverty after partnership dissolution
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Norway Britain Men Men Women Women Men Men Women Women (1) Pooled (2) FE (1) Pooled (2) FE (1) Pooled (2) FE (1) Pooled (2) FE Family Partnership
diss.a 1.5618*** 1.4028** 2.2254*** 2.9305*** 0.6378** 0.1638 2.4180*** 2.8836***
Status (0.268) (0.558) (0.235) (0.708) (0.256) (0.341) (0.171) (0.284) Singlea 0.9784*** 1.7759*** 1.3748*** 2.4919*** 1.1021*** 0.7704*** 2.0293*** 1.9586*** (0.146) (0.562) (0.146) (0.874) (0.086) (0.247) (0.074) (0.213) Birth of child -0.3471 -0.8129 -0.4084 0.7647 0.0758 0.0796 -0.2693*** 0.0417 (0.425) (0.647) (0.400) (0.672) (0.110) (0.154) (0.100) (0.156) No. of children -0.0462 -0.2289 -0.0613 -1.2628*** 0.5737*** 0.4808*** 0.3225*** 0.2116*** (0.080) (0.173) (0.066) (0.239) (0.026) (0.078) (0.025) (0.077)Work Part-time workb 1.4132*** 0.5643* 0.9726*** 0.1633 1.4590*** 0.8228*** 1.0543*** 0.6660***Status (0.168) (0.309) (0.139) (0.249) (0.133) (0.213) (0.076) (0.130) Forced ‘inactive’b 1.5078*** 1.1498** 1.6206*** 0.6392 2.3538*** 1.3468*** 1.9171*** 0.7981*** (0.172) (0.487) (0.175) (0.420) (0.120) (0.234) (0.099) (0.193) ‘Inactive’b 1.8960*** 0.7382** 1.9347*** 0.4438 2.4424*** 1.4558*** 2.3364*** 1.0242*** (0.156) (0.311) (0.142) (0.274) (0.132) (0.279) (0.094) (0.175) Partner part-
timec
-0.2144 0.3367 -0.2816 -0.9701 -0.0482 -0.0287 1.3704*** 1.3565***
(0.237) (0.528) (0.751) (1.155) (0.116) (0.199) (0.202) (0.375) Partner
‘inactive’c0.3747 -0.0261 0.8938** 2.5329*** -0.0945 -0.4682* -0.0566 0.4319**
(0.374) (0.584) (0.362) (0.853) (0.135) (0.250) (0.107) (0.193)Control Upper
secondaryd -0.1796 -0.2543 -0.1099 0.3479 0.5475*** 0.5612** 0.5332*** 0.1363
Variables
(0.123) (0.606) (0.113) (0.619) (0.059) (0.258) (0.055) (0.199)
Lower secondaryd
0.2231 -13.2568 0.2308 -3.3986** 1.0419*** 0.6103 1.1039*** -0.0709
(0.184) (1,295.714) (0.181) (1.676) (0.080) (0.463) (0.076) (0.434) Age -0.0236*** 0.0941 -0.0408*** 0.0733 -0.0294*** -0.0509*** -0.0309*** -0.1139*** (0.006) (0.059) (0.005) (0.055) (0.003) (0.017) (0.003) (0.016) Constant -2.4563*** -2.1139*** -2.5749*** -3.1477*** (0.309) (0.307) (0.128) (0.124) Observations 5,803 728 5,534 925 18,097 4,273 18,577 5,141 Number of ident 191 226 716 869
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Poverty triggers – WORK or FAMILY?
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Norway Britain
Men Women Men Women
FAMILY Part.dissSingle
Part.dissSingle Single
More chld
Part.dissSingleMore chld
OWNWORK
PTForcedInact
PTForced Inact
PTForcedInact
PART. WORK
Inact PTInact