Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines

Eighth edition

Edited by Doug Woodyard

BII ITPRWORTH HElNrMANN

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD

PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

Contents

Preface vii

Introductibn ix

1 Theory and general principles 1

2 Gas-diesel and dual-fuel engines 48

3 Exhaust en~issions and corrtrol 64

4 Fuels and lubes: cliernistry and treatment 88

5 Perfor~uance 142

6 Engine and plant. selection 159

7 Pressure charging 175

8 Fuel ir~jcction 227

9 Low speed engines-introductio11 264

10 MAN B&W low speed engines 280

11 Mitsuhishi low speed engines 347

12 Sulzer low speed engines 371

13 Burmeister &Wain low speed engines 438

14 Doxford low speed engines 465

15 MAN low speed engines 482

ui CONTENTS

16 Mediun~ speed engines-imtrodiiction 498

17 Allen (Kolls-Royce) 517

18 Alpha Diesel (MAN B&W) 530

19 Catrrpillar 536

20 Uer~tz 543

21 MaK (Caterpillar Motoren) 548

22 MAN B&W Diesel 563

23 Rolls-Royce Bergen 601

24 Ruston (MAN R&W) 6 12

25 SEMT-Pielstick (MAN B&W) 627

26 Sulzer (Wartsila) 641

27 Wartsili 664

28 Other medium spced engines 715 ABC, Daihatsu, GMT, Hyundai, Mirrlecs Blackstone, Mitsui, Niigata, Nohab, SKL, Stork-Werkspoor Diesel, Wichmann, EMD, Rolues, Yanmar

29 I.ow speed four-stroke trunk piston engines 757

30 High spccd engines 760 Caterpillar, Cummins, Dcutz, GMT, Isotta Fraschini, Marl B&W Holeby, Mitsuhishi, MTU, Niigata, Paxman, SEMT-Pielstick, Wartsili, Zvezda, Scania, Volvo Penta

31 Gas turbines 830

Index 871

Index

(A11 h u l m t ~ e s n,itliol~l page numl,ns /dl

ABB lilrbo Systems, 189, 191-20:3 ABC DX and 1lZ engines, 715

croas-sectiun, 716 Abrasive impurities, fuel, 42 4C/AC drive systems, 167 ADD3OV enginr, 500, 501, '107 Additives, lube oils, 11 4 Adhesive wear, 119 Adiabatic conrprrssion, 1, 2 Aniabalic expansion, 1, 2 Admiralty conswnt. 150 Advanced Dicsel Engine Ileveloprnent

l:ornpany, 507 Air mlcr silenrrr?, 194 Airless im.jcrtion, see F~rcl irjection Air swirl, 228 Akasaka cnginrs. 757, 759 Alfa Law1 Ncap system. 101 Allen engines, 512, ,517-529

s37/vs37. 512 S12/VS12, 518 5000 series. 512, 523

Alpha Uicscl engirtrs, ,510 2s-type 28-typc

Alpha Lubricator 128, 129. 131, 309 Alstom Power gas turhinrs, 816 Altcmators/gencrators. 162 Alruniniom/~ilicon in fircl, 90 "mgln Belgian Corporation, re? ABC Anli-burst mrasurcs (turbochargers), 201,

21 1

Anli-vibration mounrings, 29 Antiwear performance (lubes), I21 Apparent propeller slip, 150 Ash conten1 of fucls. 96 Asphaltenes, 89, 90, 126 Astern mnaing, 156, 157 Autorr~otivcdcrived cngincq, 827 Auxiliary bluwcn. 183, sueir~diridtral engir~rs Auxiliary powcr gerreration. 162

within lhr page ?a?!@ n./ /he ,,mi71 rrrl7y)

Axial (longitudinal) vibrarion, 40 Azipod, 179, 173

Balancing, 22-38 cylinders, 21, 22 principle of. 23

Rcarings, s m individual engines Bedplat.e.i, sue indirid~~al engines Bcrgerl engines, see RullsKoyce Bcrgen Black shldge Iurmation, 125 Blart injection, xvii, rxi, 227 Blended tinel, 162 Holnes engines, 754:

VDN1. 150/600 cross-section VllNL lgO/ROU

Boundary lubrication, 119 Brakr horsrpowcr, 12, 147 Brakc mcan eIIcctive prcssulr. 12, 147 Brakr powcr, 7 Bmkr thermal efficiency, 7 Branched systems, 21 Bravu (Cat 9618) mginc, 541 Brown Bokcri. (PP ARB Turbo Sy~tetna Biichi, Alfrrd, xx. 191 Bunkcring. good practices. 107-1 13 Bunkers, rrtinery prorcr~ing. 108 Burrneisvr Sc Wain 2-atrokc engines, rro,

xrvi, x v i k , 438-454 121.90GFC.4, 450 K-GF:

bedplate and Iramr. 439 camshafi, 415 cylinder cover, 441 cylindcr jackets. 440 crankshaft. 441 crosshcnd, 111 exhaust valvc, 445 fuel in?,jcctol; 448 fuel pump, 447 piston, 443 turbocharging, 447

K-SOCF, 442 L-GH:

auxiliary hlorvcr 4iil bcdplav. 453 camrhaft/carns, 461 chain drive. 161 ronnrcting md, 458 cuvcr values. 156 crankshaft, 458 cl.uashrad. 158 cylindcr cover, 456 cylirrder f ran~r . 155 cylindcr lincr, 456 cylinder lubricacurs, 462 exhallst syafcm, 463 exh.~ust valvc/grilr, 456 frame scction, 454 Tuel pump/pipcs, 159 gallezy brackets, 4(i2 govemol; 461 main hearings, 4.53 moment compensator; 461 manoeuvring systcm, 462 piston/rod, 458 reversing. 461 scavenging syslrrrr, 463 starting air systcm, 464 stufling box, 456 thrust bearing, 454 turbocharger, 463 turning gear/whcel, 4WL

L-GB/GBE, 453 L-GE:

anxiliazy hlower, 452 cylinder cover, 449 cylinder liner, 449 crankshaft, 450 mrhocharging, 451

L67GF. 449 I.9UGFC:A Load diagram, 451

Burrrability, fuel, 91

Calorific value. 7. 93 Cams. rrr individual rnginrs CamslraTts, ruu ir~dividrod engines Camshaft drive, W P individual cnginrs CamshaTtless enginrs, 268. 335-316. 420-

427 Carbon cueling ring. see ar~li-pulishing Carhon diouidr, 66 Carbon monoxide, 66 Cilrcls mginc. xv (:ntalyst tincs, 93, 108, 112 Caterpillar engines

3500 scrics, 763 3600 scrics, 536540

cross-section brarings cooling rysrcm

rings

connecting rod crankshaft cylinder block cylinder liner Tie1 irjection h e a y fuel refinements lubricating systenl manifolds piston/rings turbocharging valves

Calculated carhon aromaricity index, 96 Castrol Marine, 116 Caterpillar Motoren, scc MaK Catlines, st? Catalyst fines CCAI, rre Calculated carbon aromaticity

index Central power station, 169 Ccntrili~gal srparators, 101-107 CenuiShuut, 105 (kramic coatings, 507 Ccunc number, 96 Chargc air bypzss, 654 Charge air cooling, 180 Charge air humidilication, 74 Charge air wastegate, 654 Chocks, engine support, 3'24 Cloud point, 97 Coalc~crr, 84'2 CuCoS, 599 COI)A(; systcm, 174, XI CODEG syslcrrk. 833 (:O(;KS systcm, 833 Curnb i~~rd cycle, 838 Comhnstion, 228:

equations, 98 heat evolved by, 100 reactions, 100

Combustion air saturation systcm (CASS), 7r. ."

Common rail injection, 74, 84,250-263.477. 494, 788, 795

Compensators. moment. 29-33 Colnprrsrion ratio, 2 Cumprcssion stroke, 2 Compres~or.; , srr 'lhrhohlor\.ers and

Turbochargers Condition monitoring, 41 7 Cundition-baaed milintrnilncc, 118 i:onnccting rods, TPP indi\<dual engines Curuadaurl carbon value, 96 Constant frequency generator drives, 162 Corrsurlt pressure curbocharging. 185, see

individual rngincs Concirlr~orra service rating. 142 Contract t"als speed, 142 Controllable injection timing, 361

INDEX

Controlled pressure rrlict (CPR) ring, 305, 307, R'L5

Controll~d swirl scavenging. 361 Coulcr, chargc air, 180 Cooling systenu, .see individual engincs Cooling, load-dcpendcnt. 705 Cooling, splili.ircuit, 7X2 Corrusiun, low tcmpcrilturc, 02 Corrosion, high tternpcratul-e. 91 Corrosion, microbid. 139 Countcnveigl~tr, crankshdt, 47 Couples and Forces, 22 Couplings, IF4 CP propellers, 159, 164, 167, 171 CPR piston rings, 305, 307, 325 (:rank angle, 3 Crankshatis, ,re individnal c n ~ i n e s 1:repellc engincs, 664 Critical speed, 21-22 (:rosshr.tds, $88 individual Z-strokc engines Currlrnins cngines. 766

KTA50-M2 Cycle efficiency, 2 Cycles:

pracricsl, 2 working. 8-1 1

Cycloconvcrters. 168 (:ylinder cut-out syTten1, 333 Cylinder hrads, ~ c e individual cr~ginrs (:ylindn liners. rre individual engines Cylinder l~rhricatiu~r. SPP individttal cngincs Cylinder oils, 1115

feed ratc, 128 low sulphur fuels, 127

Cylinder presure mcasurrmcnr, 343, 417 Cylinder wear, 118

Daihatsu engines, 716719 DK-20 1)K-26 DK-28 DK-32 DL series

Dccihrl, 94 I)elpl~i Bryce, 2Y-'L37.24?-250,259, secalso

1.lrcas Bryce 1)elivery valves, 235 Dcrating, 146 l)rsulpl~urisation, 67 Detroit 1)iesel engines, 793 I )cu t~ engines, 543, 767

628 $cries. 543

Diesrl cycle. 1 Diesel-elccnlc d~ives, 167 Dicscl index, fucl, 96 Diesel-rncchnnical driver, 161 Diescl Riccrche, 664 Diracl Unircd, 628 Dimos (MaK). 561 Dir.cct drivc, 161 Dircct lucl injection, 228. 229 Direct watcr injection, 70, 73 D o o h l ~ a c ~ i n g engines, xuiii, rir, 8, 12 Doxfurd engines, 465-481

J-type, 466481: bedplate/errcablat~~rc, 469 camshaft, 477 connecting ~.uds, 475 contrul system, 481 crankshalt, 170 crosshrild, 476 cylinder cooling, 472 cylinder liners, 471 cylinder lubricators, 473 frtel irrjcction, 477 fuel pump, 477 pistona/rad., 474 surting valve, 478 tnrbocharging, 480 58JS3C, 465

Draw card, 3, 240 Dribble (fuel), 230 Dry low cmissiuns. R 2 1)t111 [ucl m g i n c ~ , 48-56 D u p , 242 1)llwnl-Crrpellc cngirrcs, 664 Dyrrarnic positiuning, 1711 Dyne, 24

Ear prolcction, 25, 29 Ecl~rvarria cngirrcs, 664 Econon~y rating, 146 EIficicncy, 4-6

cycle, 2 idral, 2 mechanical, 8 propeller, 150 thcrmal, 6-7

FficicncyHooster (Sulzer), 223, 380 'Elastic curve', 16 Elecuic propolsiorr, seeDicsc1-elccuic drives EM11 (General Morors) errgincs, 753-754

615 sericr 710 series

Emissions, exhaust gas. 64-87 controls. 68 gas turhincs, 839 reduction mrasorrs. 68-87

linlulsificd fi~cl, 73

Ener~/-saving ~ l a n t , 163 Enbine design evulution, 509-516 Engine/plant selrrtion, 159-174 Ellbine blocks, ire individual engines Engine frames, r*? individual engines Engine ratings; ~secunt in~~ous service rating,

derating and maxirnum rating Engine reversal, 156 Enginc topping, 157 Enginc trials, 154 EnvirnFngirrcs (Wart.5ila). 71. 85 Exlraust gas rmirsiuns, 6 4 8 7 , 839

rcrircula~ion (EGR), 76 'Exhaust lead', 11 Exhaust lnanifuld system. 177 Exhaust/scavcnge overlap, 181 Exhaust stroke. 2 Exhaust system, 177 Exhaust temperatures, 146 F.xhaust valves, see individual engirlrs Exhaust, variable closing, 395 Expansiun stroke, 2 External unbalanced momenta, 33 ExxonMubil, 118, 127

FAMM, 117 'Father-and-son' plant, 167 Fecd rate, cylinder oils, 128 Fire ring, see anti-polishing ring First order momrnts, 34 . Fixed pitch proprllrrs. 159, 161. 164 Flamc ring, see anti-polial~ing rins Elash point, 97 Forccs and couplca, 22 Forcing frrquencies, 16 Four-stroke cycle, 2, $1-11 Fousstrokc mxiuc~. 498-743,757-759.760-

829 'Free-whcrling', 152 Friction ~orque. X Fuels, propcrtirs 2nd prohlcms, 88-111:

ahrn~ive impurities, 92 ash content, 96 h l ~ n d c d , 110 hurrrability, 91 calorific value. 91 cevane number, 96 cloud point, 97 Conradson cal-bon value, 96 diesel index, 96 flash point, 97 heavy fucl problems, 88 high tempcraturc corrosion, 91 ignition quality. 96 low sulphur, 113 luw temperature currosion, Y2 mirrobial contaminatior~. 134

pour point, 97 residual tuel. 88 specific gravity, 97 atoragc problems, 88 sulphur contcnt, 97 tempcrature/viscnsity chart, 89 viscosity, 95 water con ten^, 90 water effects. 90

Fucltair mixture, 228 Fuel coeCkicirnt. 14Y Fucl consnmpciorl, 14 Fncl injccliun, 297-264

airless, xx, =xi, 228, 371 hlast, xii, xvii, rn, 227 common rail, 74. 85. 2.511, 420, 177, 494,

788. 795 controllable injettion timing (CIT), 361 direcr, 228, 22') dribhlr, 230 electronic, 248, 268, 491, 788,

7°K . pilot, 49, 50, 700 secondary, 230 timing, 238 Lwin injcrtion, 700 ~mifbrnlity, 240 variable injection Liming (VIT), 395. 653

Fuel it?jecliorb pipes, 2:i3 Fuel i~!jection pumps, 234, ,see individual

c n g i ~ ~ c s calibfi~liun tolerances, 211 spill port closrur. 255

Kucl injrc~iun valves, YP? individual engines pressurc tcsting, 332

Fuel itjeclur; 230, individual engines pump/pipc, 247 unit, 243, 244

Furl line prr.iatre/necdle lift diagrams, 232 Fuel line, 232 Fuel nozzles, 77, 78 Fuel tcrt kits, 111 Fuel Lrsting services, 111 Fuel trraunenl, 101-107 Fuel quality setting, 396 Fuel valves, $e< individual cngines

Garrett turbochargers, 459 (:aAiesel engines, 48, 56 Gas turbines, 830-869

Air filtration, 842 Alstom Powcr, 846 Coalescer 842 , ~ -. CODA(: plant, 171. 831 COLIFG phnt , 833 COGES plant, 833 Cyrlcs and efficiency, 835

Emissions, X39 (;E Marine Engincr, 831, 834, 850 Generic designs, 843 1.ohriration. 840 Maintenancr, 864 Mitrubislri, 853 Plant configurations. 831 Kolls-Royce, 836, 854 Vane separator, 842. 843

Ocarcd drivcs. 164 GE Marine gas trlrhines, 831, 834, 850 Geneml Mororr, see EM11 cnginra C;lo>v plug ignition, 58 CMT +stroke engines, 719-727:

A32. 724, 725, 726 A420, 727 A55, 719, 722, 723, 724

Gotlnnd 615 Governors, ree individual engines Gross calorific value, 7 C:T 35 gas turbinc (Alstom), 846 Guide forcc moments, 38

IIalleSwirl systenl, 768 Hansllin engines, 75te-759

EL scrics details: bearings bedplate connecting rod crankcase crankshaft cylindcr block cylinder liner exhaust valve piston/rings

LU and LP scrips Hearing loss, 25 Heat cycle. 1 Heavy fuel, slorhge, 88 Helrnhule resonator, 28 IIi-Fog nozzles. 75 Higher calorific value, 7 IIigh prrssure gar injection, 61-63 High speed engines, 760-829 IIIMSF~N roginc, see Hyundai Hispanu-Suiza, sre Tt~rbonlrca IIolehy engines, see MAN H&W 4slroke Homogcniaers, 104, 106 IIorsepowcr, 11-12. 147 Howrspeed Grrat flvitnin, 613 I I .S Ilmicon, 850 Humid Air Motor (HAM) system, 75 IIumiditicarion, charge air, 74 Hycirocahuns, 65 IIydroStop, 105 Hpnda i engines. 601, 726

Ignition quality, furl, 96 Irnpcller, r ~ r Turbochargers Impulse turbo char gin^, 185, rer individual

engincs Indicated rrlran effrctive pressure, 12 Indicated oowrr, 8 Indicated ihrrmal cfticiency, 7 Indicator diagrams. 3, 4. 12 lndircct drive. 167 Indirect icjcrrion, 228 Inlct valves, ,ee individual errgincs Inlercuoled cjclc, 838 Intercool~d/rccuperarcd cyclc, 838 Intelruuled rchcat cyclc, 838 Integrated Iull electric propulsion, 168 Intelligent engines, 274-279 International Maitime Organisation (IMO),

68 exhaust emission limits, 68-69 noise limits, 29

Invisihlr Smoke (IS) engines (MAN B&W), 81, 591

Isotta Vrmchini engines, 771 1700 series

Kmaaaki Hcavy h ~ d u s u i e , 507 KHH Turbochargers, 218

Lagour diagrams, 144, 284, 357, 376, 45 1

Lanchrsrer balancers. 24. 46 ~ ~

Lean burn cnmbus1i;n. 48 Lincr iacqucring, 122 LM5OO. LM1600, LMZSOO, I.MF000 gas

turbines (GE), 831, 834. 850 LNG. 48 Load con~nrutilted invrrter, 167 Load-dcpendcnt liner cooling, 397 Longitudinal (axial) vibratiorr. 40 Loop+cavenging, 371, 427, 4R'L Low NOx con~bustion, 71, 499. 670 Low NOx engines, 637. 689 Low spred Bsrruke engines, 264.497 1.ow speed 4srroke engines, 757-759 Low rolphur fuels, 113, 127 I,ower calorific wlue. 7 Lubricating oils. I l k 1 33:

cylindcr oils, 116 frcd rate, 128 nlicrubial contamination, 137 synthetic, 126 systcn~ oils, 182 testing, 132

INDEX

Lubricating systems, .see individual engincs I.ucas Bryce, 249, leu also Delphi Bryce

Maintenance, condiriorr-based, 418 MaK engines, 518-567

M20:

cross-sectiun M32 details:

connecting rod cylinder hcad exhaust valves fiilme fuel injecliun nlatrrials piston rurrrling gear turhochar@ng variable multi pulse system

M282C/M332C M453C M552C M601 M32C M43 vM43

Makita errginrs. 755) MAN 2*tmkr crrginra. 442497:

K.4F.Z 50/105W(:I., 497 K8SZ 90/160, 481 US% 90/160U/UI., 484, 486 KSZ 90/160, 483 KSIrA, 482 KSZ-B/B1., 4 8 6 4 9 1 KS%-C/CL, 486-4'14:

camshaft drive, 188 combostiun chamber, 488 crlginc strocturc. 486 hlrl injection ( ~ I ~ c t r o n i c ) , 494--497 performance curves. 485 piston arrd piston rod, 489 pistun cooling, 491 running gall. 488 turbucharging, 493

MAN 4stmke engines 4U/45, 572 RV40/54, 572 1..52/55B, 564, 566

MAN B%W ?-stroke engines, 264-279, 280- .>dii .. ."

MC programme, 281 MC cngine sclcction, 280 MC layout diagram, 284 M(: perrorznance curve?, 283 MC operating advice. 534 MC dcsign features:

axial damper; 40 bedplate, 285 ramshart. 288 cunnrcting rod, 285 crankshafi, 285 cylinder covcr, 287 cylinder Tralnr, 285 cylinder lincr, 286 evharast valve, 288 Ifitzrre box, 285 file1 pump. 289 fuel system, 2811 piston, 287 pistun rod, 287 powcr turbines, 290 reversing mcrhanisnr. 289 shaft gcneralurs. 289 top bracing, 39 torsional vibfittiun damper, 43 SZGMC, 290:

crusa-section, 293 S50, SliO and S7OMC/M(;(:, 294 L70MC, 294:

cross-~rcliorl, 295 SKOMC, 294 S90MGl. 294 K<)OMC/MCC. 296:

cross-scctinn, 298 KqXMGC, 296

crosssectinn, 299 MC dc.iign relinrn~rno, 310-(24:

bcilrings chain drives cylinder lincr enginr struclorc exhaust mlves fuel injrction riel purnps hydraulic top bracing piston rings support chocks

MC service experience, post-1997, 325- 712:

hearings cylinder condition cylinder cut-uut system exhaust mlvrr fuel injection system

ME engines, 335-346 V-enginrs, 266 4T50MX cnginc, 271 K80M(X;I (gas irljrction), 48

INDEX

MAN B&W 4srrokc cngincs, 563-600, 771- kame, 581 779: inlet/exhaust valves, FIX3

Invisible Smoke vcrsion. 84. 591 oisron/rirrw. 584 L16/24 (Holeby), 771-779:

cross-section, 773 anti-polishing ring, 775 bcarings. 774, 776 carnshah, 776 CoCoS, 778 connectir~g rod, 776 cooling system, 777 crankshati, 776 cylirrdcr llrild, 775 cylindcr lincr, 774 fr.a~nr, 772 fc~cl irtjccrion, 777 inlct/cxhaust valvcs, 775 Inhrication systcm, 776, 778 ~nrtirrlc~rr~~~cc, 778 pistons/rings, 776 turhucharging, 777

1.21/81, src 1.27/?iX, 592 L27/38. 593-599:

cooling watcr system, 598 crankhaft, 595 crocscction, 594 flanrc ring, 595 frame, 594 [runt cr~d bux. 595 fuel pump/injector, 5911 liner, 595 lube oil system, 597 pistons, 595 turbuchilrging. 597

Pyi-typc (Alpha), 530 28-type (Alpha), 530:

crosc.icctinn, 531 anti~polishing ring, 535 hcaringr, 534 cilrnrhaft, 533 comhnstion chambrr, 532 cylinder hrad. 532 cylindcl- lincr, 533 fiarrre. 532 trlcl injcctinn, 532 piston, 533 n~rhochargcr, 534 valvca, 533 gacinjcction vcraion, 57

L32/10. 575-588: rrosrscrtion, 579 anti-polishir~g ring. 582 camshaft.%, 503, 504, 580 clrargc air cuolcr, 587 connecting rod, 584 cylinder cover: 583 cylinder lincr, 5x2

. - . turbocharging, 585

1.40/45, 572 L40/54, 572 I./V48/60, 575, 588-592 L/V48/60B, 588 1.5'2/55B, 564

crosssection, 566 1.58/64, 564-572:

cross-section. 565 hearings, 565 currr~rcting rod. 571 cylinder hcad, 568 cylinder liner, 566 fuel injection, 571 Iralnc. 564 inlet/euhaort valvcr, 568 piston, 570 piston rings, 570 turbocharging. 572

V40/.50, .592 MAN B&N' lurbuchilrgers, 207-214, 589:

NR/K srrics NA/S scrica NR/S series TCA series TCR series

Marine Trent 30 (RollrRuycc), 856 Manui engines, 759 Maximum ratings, 142, 143 ME cr~ginrs (MAN B&N'), 335-345 Mean cft'cctivc prcssurc, 12, 147 Mearr irrdicatrd pressure. 147 Mean pi-tnn specd, 14 Mrclrarrical efficiency, 8 Medium rpccd bstrokc engines, 749-756 Mrdiu~rl spccd 4-stroke engines, ix, xx, xxi,

498-749, 498-51 6 designing. 509-516

Mean piston spccd, 14 Methane, 48 Methyl cstrrs, 112 MFT-8 gas Lurhirrc, 853 Microbial corrosion, 139 Microbial concarni~rauun:

fuels, 183 lubes, 137

Miller cyclr, 190, ti9:4, 801 Mirrlccs Blacktone engines. 729-734

MH480/1. dctails: cmss-section camshaft.^ corrnrcli~rg rod crankshaft cylinder lrrad

cylinder liner piston

K Major: crus+scc1iun

MB275 acries FSL scrics:

c r n ~ ~ s r c t i o n Mitsuhislti 2-stroke engines, 279, 317-

370. - . programme, 354 Turbocharging, two-stagc, 318 TJEC history, 347, 358 UEC performance progvess, 359 I!EGD and E, 347, 348 UEC-H, 348 UEGL, LA, LS. 349 UEC 33LSII. 351:

crosssection, 351 perfor~nimcr cut.vcs, 356

UEC 37LSl1, 352 UEC 4111.SII. 352 UEC 50LSI1, 352 UEC 751SII. 5411:

rrosssection, 360 UEC 85I.SI1, 54'1, 370:

derdting chart, 1117 UEC 85I.SC. 3411 UE(:LSII dctail~. 359-364:

automalic flexiblc rating, 365, 366 hrdvlate. 359 . ,

controlled swirl scavcngiog, 361 cylindcr linrrs, 361 exhaust valve, l(il fuel I3umps/valvrs, :i61 pistons, $59

UEGISE engines. 352, 353 UEC-H details. 36.5-370:

cross-section. 367 ,

auxiliary blowers, 368. 369 bearings, 367 connecting rod, 367 exhaust system. 369 scavenyng system, 369 stnlcturc, 365 torbocharging. 3157

MitsubishiSulrer RTASOC, 353 Mitsuhishi 4stroke engines, 780 Micubishi E-Hidens I1 sysrrm, 101 Micuhishi gas turbines, 853 Mitsubishi high spccd cnginr3, 780 Micuhiahi turbochargem, 211 Mitaui cngincs, 507, 734

mI)SOV engine, 507 I./V12M, 731 60M, 734

MKK scparatorr. 106 Modular power nnila, 778, 791 M o m ~ n i compensators, 33411

INDEX

M o n i t ~ r i n ~ . condiiiun. 417 'Mntlrcr-and-daughter' pldnt, 167 Muuntings, antisiblation, 29

cnginrs, 252. 257, 762, 781-799: cylinder cut-out. 783 Fcquential turborharging, 783 split-circuit coolir~g, 7x2 Series QIIfi, 781 Scries 595. 783:

electronic control system, 783 Series 1163, 784-787:

hearines " ronrlrcting rods cooling system crankcase crankshaft cylindcr head cylindcr lirlrr filcl irijrctioo guvernor lubrication system piston/rings turhocharging valve gcar fast ferry vrrsion. 787

Scries 2000, 794 Series 4000. 7'14-799:

cruss-scrtior~ cooling systcm crarlkcasc crank~haft cylinder head cylinder liner cxhaust systeln furl injection pisrun service bluck turbocharging valves

Serics 8000, 787-793: bearings comlrlon rail injection cunnecting rods coolirig systenl cr.imkcase crankshaft cylindcr head cylinder liner erlginc management filtcrs mudular power unit pistons DlllTlDS , . SequenLLill turbocharging srarting

MTU/DI)C: design-, 793-799 Multi-pulse turhoclrarging, 185,

see individual engines

Napier turbochargers, 205 Nat~rral gas fuel. 48 Naoion Ekin8 59 Net calorilic vdue. 7 Niigala mgincs, 735, 799: M(: series. 736 FX series, 7519:

croswrction. ROO Nitrogen oxide, 64 Nohah engines. 664, 737 Nohab 25 serics:

croscacction, 738 Noise (engine), 2V29 Noiae limits (IMO), 29 Noise reduction, 26 Nuise scrc~ning. 26 NOx (rritrogen oxides), 64 NOx emissions reduction, 70

Oil mist detcction. 333 Opposed-piston cngines, xiii

power, 13 I>oxrord, 465-481

Overcritical running, 44 Optilnunl Lemon Shape hearings, 326 Organic chlorides. 112 Orra~rn, 1G7 01.0s comh~~stion cl~amher, 303, 325 Otrn cycle, 18

. ~~. Paxn~an cngincs, 804-811:

Vega, 804 Valerlenta, 804 W185, 804:

camshaft, 808/809 camshaft yrilr. R09/810 connecting rod. 808 rmnkcase. 808 clankshaft, 808 cylinder hrad, 8118 cylinder liner, 808 cvhausl system, 810 furl injection, 809 govrrning, 811 piston, 808 starting system, 811 turbuchar@ng, 809

Pcrformancr, engine, 142-158 Pcrtornlarlcc curvcs, engine 143, 2X3, 356,

574, 398, ,185 Pctroleun~-based solvenu, 112 Pilot fuel injecliun. 49, 700 Pistons/rir~gs, re* individual rngincs Pistun clcanillg (PC) ring, 304, 307, 32.5 Pistons, forced skirt lubricated, 502, 670.

687

Pistun rod glands. 415 Pistons, rotating, (144, 723 Pislun spccd, 14, 145 Plant configurations, 159 Plasrna coatings, 92 Poddcd prupulsors, 172 Polar engincs, xiii, 749 P o w point, 97 Power, 12, 13 Powcr huild-up, 152 Powcr converter technology, 167 Power tnrhines, sceTurho compound .systpnls Power related onhalarlcr, 37 Power take-off/ take-in, 166 Pressure charging, sseTurhotharging, 175-

226 2-slruke engines, 178 4srroke engines, 176

Pressurc/volumr curve, turbocharger, 188 Primary excitalions, 31 Plopellerr:

blade rcsistancc. 19 design, 151 efficiency, 6 locking, 152 performance, 150 row1 shp at, 151 slip, 148 trailing, 152

Propeller law, 148 Propnlsiorr dam, 153, 151 Pulse cunvertcr turbuchar@ng, 185 Pulse width modulation, 168 Pump/pipe/injectol: 243 I%' diagram, 1, 147

Qwadnlple-sct.rw ship, 155 Quasi-propulsive coefficient, 151 @e#n +:lzzabulh 2, ix <@P?,, 1Wa~ary 2, 833

Krcipt.ucating forces, 23 Rrciproratir~g masse. 'L2 Kehcal cycle, 838 Renk KC:F system, 28'1 Kesidual fuel, re? Fuels Resonance frequency, 21 Rcv~rsing cnginc data, 157 Ricardo prr-chamber, 'L28 Killmlagcr-type hcarirrgs. 634, 550 Rolls-Royce (Bergen) cngincs. 601411:

B-srrics. 602-609: hcsrings, 605 borecooling, 602 connrcting rod, 603 crankshaft, 603 cylinder block, 603

INDEX

cylinder head, 603 cylindcr liner, 603 exhaust valves, 603 fuel injection, 605 pistun/rings, 6113 turhocharging, 605

HV engine. 605-606 B32:40 engine, 606-609 Gcngine (C25:33L), 609-611:

connecting rod, 611 crankshaft. 610 cylinder unit, 610 tiame, 610 front end module, 611 tizcl injection. 61 1 piston, 611 t~~rhocharging. 61 1

K-series: anti-polislli~rg ring, 6(ll 'Ilut box' cnclosurc, 601 Ican-burn gas version, 57

Kollsaoycr gas mrhines, 836. 854 Ruot7-rypr blowers, xx Kotating piston, 644, 723 Rotocap, 568 KT-llex engines (Suller), 420-427 Ruston cngines, 612-62e

K C . 612 RK215, 617-620:

bearings, 61Ll connecting rods, 619 crankshaft, 617, 618, 619 cylinder hcads, 620 tine1 injection, 619 inlet/exhaust valves, 620 pistons/rings. 619 lurbocharging, 620

RlSL70, 612-617: bcarings, 616 hcdplatc. 615 camshafrs, 616 connecliug rods, 616 crankcase, lil li crankshart, 616 cylinder heads, 616 cylinder liners. 616 fuel injection, ti17 g-ovcmor, 613. 617 lubrication system, 617 pistons, 616 slarting, 617 turhocharging, 613, 617

KK280, 621-626: air manifold, 625 bearings. 624 camsham, 624 charge cooler, 6222, 625

connecting rods, 624 cooling syslcrn. 625 clankcarc, 684 crankshaft, 624 cylinder hcads, 624 cylinder l inm. 624 exhaust systcm, 625 hlcl injecliun, 622. 625 governor, 625 lubricating syatcrn, 625 pistuna. 622, 624 starting syslem, 625 turbochargers, 62'2, 625 valvc gear, 625

SACM engincs, 664, 819 Sankry diagram, 5, 6 SBG noise spccilicationa. 26 Scania engirrcs, 828 Scavenge gradirnr, 182 Scavrnging. 181:

cuntrollrd ~wirl, 361 Srhwitrer turbuchargrrs, 809 Scuffing. 119 Sea trials, 142. 151, 155, 158 Sccundary rucitations. 31 Scrondary irljrction, 2'10 Secondaly NOx reducliur~ rnri~sures, 70 Second order mumenti. Ili Sulandza, ix, r, xii Srlectivc catalylic rrductiun. 77-82 SEMT-Pielstick engines, 127-640, 811-819:

High pcrfbrmancr dcziuative, RIM19 PA acrics, 811419:

YA4, 81 1 PA5, 811 PA6, 81 1 PA6 BTC. 812 PA6 CI., 812 PA6 B STC details:

hrating4 813 catorhaft, 814 conncrting rod, 615 crankcase. 813 cylinder hcad, 813 cylinder liner, 814 piston/rings, 813 turbocharging, 814

PC1, 627 P ( 2 , 627 PCZOL, 627:

croasacction, 632 PC3, 627 PC4, 627 PC40. 627 PC2-6K dctails:

cross-section. 630

bearings, 634 camshayt, 636 cornbusliun prcsnrc, 631, 633, 636 connecting rod, 634. 6315 crankcase, 632 crankshati, 634, 635 cylinder hrad. 635, 636 cylinder linrr, 635 trame, 635 fuel injection, 636 inlrt/exhilust valves, 636 pisluns/rings, 636 nrrhocharging, 637

Low NOx version, 637 PC4-'LH details:

cross-section, 638 connecling rod, li40 crankshaft, 640 cylinder head, 640 cylinder lincr, 640 frame, 639 fuel injection, 640 piston, 640 turbocharging, 640 valves, 640

Separalurs, centriti~gal, 101-106 Sequential turbochilrging. 7x6, 790. 812,

817 Shaft altcrnatora, 162, 289 Shall hutscpower, 151 Shell Marinc, I16 Ship stopping data, 1.57 Side brays, 47 Simplc cycle gas turbine, 838 SINOX system, 80, 615 SKI. cnginrs, 737-740:

VDS 29/24 Al. series: cross-bcction, 739 bearings, 739 b~dplnlc. 739 camshaft, 739 connecling rod, 739 cooling sy-tern, 710 crankahaft, 739 cylinder hlock, 737 cylinder hrad, 740 cylinder liner, 737 tucl injecliun. 740 piston/ring%, 739/710 turhochargirrg. 740

740 vibration damper, 7%

Sludge, furl, 8'1 Smokc, 82 Soot, 82 Suund ahso~.hing materials, 25-26 Sound pressure levcl, 24

Sperk-ignition rngirr~s, 57 Spscltic luel consumption, 111 Specific gravity, 97 Speed/powcr curves, 155 SPEX Lurbocharging, 702 Spey gas turbine (Roll.cRoycr), 854 Spill port closnrc, 235 Split-circuit cuuling, 782 Stcllilr coatings, 92 Steam-injected diesel, xxvii, 67 Still er~gine, rviv S~oichiomctric raliu, 61, 99 Stork Wcrkspoor cnginea, 740-748

SW280, 746: cross-section, 748 cylinder hlock, 747 cylinder hcad, 747 cylinder lincr. 747 piston, 747 turhocharging, 747

TM110, 741-746: crosrsectiun. 742 brarings, 741 hcdpla~c, 741 carnshaft, 744 connectirrg rod, 745 cuuling, 741; crankshail, 741 cylinder hlock, 741 cylinder hcad. 745 cylinder liner, 745 cylinder lubricaliun, 74.5 Fttel injection, 746 urenpccd prokction. 746 piston/ring. 745

TM620, P F 'IM410 details: cross-secliun, 74:i

Sluffing boucs, swindividual 2+troke rrrbinrs Sucrion slrukc, 2 Sulphate rcdllring baclrria, 134. 139 Sulph~~rE~x~isaiunControl Areas, 67,113,127 Sulphur in fuel, 97 Sulphur oxides (SOX), 65

c~rrissions rcducliun, 67 Sulzn- 2-srrokc cngincs, 264-279. 3714x7:

RTA programme, 371, 375 cngine layout, 375, 376 cngine sclcctior~. 374

RIA periorrrrilnce progress. 381 RTA84C test results, 374 KI'A design. 377-3803

balancing, 46, 378 hrdplalc. 377 camshaft drive, 378 columns, 377 currlbustion chamber; 377 controls, 380

crankshaft, 377 cylinder bluck, 377 cylinder rover, 377 cylinder liner, 377 cylinder lnhrication. 377 kHiciency Boostcr, 2'23, 380 exhaust valve, 378 fuel pumps. 378 piaon cooling, 377 powcr take-off, 380 running grar, 377 turhocl~argin~, 578 vibration rootrol. 46

RTA-2II series. 380-1833 crosrscction, 382

RTA-T %cries, 383-388: cross-section, 384

RTA60C, 388-391

ramshnft/drivc. 392 cylirrdrr cover, 3% fuel pump, 393 line1 qualiq- sctting, 396 fuel wlves, 394 load-dcpendcnt cooling, 397 liner lnbricadun. 398 performance curves, 398 piston/rooling. 392 piston rod gland, 392 variable cxhausl closing, 995 variable irljcction timing, 395

RTA84T-B and -D. 400 RTAGXT-B, 402 RTA84C and 96C, 402409:

rross-section, 405 RTA96C uprating, 408 RTA96C service exprricnce, 109 TribuPack, 412415

piston rod glands, 415 exhaust valves, 416 piston cruwns, 417 curdition monitorirtg. 417 condition~bttscd rnaintrnancr.

Krllex mgincs. 4'20-427 RL design, 427-137:

c1.u~~-section, 4'27 hearings, 428 bedplate, 428 cornhostion chamber, 431 crankshaft. 428 crosshead, 432 cylinder jackets, 429 cvlindcr liner. 431 cylinder lubricaiion, 431 frame, 429

p~stori/cooling, 433 turhnrhnreine. 134 ,, L..

undc~piston ntpercharging. Upgrading RLB engines. 4.46 KTX54. 268, 381 4547. riii, xiu S1172, xrii SDT76, xvii S'l'70, xv

Sulzcr 4-strokc cnginea, 641-663 ZH40, 641 Z40, 641 ZA40, 641 ZA40S details, 641-654:

cross-sec~iuns, 643, 546 brarings, 649 conn~cl ing rod, 641) crankcaw, 646 cylinder head, 647 cylinder linrr, 646 cxhaosl system, 1559 exhaust valvr~, 649 filcl injecliun, 650 piston (rotating). 644 piston rings, 648 turbocharging, 653 variable irljcction timing, 653

ZMOS, 500, 655-659: crosrsectiun. 656 bcarings, (557 crankahdt, 657 rngirlr block, 657 inlct/cxhaust ~alvcr. 658 pistun (rotating), li58 turhorharging, 659 valve itctuiltion, 655, 658

S20 details, 659-663: hearings. 661 connecting rods. 661 crankshaft, 661 cylindpr lhcad, 661 rylindrr liner, 661 engine hlork, 661 cxhausl sysvm, 662 exhaust valvcs, ijlS filrl i~gecriun. 662 lubrication system, 662 piston/rit~gs, 661 turbocharging, 662

Surging, turhochargcr, 184 Synchroconverters. 167 Synthetic luhc oils, 126 System oils, 122

TCA $cries (MAN B&Wj, 910, 589 TCR series (MAN B&W), 214 Theoretical heat cycle, 1

Thcmal eff~cirncy, 5-8 Thick pad hearings, 502, 700 Thrust bearing. 454 Thruslcrs. 170 Thyristor fiequcncy cnnverlers, 163 Top dcild centre, 2, 3 Torque, 13-11 Torsional critical speed, 21 Torsional vibntion, 42 Torsionmeter, 5, 147 Total Haw Nurrlber ('I'RN), 118, 122 '1'PI. series (ARH), 201 TPS serics (ABB), 198 'liihoPack (Solrcr), 412 Tuning wheel. 13-45 'Turhoblowers, 183:

characteristic curves, 183 matching, 18% surge, 184

T~~rhoclrargers, 191-221: bearingr, 187 conswuction, 186 perfonnancc. 187 retrofits, 221 silencers, 189 MmuE~cturers:

AHH Turbo Systems, 191-204, s m individual engines

a~ltomotivc-type. 620, 809 Garre~L, 620 KBB. 218 MAN B&W. 207 Miwubishi, 214 MI'U, 789 Napicr, 205 'li~rhomeca. 219

Turhucharging, ix, xx, xxi, xu", xxui, 175,226 .. constarll prcssurc systenl. 185,

sw individual eneincs " cyclic var,aliuns, 179 encirncy, I95 emissions, 189 [our-btrokr cnginca. 176 impulse system, 1x5 injrclur drivc, 493 jet assistance, 218, 221 loadadaplahlc, 654 Miller Fystrrn. 190, 693, 801 muld-pulse, 186 noisr reduction, 213 pulse converter, 185 scavcnging, 181 sequential, 786, 790, 812, 817 SPEX, 704 .iurgirlg. 184 Swirl-Ex, 702 system schematic, 176

two-arage. 147, 803. 809 two-stroke erlgines, 178 variable turhine geometry, 201,204,219,

365 Turho Cornpo~~nd Syslems, 163, 192, 222/

225, 290, 380 Turhomecil turhocha~.gcrs, 219 Turning wheel. 43-45 Twin fuel injection, 700 Twinscrew ship, 155 Two-stroke cycle, 2, 10-1 1 Tweslroke engines, 264-497, 749-756

Unbalanced secondary forces, 24 Undercrilical mnning, 14 Urrdrr-piston supercharging, 434 Uniflow scavenging, xib xv, xxiv, xxu, xsui,

xrvii , 264, 280, 347, 362, 372, <i9 Uniform machinery installiltion, 1GG 'Linifucl' machinery, 162 Unit ic j~crurs, 243

Valvc gear, hydraulic, 500, 655 Vanadium in fuel. 91 Variahlr area nozrlca, 863 Variable injection Lirning, 380, 395 Vibrarion, 15-22, 2 W 2

axial, 22, 35-37 casc his~uries, 37, 40 corltrol of, 22-24, 35-42 dampcrs, 35. 39 forrcrl. 15 .. hull, 33, 40-42 linear. 21 most significant masses, 19 reFonant, 15 sympathetic, 25 torriur~d, 15, 16, 22, 37-39 see nko Noise

Viscodty, fuel, 95 Volatile organic compo~mds, 59 VOC, are above Volvu Penta engines, 8'29

WirtsilS cngines, 664-714, 819-826 [.ow NOx Vasa 32, 670-672 V n s ~ 52, 664&7O:

bearings. 670 camshafi, 670 corrrlrcting rod, 670 crankshati, 670 cylinder hcad/valves, 670 cylinder liner, 670 engine block, 670 exhaust qyslcm, 670 l'irel i~rjcction, 670

W32 engine 672-676:

multi-tilnrtion duct, 674 Sue1 injrcliun, 674 turhocharging, 675

W20 cnginr. 676684: camshaft, 678 cvrrr~rctirrg rod, 680 control/ratcry .iy~trm, 682 cooling systcrn, 682 crankrhaft, 681 cylinder head. 678 cylinder liner, (578, I579 engine block, 678 fuel injcction, 681 lubricatiun systcm, 682 multi-function duct, 678 new M'20 layuru, 683 piston/rings, 679 turbochargirrg, 682

W26 engine, ( iXMX9: camshaSt, 688 connecting rod, 687 control unit. 688 crankshaft, 6x6 cylinder head. 687 cylinder liner, 687 Sue1 injection, 687 piston/rings, 687 servicing, 688

W26X version, 689 W38 engine, 689-694:

bearings. 691 ramshati, 692 cuzlnrcting rod. 691. 692 crankshalt, 691 cylir~drr hcad, 691 cylinder liner, 691 rrrgirtr block. 691 fi~cl injcction, 689 pistur~/rings, 691 starting, 690 turbucharging, 692

W38H vcrsion, 6Y2-694 M'<6 cnginr, 694-705:

crosq-wction, 696 anti-polishing ring. 697 hearings, (197, 609 canrshaft. 700 connecting rod, 699 cuulir~g system, 705 crankshah, 690 cylinder head, 697 cylinder lincr, 697 engine block, 697 exhaust system, 705 S~lel injection, 700 inlet/erhaust valvcs, 697 lubrication systcln. 705 piston/rings, (548

INDEX

turbucharging, 702 W64 cnginc, 7115-714:

cross-section, 707 anti-polishing ring, 709 autumiltiun system, 713 hearings, 708 cunnrcting rod. 709 cooling systcm, 712 cylinder h r ~ d . 710 cylindcr lincr, 709 crarrkslraft, 708 cnginr hlnck, 708 fuel ir~jrctiun, 710 Ihhriration, 713 pistun/rings. 708 rurhocharging, 712 service cnpcricr~cc, 713

W200 rnginr, lil(i-672: anti-pulisl~ing ring, 618 camshafts, 619 connecting rod, 618 cooling systcm, 6'211 crarlkahaft. 618 cylinder lincr, l i lX errginr block. 617 fuel itjcction, 619 lubricatiorr system. 621 piston/rings, 618

W l w i l i crrgirlr cur~trul system. 511 Waruila EnviroEngincs, 74, X5 Wirtsili gardiesel enginrs, 43 Waste hrilt recovery. 163. 505 Watcr-bascd NOx reduction, 73 Water content of fuel, 97 Wxtcr Cooled Rest Gas, 76 Water-furl emulsions, 73 M'atcr in t i~ r l , 90 Water mist catcher. 310 Wcstfalia Seoarator. 105 U'ichmann ;ngines, 664, 749-7.53:

AX, AXG and AXAG, 749 WX28 details, 751-753:

cross*ecrion, 750 auxiliary pumps, 753 brarines, 751 connecting rod. 751 crankshali, 751 cylinder block, 751 cylinder head, 751 cylinder liner, 751 ti~cl in,jrction, 751 turbochi~rgir~g, 751

Windage. 4 M11-21 gas tucbiric (RullcRuyce). 860-864