Poultry - Washington State Universitycru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM081E/EM081E.pdf · • The...

PoultryLeader Guide

EM081ELevel 1

1-Poultry Science, Level I

4-H Poultry Science Curriculum Level I

Parts of a Chicken ....................................................................................3 Name that Bird ........................................................................................ 11 Poultry Terms of Different Species .........................................................17 Poultry Breeds .........................................................................................21 Breeds of Poultry for Projects and Shows ..............................................25 What Bird Will I Raise? .........................................................................33 Nutritional Needs and Problems in Poultry ............................................37 Is Your Bird Sick? ...................................................................................43 Catching and Handling Poultry ...............................................................47 Washing that Bird....................................................................................49 Why Do We Raise Poultry? ....................................................................51

Leader Notes



Parts of a Chicken Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT • Tenexternalpartsofachicken • TorelatethepartstotheirspecificfunctionABOUT THEMSELVES • Thebodypartstheyhavethatarethesameaschickens • Thebodypartsofpoultryandhumansthathelpthemadapttocold and heat

Materials Needed: • MemberActivitySheet1‑“PartsofaChicken” • LeaderKey‑“PartsofaChicken” • Labelswithchickenpartnames • Pencils,crayons,orcolormarkers • MemberActivitySheet2‑“ColoraRainbowChicken” • MemberHandout1‑“CombTypes”

ACTIVITY TIME NEEDED: 45MINUTES

ACTIVITY

Approximately30termsareusedtodescribethedifferentexternal(oroutside)partsofachicken.Aknowledgeofthesepartsisnecessarytorecognizethecharacteristicsofthespecies,breeds,andvarietiesofpoul‑trythatmakethemdifferentfromeachother.Knowingthesepartswillalsohelpidentifythesexofachicken,andifahenislayingornot.

Thediagramshowsthemajorexternalpartsofafemalechicken.The(1)beak is the mouthpiece of the bird. The lower part is hinged at the jawandismovable;theupperpartisattachedtotheskull.The(2)comband(3)wattlesarered,softfleshyappendagesontheheadofthechicken.Thesizeandrednessoftheseappendagesvary.Anonlayinghenhasasmall,dullcombandwattles;alayerhaslarge,brightredcomband wattles. Different types of combs are inherited characteristics of the breedsandvarieties.Thesinglecombshownonthediagramismostcommon.OthercommontypesaretheV‑shaped,rose,andpeacombs.Chicken(4)eyeshavecolorvisionandshowapreferenceforthevioletandorangecolors.Theyareslightlyfarsighted,whichmeanstheycanseethingsbetterfarawaythancloseup.Thecolorofthe(5)earlobe,eitherredorwhite,dependsonthebreed.The(6)ears are small openings into the auditory canal protected by small feathers. The neck feathers

Leader Notes

Makealargepicturebyenlargingthedia‑gramonmemberactivitysheet“PartsofaChicken.”Makepartlabelsthatcanbeplaced on the actual part on the picture. Havemembersputpartnamesoncorrectplaceonthepicture.Havememberswritethe names down on their copy.

Givemembershandout“CombTypes”and discuss.

Leader Notes


arecalled(7)hacklefeathersonthemaleand(7)neck feathers on the female.The(8)breast is located in the front of the chicken. The breast (9)keel bone is the lower portion of the skeleton. The back area on the maleiscalledthe(10)saddleandthe(10)cushion on the female. The (11)tailareahasdifferenttypesoffeathersdependingonthesexofthebird.Forexample,themalehaslong(12)sicklefeathers.The(13)wing hasvarioustypesoffeathersthatarenoteasilyidentifiedinthestandingbird.However,whenthewingisspread,thelong(14)flight feathers and the(15)covertfeatherswhichcoverthebaseoftheflightfeathersaredistinguishable.The(16)thighs are not easily seen as they are located alongeachsideofthebodyandarecoveredwithfeathers.Thelowerpartof(17)leg(drumstick)isalsocoveredwithfeathersandbendsatthe(18)hockjoint(ankle).The(19)shankwhichisthechicken’sfootiscov‑ered with scales. The shank may be clean or feathered depending on the breedandvariety.The(20)spurisfoundonthemalebird,andisabonygrowthwhichgrowsfromtherearinsideoftheshanks.Achickenwalksonits(21)toes.Mostchickenshavethreetoesprojectingforwardandonetoeprojectingback.(Afewbreedshavefivetoes.)

Function of PartsInthesummerwhenitishot,peopleperspiretoreleasetheexcessheatfromtheirbodies.Birdsdonothavesweatglandslikehumans,butthecomb and wattle areas allow heat to escape from the bird. What other thingsdobirdsdotokeepcool?Theyalsopant,spreadtheirwings,andlieoncoolsurfaces,suchastheground.

Howdoyoustaywarminwinter?Duringwinter,peoplewearmoreclothingtoprotectthemselvesfromthecoldtemperatures.Howdoyou think birds keep warm? The feathers act as insulation against cold temperatures.Whenabirdisexposedtocold,itsfeatherswillstanduptohelpconservebodyheat.Birdsalsoshiverlikehumanswhentheygetcold.Shiveringhelpsproduceadditionalbodyheat.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. How would you describe a chicken? 2. Whatpartsareuniquetoachicken?(Uniquemeansnootherspecies havethem.) 3. What are some parts of a chicken that are like those of people? 4. What parts of chickens help them adapt to cold weather? Hot weather? 5. Howdopeoplestaywarminwinterandcoolinsummer?Areanyof these ways similar to what poultry do?

Givemembers“ColoraRainbowChicken”todoatthissessionortodoathomeforareview.


GOING FURTHER 1. Drawpicturesoftheheadsofachicken,turkey,andduck,andlabel the parts. 2. Obtain an adult male and female chicken and compare differences in appearanceoffeathers,combandwattles. 3. Observeotherdomesticatedbreedsofpoultryandwildbirdsand compare differences in their appearance. 4. Identifythepropernamesforyoungandadultchickens,turkeys, ducks,andgeese.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


PARTS OF A CHICKENPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 1

Parts of a Chicken

Write in the part name on the matching blank.

Tail Ear BreastComb Eyes ShankHacklefeathers(male) Tailfeathers Wattlesorneckfeathers(female) Flightfeathers BeakEarlobe Thigh Back(saddle‑male)Covertfeathers Leg ToesSpur(male) Keelbone WingHock joint

13

11

12

10

15

14

18

20

17 19

21

9

8

73

1

2

5

4

16

6


PARTS OF A CHICKENPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL ILeader Key for Activity Sheet

Parts of a Chicken

KeytoChart:

1) Beak 11) Tail 2) Comb 12) Tail feathers 3) Wattles 13) Wing 4)Eyes 14)Flightfeathers 5)Earlobe 15)Covertfeathers 6)Ear 16)Thigh 7)Hacklefeathers(male) 17)Leg orNeckfeathers(female) 18)Hockjoint 8)Breast 19)Shank 9)Keelbone 20)Spur(male) 10)Back‑saddle(male) 21)Toes orcushion(female)

13

11

12

10

15

14

18

20

17 19

21

9

8

73

1

2

5

4

16

6

Leader Notes


PARTS OF A CHICKENPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IMember Handout 1

Comb Types

Different comb types of chickens

SINGLECOMB V‑SHAPEDCOMB

PEACOMB ROSECOMB


PARTS OF A CHICKENPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 2

Color a Rainbow Chicken

Color the parts according to this list.

1.Comb‑red 7.Neck‑yellow 13.Foot&Toes‑yellow2.Beak‑yellow 8.Breast‑orange 14.Spur‑orange3.Eye‑blue 9.Thigh‑purple 15.Abdomen‑blue4.Ear‑green 10.Wing‑purple 16.Shoulder‑green5.Earlobe‑purple 11.Hock‑red 17.Back‑red6.Wattles‑red 12.Shanks‑green 18.Tail‑yellow

1

7

18

15

108

16

17

9

11

14 12

1313

2

3

54

6

11

Leader Notes



Leader Notes

Havememberslistspecieswithdescrip‑tivewordsforeachonlargesheetofpaper.Ifgroupislarge,divideintogroupsof2‑3.Haveeachgroupreportordiscuss their lists.

Name that Bird Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Toidentifysixspeciesofpoultry • ThedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenspeciesABOUT THEMSELVES: • Thesimilaritiesanddifferencesofpeoplefromvariousethnic backgrounds • Thediversityofhumanethnicgroupsinspeechandwheretheylive

Materials Needed: • Picturesofpoultryspecies(chicken,turkey,duck,goose,pheasant, guinea,peafowl,pigeon,quail) • Cardswithspeciesnames • Largesheetsofpaper • Magicmarkersorcolors • ActivitySheet3‑“NameThatBird”


ACTIVITY

Poultryisatermusedtodefinethosespeciesofbirdsthathumanshavedomesticated(tamedandbred)forthepurposeofprovidingeggs,meat,andrecreation.Aspecie is a group of birds of the same kind or form. The mostcommonspeciesofpoultryarechickens,turkeys,ducks,andgeesewhicharekeptprimarilyforeggs,meat,orshow.Otherspeciesliketheguinea,peafowl,pigeon,quail,andpheasantprimarilyservehumansbytheirbeauty,companionship,andsport.

Whatspecieshaveyouseen?Howwouldyoudescribethemtosomeoneelse?

Todayyou’llhavetheopportunitytoidentifyeachofthesespeciesofpoultry.Firstofall,let’sfindouthowmanyspeciesyoucanidentifyalready.

Identifying Species of PoultryIhaveninepicturesofdifferentspeciesofpoultry.Yourjobistomatchthe species card to the correct picture.

Nowlet’smatchthenamesonyouractivitysheetsandtalkabouteachofthese species.

Havemembersmatchcardswithnamestocorrectpictureofbird.Letthemchecktheiranswersatendofexercise.

Handoutactivitysheet“NameThatBird”forthemtofillin.Pointoutthephysicalfeatures of the birds in the pictures as you describe them.

Leader Notes


CHICKENS are the most common species of poultry raised through‑outtheworld.Chickens,likeallotherbirds,havefeathersandwings.Chickenscomeinmanysizes,shapes,andcolors.Whataresomecolorsofchickensthatyouhaveseen?

Theirfeathersmayhavestripes,spots,patches,solidcolors,twocolors,oravarietyofcolorsdependingonthebreed.Anadultchickenmayweigh as little as 11⁄2poundsorasmuchas18pounds.Chickenshaveplumpbodiesandsmallheadswithsharpbeaks.Chickenshaveseveralfleshygrowthsontheirheadsthatmostotherbirdsdonot.Theflapsofloose skin hanging down from the throat are called wattles. On top of theheadisareddish‑pinkcrest,calledacomb. The comb and wattles are redbecausetheyhavearichbloodsupply.Earlobes grow on the side of thehead.Theearlobecolormayberedorwhite,dependingonthebreedofchicken.Featherscovermostofthebodyofachicken,andeventheshanks(lowerlegs)andfeetofsomebirds.Usuallytheshanksandfeetarecoveredwithscales.Roostershaveanextraspikeorspurstickingoutfromtherearinnersideofthelegs.Chickenshaveclawsontheirtoes,whichtheyusetodefendthemselvesagainstanenemy,andtodiginthesoilforinsectsandseedstoeat.Eventhoughchickenshavewingstofly,theirwingmusclesarepoorlydeveloped,sotheycanonlyflyashortdistanceatatime.Chickensflymainlytoescapeenemiesandtoreachaperchonwhichtoroostatnight.Chickensareusuallyverynoisy.Theyconstantlycluckandsquawk.Themalechicken(rooster)hasadistinc‑tivesoundofhisown,sometimesreferredtoascrowing.Whendoyouthink roosters usually crow? What time of day do roosters do the most crowing?

TURKEYSarelargebirdsthatcanweighasmuchas50poundsormore.Theyareraisedprimarilyformeatproduction.Haveyouevereaten turkey? When?

Theheadandneckofturkeysareredandfeatherless.Along,loosepieceofskincalledawattleextendsfrombeneaththelowerjawalongtheneck.Atthebaseoftheneckaresmall,wart‑likestructurescalledcaruncles.Maleturkeysarecalledtoms.Ifyoulookcloselyyouwillseethattheyhaveabeard‑liketuftofcoarsehairhangingfromthecenterofthebreast.Thecolorofdomestictomturkeysdependsonthevariety.Adultfemaleturkeys,calledhens,aredullincolorandhavenobeards.They are smaller than the adult male turkeys. Their legs are similar to thoseofchickens,andarecoveredwithscales.Thetomturkeyalsohasspursonhislegslikethemalechicken.Thevocalsoundthatweassoci‑ate with a turkey is the gobbling call which the male makes.

DUCKSareclassedaswaterfowlandcanliveinmanyareas.Ducksareraised for meat and egg production. They are related to geese and swans. Theycanliveunderavarietyofclimaticconditions.Duckshavewater‑prooffeathersandwebbedfeet(thetoesoneachfootareconnectedbyflapsofskin).Theyhaveaheavybody,shortneck,shortwings,andaflat

Listthesefeaturesonachalkboardorlargepaper as the members list or report back. This information should be used as a check oftheirgrouplistings,notasalecture!Useinformationforotherspecies(Turkey,Ducks,etc.)inthesamemanner.


broadbill.Theirbillshaveahardhornygrowthatthetipcalledabean. Ducksareknowntobeveryvocal.Thevoiceofthefemaleisaloud,ratherflatquack.Thevoiceofmaleduckmakeseitheranasalsoundorawhistle followed by a grunting sound.

GEESE are also classed as waterfowl and are related to ducks and swans.Peopleraisegeeseformeatandeggproduction,andasweed‑ers,showbirds,orfarmpets.Theyhaveflattenedbills;alongneck;water‑repellantfeathers;long,pointedwings;ashorttail;shortlegs;andwebbedfeet.Scalescoverthegoose’slegs.Theirwebbedfeetmakethemgoodswimmers,buttheyalsoadaptwelltolivingonland.Theirfacesare feathered. Geese are larger than ducks and smaller than swans. Geese communicatebyhonking,insteadofquackingorwhistling.Thelongwingsofwildgeeseenablethemtoflygreatdistances.Theyareverygracefulinflightandsomekindsofgeesecanflymorethan1,000mileswithoutstoppingtorest.Allgeesearemigratorybirds,whichmeansthattheyflynorthinthespringandsouthinthefall.Haveyoueverseenaflockofgeeseflyinthesky?Whatdirectionweretheyflying?Inwhatkindofformationweretheyflying?

PHEASANTSaregenerallyclassedasgamebirds,sincepeoplehuntpheasants for sport and for their tasty meat. People also seek them for theirgorgeous,longtailfeathers.Theyaremediumtolargeinsizeandarecloselyrelatedtothedomesticchicken.Mostpheasantshaveashort,stoutbeakandalongtail.Somepheasantshavecombsandwattlessimi‑lar to those of chickens. The male pheasants are colorful with patterns ofbrightlycoloredfeathers.Thefemalesusuallyhavedullbrownandtanfeatherswithblackmarkings.Pheasantscanfly,butonlyforshortdistances.Theymayreachspeedsof40mph.Themalepheasantcommu‑nicateswithcackles,crows,screams,andwhistles.Thecallofthehenislimited mostly to clucks and peeps.

GUINEA fowlarecloserelativesofthepheasant.Theheadandneckisbareandabonyridgeorhelmet,coversthetopofthehead.Themostcommonguinea,thepearl,hasgrayfeatherswithsmallwhitespots.Guineasareknowntomakegood“watchdogs”becauseoftheiruseful‑nessinprotectingthefarmflockfrompredatorsbytheirloud,harshcriesand bad temper. They destroy insects in the garden. They do not scratch andthereforearelessdestructivethanchickens.Thecryofthefemalesoundslike“buckwheat,buckwheat”or“put‑rock,put‑rock”andisquitedifferentfromtheone‑syllableshriekofthemale.

PEAFOWL aremainlyornamentalbirds(birdstolookat).Peafowlareone of the showiest of all birds because of their great size and beautiful feathers. They are related to the chicken and pheasant family. The most popularbird,theIndiaBlue’sfeathersarecoloredeitherblue,white,orgreen with blue being the most common. The male peafowl is called a peacock and may grow almost as large as a turkey. Its breast feathers are coloredmetallicgreenish‑bluewithpurplish‑blueunderparts.Theyhave

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


a long train of greenish feathers brilliantly marked with bold spots that look like eyes. These long feathers grow from the back and not from the tail.Thetrainoffeathersmaybefivetimesaslongasthebird’sbody.Whenthemalepeacockspreadsthefeathersonhisback,theyformintoabeautifulfan.Incontrast,thefemalepeafowldoesnothaveatrainandismoredullincolor.Peafowlareregal,proud,anddesireattention.Themalesareinclinedtobeaggressiveandnotonlyattackotherfowlandsmallanimals,butalsohavebeenknowntofighttheirreflectionsinmir‑rorsorshinyautomobiles.Boththemaleandfemaleproduceapiercing,squawking,powerfulcry,especiallyduringthematingseason.Peafowlchoose to roost in a tall tree or on top of a building.

QUAIL are a type of small game bird that is often hunted for food or sport.Mostadultquailare6to8incheslong.Thefeathersofquailarecoloredinshadesofbrown,tan,orgraythatblendinwiththeenviron‑ment of a pasture or woodland in order to protect them from enemies by makingthemhardtosee.Thevoiceofaquailsoundslikeasquawk.

PIGEONSareveryversatilebirds.Theyareusedforthesportofracing,asflyersandperformers,forshow,formeatproduction,andinsomecases to carry messages. The term pigeon is used to name any bird in thepigeonanddovefamily.Thelargerbirdsarecalledpigeons and the smaller birds are called doves.Pigeonshaveaplumpbody,asmallhead,andshort,sturdylegs.Becausepigeonshavelargeflightmusclesintheirbreast,theyarepowerfulandcanflyatfastspeeds.Mostpigeonsmeasurefrom10to15incheslong.However,thesmallestofthespeciesgrowsabout6incheslongandweighsabout1ounce.Thefeathercolorsofpigeonsareusuallyblack,blue,brown,white,orgray.Pigeonsdrinkinawaythatisveryunusualfromotherpoultrybirds.Theysticktheirbeak in the water and suck the liquid through their beak like a straw. Pigeons communicate through cooing sounds.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING: 1. What are some of the characteristics that help you identify a poultry species?(size,beakorbill,feathers,soundsmade,etc.) 2. Whatspeciesareclassifiedaswaterfowl?(geese,ducks) 3. What characteristics are similar for most poultry species? Different? 4. What are characteristics that are similar for humans? 5. What characteristics are different in people? How do these differencesreflectwheretheyliveorthelanguagetheyspeak?

GOING FURTHER 1. Read a book or magazine on poultry and share what you learned at thenextprojectmeeting. 2. Visitapoultryfarmorzooandobservethedifferencesinthespecies.

Aftercharacteristicsorfeaturesarelistedforeachspecies,listsimilarities,differ‑ences,anddiscuss.Example–Seehowmany members can duplicate the sound of each species.


NAME THAT BIRDPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 3

Name that Bird

Draw a line from the name of the poultry species to the correct picture.

Quail

Duck

Chicken

Pheasant

Turkey

Goose

Guinea

Pigeon

Peafowl

Leader Notes


NAME THAT BIRDPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL ILeader’s Key

Name that Bird

Draw a line from the name of the poultry species to the correct picture.

Quail

Duck

Chicken

Pheasant

Turkey

Goose

Guinea

Pigeon

Peafowl


Poultry Terms of Different Species Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Fivecommonchickenterms •Fivecommonturkey,duck,andgooseterms •FivegeneraltermsofvariouspoultryspeciesABOUT THEMSELVES: •Theirfeelingsaboutusingcardsandmatchingtolearn •Howtheyfeelabouttheirabilitytoidentifypartsoflivethings

Materials Needed: • Picturesorlivebirds • Notecardswithpoultryterms • MemberHandout2‑“CommonPoultryTerms”


ACTIVITY Leader Notes

Usethe“Standard of Perfection” if you need terms in addition to those in this lesson.

Knowingthecorrectpoultrytermsisimportantinpoultryproj‑ects. The American Standard of Perfection lists the terms used to describetheexternal(oroutside)physicalcharacteristicsofpoultry.Knowingthesetermsisessentialtotheidentificationandjudgingofexhibitionandproductiontypesofpoultry,selectionandpreparingbirdsforshow,givingdemonstrationsandunderstandinghowjudgesjudgepoultry.

CHICKEN TERMSApproximately30termsareusedtodescribethedifferentexternalpartsof a chicken. The major terms are shown on the illustration.

The beak(a)onachickenispointedbecausethechickenisagraineater.The comb(b)isusedtoidentifybreedsandvarieties.Commoncombtypesaresingle,rose,andpea.Theearlobes(c)arepatchesofsmoothskinlocatedbelowtheearsofthebird.Earlobecoloriseitherwhiteorredandisusedforbreedidentification.Thewattles(d)arefleshyappendages attached to the lower edge of the head. The feathers on the neck of the chicken are hackles(e)onthemaleandtheneck(e)feath‑ers on the female. The main tail(f)feathersarisefromthetailheadofboth male and female chickens. The sickle(g)feathersarethelong,flowingfeathersonthemalebirds.Thesaddle(h)feathersarethosethatflowfromthebackdowneachsideofthebird.Thehock(i)isthejoint

Leader Notes


between the drumstick and the leg or shank(j).Thespur(k)isabonyprojection arising from the inside of the bird’s legs. The spur is promi‑nentinthemaleandisusedforfighting.

TURKEY TERMSThe snood(a)oftheturkeyissimilartothecombofachicken.Itislarger in the tom than hen. It becomes enlarged during the tom's mat‑ingritual.Sometimesitbecomesinjuredwhentomsfight,whichallowsdisease organisms to enter the bird’s body. The caruncle(b)isreddish,fleshymaterialonthenakedportionsofthehead,face,andneckoftheturkeyandMuscovyduck.Itissimilartothewattlesonthechicken.Thebeard(c)isasmalltuftoflong,coarse,blackhairsprojectingfromtheupper part of the breast of a tom turkey.

DUCK TERMSThe bill(a)isthehornyformationprojectingfromtheheadofwaterfowl.It consists of the upper and lower mandibles which form the forward mouth parts. The bean(b)isaraisedhard,bean‑shapedprojectiononthetipofthebillofwaterfowl.Sometimesthebeanisremovedfromduckstopreventthemfromseriouslyharmingorkillingeachother.

GOOSE TERMSThe head of a goose is different from the head of a duck because of the presence of a dewlap(b).Thisisaloosefoldofskinundertherearofthebill(a)thatextendsalongthethroatarea.Itsabsenceconstitutesadis‑qualificationinsomebreedsofgeesesuchastheAfricanandToulouse. GENERAL TERMSProper terms for common species of domesticated poultry.

Species Young of either sex Mature Male Mature Female

Chicken Chick Cockerel* Pullet* Cock Hen

Duck Duckling Drake Duck

Goose Gosling Gander Goose

Guinea Keet Cock Hen

Peafowl Chick Peacock Peahen

Turkey Poult Tom Hen

*Termsformaleandfemalechickens,respectively,thatarelessthanoneyear of age.

Matching Game:Makeuptwosetsofcardswithatermononesideanditsdefi‑nitionontheother.Useonesetwiththeterms showing and the other set with the definitionsshowing.Usetermsfromthislesson.Giveeachgroupoftwoorthree4‑H’ersabout10termsanddefinitionstomatch.Havethemchecktheirmatchingsbyturningthecardsover.Askeachgroupto discuss one or two terms and tell how they would use the terms in a sentence. After4‑H’ershavecompletedthisactivity,usealivebirdorpicturetopointoutwhatthe terms describe.


DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. What terms are easy to remember? 2. Whattermwasthemostdifficult? 3. Whatpartofabirddoyoufindthemostunusualordifferent? 4. What was the part or term most often missed? 5. Whatotherexperiencehaveyouhadwhereyouhadtolearnparts or terms? 6. Doyouliketodomatchingand/orflashcards?Why?WhyNot? 7. Whatwillitmeanforyoutobeabletoidentifyvariouspoultry parts? 8. Whydoyouthinkitisimportanttoknowpartsofbirds,animals, people,orotheritems?

GOING FURTHER 1. Attendapoultryshowandidentifypartsonallspecies. 2. Share poultry terms with your class at school.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


COMMON POULTRY TERMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIESPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IMember Handout 2

Common Poultry Terms

Turkey Duck a. Snood a. Bill b. Caruncle b. Bean c.Beard(male)

Goose Chicken a.Bill a. Beak f.Maintailfeathers b.Dewlap b.Comb g.Sicklefeathers(male) c. Earlobe h.Saddlefeathers d. Wattle i. Hock e.Hackle(male)/ j.Spur Neck(female) k.Shank

a

b

f

g

h

i

j

c

ba

b

e

k

b

a

a

b

c


Poultry Breeds Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Tenbreedsorvarietiesofpoultry • Differencesbetweenbreed,variety,type,andstrain • Purposesof10poultrybreeds(meat,eggs,exhibition)ABOUT THEMSELVES: • Culturalandethnicdifferencesinhumans • Thatculturalandethnicdiversityisapositivewaytohelppeople learn about each other

Materials Needed: • Colorpicturesordiagramsofdifferentbreedsofpoultry • Cardswithnamesofpoultrybreeds • American Standard of Perfection book‑(usetoobtainbreed descriptions) • ActivitySheet4‑“PoultryBreedMatch” • LeaderKey‑“PoultryBreedMatch”


ACTIVITY Leader Notes

Givemembersachancetodefineeachterm in small groups.

Showpicturesofseveralbreedsandletmembers point out the differences.

Showpicturesofseveralvarietiesofonebreedfromthe“Standard of Perfection”and let them point out the differences they see.

Ifyoulookatchickens,ducksoranyotherbirds,dotheyalllookalike?Of course not. How are they different? You will notice that they are dif‑ferentsizes,shapes,colors,andhaveotherphysicalfeaturesthatmakeeach one unique.

Whenwetalkaboutpoultry,weuseseveraltermstodescribewhatkindtheyaresuchasbreed,variety,andstrain.Doanyofyouhaveanideaofwhat these terms describe?

The term breed is used to describe a group of birds which are related by breeding.Allbirdsofthesamebreedpossessthesamedistinctiveshape,generalweight,andotherphysicaltraitssuchascombtype,skin,andfeather colors.

Varietyisasubdivisionofabreed.Avarietyisidentifiedbyeitherfeathercolor(black,white,red,brown),featherpattern,orcombtype(singlecomb,rosecomb,etc.).Abreedmayhavemanyvarieties.

The term strainisusedtodescribeaspecificgroupwithinabreedorvarietywhichhasdistinctivecharacteristics.Astrainisusuallydeveloped

Leader Notes


by a breeder who does not allow any outside bloodlines into his or her flockforanumberofyears.Thestrainisusuallynamedafterthebreederwhodevelopedit.

The book I’m showing you is called The American Standard of Perfec-tion,whichlistsover300breedsandvarietiesofchickens,ducks,geese,andturkeys.ThisbookispublishedbytheAmericanPoultryAssociation,Inc.

Now,let’stakealookatthedifferentbreedsandseeifyoucanmatchthename on the card with the picture as I describe them to you.

Peoplewhoraisepoultryusuallychooseaparticularbreed,varietyorstrainforaspecificpurpose,suchasexhibition,meatproductionoreggproduction.

Exhibitionbirdsareraisedforcompetitioninvariousshows.Theymaybe either normal or miniature in size. The miniature chickens are called “bantams.”

Eggproductionbreedsandvarietiesarethosethatproducealargenumberofeggs.Mostoftheegg‑layinghensarewhite.Theyareusuallysmall,sotheydon’trequireasmuchfeedasthelargerbreeds.

Meatproductionorbroilerproductionbreedsandvarietiesareusuallylargerandgrowrapidly,butlayfewereggsthaneggproductiontypes.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. What are some characteristics that you look for in determining what breedorvarietyabirdis? 2. Name a breed of chicken that has white feathers. 3. Name a breed of chicken that has feathered shanks. 4.Whatarethemainfunctionsofdifferentbreedsorvarieties? (exhibition,eggproduction,meatproduction,pleasure/recreation) 5. What are some names used to describe different cultures and ethnic backgroundsofpeople?(Ethnicisusedtodescribegroupsofpeople whohavethesamereligiousracialornationalbackground.) (Caucasian(white),hispanic,black,asian,etc.) 6. Whataresomeofthecharacteristicsthataredifferentbetweenthese groups of people? 7. Does a difference in ethnic background make any difference in how one relates to other people?

GOING FURTHER 1. Makeaposterofdifferentbreedsandvarietiesofpoultry. 2. Visit a hatchery or poultry farm to see what different breeds or varietiestheyraise.

Show members Standard of Perfection bookandflipthroughpagestogivetheman idea of what is included.

Youcanusethelistofbreedsandvarietiesprovidedormakeupyourownlist.Usedescriptions from the American Standard of Perfection. You might want to copy thedescriptionsonindexcards.Handout cards to members and see if they can match the name to the picture as you describethebreedorvariety.

Asyoutalkabouteachofthepurposes,show a picture of those breeds that fall into these categories.


POULTRY BREEDSPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 4

Poultry Breed Match

Draw a line from the breed name to the correct picture.

Chickens Rhode Island Red

Plymouth Rock

Sebright

Cornish

Leghorn

Polish

Houdan

Geese

Embden

Toulouse

Ducks

Muscovy

Pekin

Rouen

Leader Notes


POULTRY BREEDSPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL ILeader’s Key

Poultry Breed Match

Chickens Rhode Island Red Plymouth Rock Sebright Cornish Leghorn Polish Houdan

Geese Embden Toulouse

Ducks Muscovy Pekin Rouen


Breeds of Poultry for Project and ShowPoultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Toidentifythedifferencesbetweenstandardbreeds,straincrosses, and crossbreeds • Toidentifythemainfunctionoffivebreeds,varieties,strains,or typesABOUT THEMSELVES: • Decisionsaboutchoosingthetypeofprojecttheywishtohave • Skillsthattheydowell

Materials Needed: • American Standard of Perfection book • Picturesorpoultrymagazinestoshowvariousbreeds • Poultrycatalog • Indexcardswithbreed,variety,andpurposeofbreedorvariety • MemberHandout3‑“BreedPurposes” • MemberActivitySheet5‑“BreedNameWordFind” • LeaderKey‑“BreedNameWordFind”


ACTIVITY

Whenyougoshoppingforsomenewclothesorshoes,whataresomethings you need to know before you start? Before you buy a new pair ofshoesorclothing,youusuallyhaveanideaofwhyyouaregoingtowearthem.Youwouldn’tgooutandbuyafancydress,newsuit,ordressshoes to wear for playing sports or doing chores. Some clothing and shoesarenotappropriateforeveryoccasion.

It’s the same idea when you select your poultry project birds. You need toknowthevariousbreedsandvarietiesofpoultryandforwhatpurposeyouwanttoraisebirds.Doyouwanttoraisebirdsforeggand/ormeatproduction,orforexhibitionorshow?

Today,we’lllearnaboutthedifferencesbetweenstandardbreeds,straincrosses,crossbreeds,andBantamchickens,andthedifferentbreedsofducks,geese,andturkeys,soyoucanmakegooddecisionswhenyouchoosewhatpoultryyouwillhaveforyourproject.

1.Let’stalkaboutstandardbreedsfirst.Doesanyoneknowwhata standard breed is? Standard breeds or pure breeds of chickens are those

Askmemberswhatotherprojecttheyplanfor before they select or buy their materials needed. What did they do or think about?

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


breedsandvarietiesthathavebeenrecognizedforspecificcharacteristicsformanygenerationsand,whenmatedtogether,produceoffspringwiththosesamecharacteristics.Theycanbeusedforeggproduction,meatproduction,orexhibitionprojects.

Standardbreedchickensmaybeexhibitedasasingleyoungoroldbirdofeithersex.Exhibition‑typestocksareavailablefromallrecognizedbreedsandvarietiesofpoultry.Theseclassesareusuallydesignatedaseitherlargeorsmall(bantam).

2. Strain crosses arealsocalledinbreedsorhybrids.Inchickens,theyareusuallyWhiteLeghorns.Thesebirdshavebeenselectedformaxi‑mumeggproductionandsmallbodysize,andwouldbeagoodselectionif you are going to raise chickens primarily for egg production. When youselectastraincrossofLeghorns,theywillusuallybedesignatedbythebreeder’stradenamesuchasDeKalb,Hyline,Babcock,etc.Youshould not use these birds for a meat production project because of their small body size.

3.DoesanybodyhaveanideawhataCrossbreedis?Acrossbreed resultsfromthecrossingoftwodifferentbreedsorvarieties.Crossbreedsareraisedforbotheggandmeatproduction.SomeexamplesofCross‑breedsforaneggproductionprojectwouldbeAustra‑White,CaliforniaWhite,Sex‑Linksandothersimilarcrosses.Ifyouarewantingtoraisethemformeatproduction,chooseacrossbreedsuchasCornish‑RockorRock‑Cornish.

4.Ifyouwanttoraiseandexhibitbantams(chickensofsmallersize),you should select pure breeds rather than strain or crossbreeds. Bantams areavailableinmoststandardbreedsoffowl.YoucanselectfrommanyotherbreedssuchasOldEnglishGame,Frizzle,Rosecomb,Sebright,Houdan,andPolish.Whenyouexhibitbantamsatashow,enterthemasasinglebirdofeithersexineitherthestandardbredbantamyoungoroldclasses.Mostshowsdonothaveacrossbredbantamclass.

Ifyouplantoraiseyourchickensformeatandeggproduction,youshould look for dual-purpose breedsthathavequalitiesfavorableforbotheggandmeatproduction.SomebreedsthatfitinthiscategoryaretheRhodeIslandRed,NewHampshire,andPlymouthRock.Ifyouchoosetoexhibitthesebreedsatafair,youwouldshowagroupofthreepullets or hens.

Ifyouareplanningtoraisechickensformeatproductiononly,youwouldchooseameat‑typebreed,suchastheWhitePlymouthRockandWhiteCornish.Inthisclassforexhibition,youwouldshowagroupofthree pullets or cockerels. Can you identify some standard breeds in the picturesIhavehere?

Asyoudiscusseachoftheclassificationsofpoultrybreeds,showmemberspicturesfrom the American Standard of Perfection,poultry magazines or other books.


Nowthatwehavetalkedaboutthevariousbreedsandvarietiesofchick‑ens,let’smoveontoducksandgeese.Mostshowsdonothaveacross‑bredwaterfowlclass,soyoushouldselectapurebreedforyourproject.Youwouldusuallyenteronebirdofeithersex.

Common breeds of geese areAfrican,AmericanBuff,Canada,Chinese,Egyptian,Embden,Pilgrim,Pomeranian,Sebastopol,andToulouse.

Common breeds of ducks areAlyesbury,Buff,Call,Campbell,Cayuga,Crested,EastIndia,Mallard,Muscovy,Pekin,Runner,Rouen,andSwedish.

If you decide to raise turkeys, selectavarietyforeitherameatproduc‑tion project or for show. If you choose to raise turkeys for meat produc‑tion,youcanselectacommercialstraincrossofBroadWhites,suchasNickolas,Cuddy,andHybrid.White‑featheredvarietiesareeasiertoprepareforeatingthandark‑featheredvarieties.

Ifyouwanttohaveaturkeyprojectthatismoreforshowpurposes,youshouldselectavarietythathasaslowergrowthrateandpoorerbodyconformation.TheBeltsvilleSmallWhite,Black,BourbonRed,Bronze,Narragansett,RoyalPalm,Slate,andWhiteHollandaremoresuitableforshow purposes.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. What is the difference between a standard breed and a crossbreed? 2. What are the three purposes for raising poultry? 3. Name two breeds of chickens that are raised for meat production (WhitePlymouthRock,WhiteCornish,Cornish‑Rock,Rock‑ Cornish). 4. Name two breeds or crossbreeds of chickens that you should select foreggproduction(RhodeIslandRed,NewHampshire,Plymouth Rock,WhiteLeghorn,Austra‑White,CaliforniaWhite). 5. Whyshouldyounotselectastrainofegg‑typechickensforameat productionproject?(becauseoftheirsmallbodysize). 6. Whywouldyouselectawhite‑featheredvarietyinsteadofa dark‑featheredvarietywhenselectingturkeystoraiseformeat production?(white‑featheredvarietiesdressmoreeasily). 7. Whatbreedorvarietyofpoultrydoyoulike?Why? 8. Doyouhaveclassmatesatschoolfromdifferentcountriesor different races or colors? What do you remember most about them? 9. Do you think people were put on earth for different purposes? Name peopleyouknowwhoaregoodreaders,spellers,singers,orgood atdifferentsports,etc.

Atendoflesson,havemembersdivideintoteamsandgivethemindexcardswithbreed name. Play a matching game with pictures.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


GOING FURTHER 1. Makeaposteraboutthedifferentbreedsandvarietiesofpoultryand sharewithmembersatnextmeetingorclassmatesatschool. 2. Visit a poultry hatchery. 3. Attendapoultryexhibitionandidentifywhatbreedsandvarieties are most popular. 4. Readabookaboutpoultryandsharewithmembersatnextmeeting or at school.


BREEDS OF POULTRY FOR PROJECTS AND SHOWSPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IMember Handout 3

Breed Purposes

Species Purpose Breed, variety, crossbreed, or strain cross most suitableChickens EggProduction Leghorn(whiteeggs) PlymouthRock(browneggs) RhodeIslandRed(browneggs) NewHampshire(browneggs) SexLinks(browneggs)

MeatProduction Cornish‑Rock Rock‑Cornish

Dual‑Purpose PlymouthRock Rhode Island Red New Hampshire Red Exhibition Bantams: Houdan Polish Sebright

Ducks MeatProduction Pekin Rouen Muscovy

EggProduction KhakiCampbell Indian Runner

Geese Egg&Meat, Embden Exhibition Toulouse Buff

Turkeys MeatProduction BroadWhite

Exhibition BroadBreasted Bronze Bourbon Red Narragansett

Leader Notes


BREEDS OF POULTRYPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 5

Breed Name Word Find

Find and circle the breed names in the letter diagram below.

Cornish Rhode Island Red RouenBantam Muscovy LeghornHoudan KhakiCampbell NewHampshireWyandotte Toulouse EmbdenPekin Broad White

K A X Y M U S C O V Y R R

H O U D A N P N L A B O H

A M I Z B U F E L G T U O

K G A N A E E W X R O E D

I C O R N I S H I I U N E

C Y G S T S H A O P L Q I

A W W X A C B M N M O L S

M R T G M E E P A R U E L

P E K I N Y J S W F S G A

B B R O A D W H I T E H N

E F Q C V U A I U K L O D

L E M B D E N R A Y B R R

L I J L O N R E W S A N E

W Y A N D O T T E U A Q D


BREEDS OF POULTRYPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL ILeader's Key for Activity Sheet

Breed Name Word Find

Find and circle the breed names in the letter diagram below.

Cornish Rhode Island Red RouenBantam Muscovy LeghornHoudan KhakiCampbell NewHampshireWyandotte Toulouse EmbdenPekin Broad White

K A X Y M U S C O V Y R R

H O U D A N P N L A B O H

A M I Z B U F E L G T U O

K G A N A E E W X R O E D

I C O R N I S H I I U N E

C Y G S T S H A O P L Q I

A W W X A C B M N M O L S

M R T G M E E P A R U E L

P E K I N Y J S W F S G A

B B R O A D W H I T E H N

E F Q C V U A I U K L O D

L E M B D E N R A Y B R R

L I J L O N R E W S A N E

W Y A N D O T T E U A Q D

Leader Notes



What Bird Will I Raise? Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Poultryspeciesorbreedsavailableinyourarea • Typesofbirdsthatcanberaisedorexhibitedinyourarea or county • FactorstouseinselectingaspeciesorbreedABOUT THEMSELVES: • Theirfeelingsaboutmakingchoices • Theirfeelingsabouttheirculturalorethnicbackground

Materials Needed: • Chalkboardorflipchart • Chalkormarkers

ACTIVITY TIME NEEDED: 60MINUTES ACTIVITY

Todaywearegoingtoreviewsomeofthepreviouslessons,soyoucandecidewhatspeciesorbreedofpoultrywouldbestfityourfamilysitu‑ation.Dependingonwhereyoulive,youmaybeabletoraisealotofchicks or only keep a few for fun or show. You will also need to deter‑mineifyouplantoraisebirdsformeat,eggs,orexhibition.

Lookatthepicturesofthevariousbreedsinyourleader’sStandard of Perfection for Poultry as you talk and discuss the major differences between breeds.

POULTRY TYPESMarket poultry is a production and marketing portion of the project thatiswellsuitedforyounger(LevelI)membersusingbroilers,roasters,capons,orturkeys.Theobjectivewiththesebirdsistoproperlygrowandprocessmeat‑typepoultryforhomeconsumptionorsale.

Considerations: 1. Startwithanynumberofchicksorpoultsofeithersexforbroilers, roasters,andturkeys,orcockerelsforcapons. 2. Carefortheflockusingacceptedmanagementandfeedingpractices. 3. Keeprecordsofincomeandexpenses. 4. Process the birds for eating at home or to sell.

Leader Notes

Usethislessononlyformemberswhohavetheopportunitytoactuallyraisebirds.Theultimateobjectiveofthepoultryproj‑ect is not to make poultry producers out ofeachchild,butrathertousepoultryasavehicletoenhanceeachchild’sdevelop‑ment. It is also important to prepare youth to be more knowledgeable consumers of poultry products by understanding poultry production.Helpmembers:(1)selectthespecies,breed,ortypethatwillbebestfortheirconditionsandinterests,and(2)plantheir project lessons in a manner that will allowthemtoenjoytheactivities,increasetheirknowledge,andrealizeasenseofachievement.

Dividethemembersintosmallgroups.Havethemlistornamevariousspeciesorbreeds for you to list on a chalkboard or flipchart.Asagroupdiscussthediffer‑ences,advantagesanddisadvantagesof

Leader Notes


Egg productionandmarketingisbestsuitedforLevelIImembersorolderusingegg‑typechickens.Theobjectivesforthesebirdsisto manage them for the production of high quality eggs for eating at home or to sell.

Considerations: 1. Start by growing pullet chicks to maturity or by purchasing (ready‑to‑lay)pullets. 2. Carefortheflockusingacceptedmanagementandfeedingpractices. 3. Keepproductionandexpenserecords. 4. Process and package eggs for home consumption or sale. 5. Requires housing for entire year.

Exhibition birdsarebestsuitedforLevelIIIandIVmemberswhopre‑fertocareforbirdsinpreparationforcompetitiveshowingonly.

Considerations: 1. Startwithanynumberofexhibition‑type,standard‑bred(purebred) chickens,turkeys,ducks,orgeeseofeithersex. 2. Care for birds using accepted management and feeding practices. 3. Keepappropriaterecords. 4. Select birds and properly prepare them for show.

Pigeonsmayberaisedformeat,racing,orexhibition.Theyadaptthem‑selvestolivingunderavarietyofconditions.Thesebirdsareeasytoraise,fairlyinexpensivetokeep,andrequireverylittlespace.Thisisonespecies that is seldom restricted by zoning regulations.

Considerations: 1. Own and care for a minimum of one pair of birds. 2. Maintainappropriaterecords. 3. Plantolearnhowtoexhibitorracethebirds.

Afteryouhaveselectedtwoorthreebreedsthatyoulike,askyourprojectleadertoreviewyourchoiceswithyouandyourparentsbeforemakingyourfinaldecision.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. How many species of poultry did you list? 2. How many breeds did you talk about? 3. Howdifficultwasittopickonlytwoorthreebreeds? 4. What makes you and your situation better suited for raising a certain kindofpoultry(eggproducing,meatproducing,orshow)? 5. How did you feel about all the information you had to think about before choosing a particular breed or species? 6. Classesofchickenscomefromdifferentpartsoftheworld. Chickensvaryaccordingtomanycharacteristics.Howdopeoplevary?

the species or breeds listed. Help members write down their plans for raising particu‑lar breeds or species.


GOING FURTHER 1. Discuss breeds according to whether they are for egg or meat production. 2. Learnmoreaboutmeatmarketbirdslikeducks,geese,turkeys,or game birds.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes



Nutritional Needs and Problems in PoultryPoultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn...ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Thesixbasicnutrientsandtheingredientsthatsupplythem • Thesymptomsofselectednutritionaldeficienciesinpoultry • ThecausesofnutritionaldeficienciesABOUT THEMSELVES: • Theirbasicnutrientneeds • Theimportanceofeatingawell‑balanceddiet • Hownutrientneedschangeastheygrow,mature,andbecomeolder

Materials Needed: • Six4"x10"postercards(nutrientcards—labeledasWater, Carbohydrates,Fats,Proteins,Minerals,Vitamins) • Onefeltmarker • NutrientPuzzle‑ActivitySheet6 • NutrientPuzzle‑Leader’sKey • Pencils


ACTIVITY

Theproperkindsoffoodareimportanttoananimal’ssurvivalandhealth.The4‑Hpoultryprojectmembermustknowwhichnutrientsareneededforthepoultry’shealth,eggproduction,growth,orfattening.

Whatisanutrient?Anutrientisachemicalneededforlife.Foodcon‑tainsnutrients.Therearesix(6)basicnutrientsforpoultry.Someareneededinlargeamounts,whileothersareneededonlyinsmallamounts.Eachnutrienthasadifferentpurposeforthebody.

Thesenutrientsmustbeincludedinapoultryrationtohaveabalancedration.

1. Proteins are the building blocks of the body. They are needed to maintainhealth,forgrowth,reproduction,work,andeggproduction. Proteinsaremadeofchemicalscalledaminoacids.Aminoacids containnitrogen,carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andsometimessulfur. Whenfoodisdigested,proteinisbrokendownintodifferentamino acids which are carried to parts of the body in the blood. The chick requiresrationswhichwillsupply10importantaminoacids.

Leader Notes

Havememberslistwhattheyfeelarethesixbasicnutrientsforpoultry.Checkthoselistedagainstthedefinition.

Askmemberstonameanutrient.Askmembers to list or mention a basic func‑tion of each nutrient and discuss it before givingcorrectinformation.

Leader Notes


Protein may come from either plant or animal sources. 2. Carbohydratesarethebird’smajorsourceofenergy.Energyis necessarytomaintainbodytemperatureandforactivity.When carbohydratesarenotusedbythebody,theyarestoredinthebody as fat.

The carbohydrates that are digestible by poultry are sugars and starches. The main source of these carbohydrates is grains.

3. Fatisalsoanenergysource,butisonlyneededinsmallamounts becauseitisaveryconcentratedformofenergy.Fatcanbestored in the body for later use.

4. Minerals are needed in small amounts. They are needed for the growth and health of bones and for many life processes. The importantmineralsinpoultryrationsarecalcium,phosphorus, magnesium,manganese,zinc,iron,copper,iodine,sodium,chlorine, potassium,sulfur,molybdenum,andselenium.

5. Vitaminshelpsuchbodyfunctionsasvision,bloodclotting,and bonedevelopment.

Somevitaminsdissolveinthepresenceoffat.Somevitaminsdis‑ solveinthepresenceofwater.

6. Water is the nutrient required in the greatest amount. Water cleans thebodyandregulatesthebodytemperature.Itcarriesothernutri‑ entsthroughthebodyandcarrieswastesoutofthebody.Ofthesix nutrients,watermakesupthegreatestproportionofabirdandtheegg.

Usually,achickenwilldrinkabouttwiceasmuchwaterbyweight asfoodtheyeat.Age,bodyweight,production,weather,andtypeof ration will affect how much water birds will drink. Water is found in thefeedasmoisture,butanadditionalsupplyoffreshwatermustbe provided.

Check your knowledge about the poultry animal nutrients with the cross‑word puzzle.

Notenoughfeed,water,oradeficiencyofanutrientcanleadtoprob‑lems.Herearesomecommononesandhowtopreventthem.

Too little feed may cause growing birds to lose weight and egg layers to stoplaying.Deathcouldresultifbirdsdonothavefeedforseveraldays.

With too little protein,birdswillgrowmoreslowly,startpeckingeachother,pullandeattheirfeathers,andmaydeveloplegproblems.Layersproduce fewer and smaller eggs. Some hens may stop laying completely.

Pass out Nutrient Puzzle.


Not enough watercausesbirdstostopeating,loseweightanddehy‑drate.Layerswillstoplayingandlosetheirfeathers.Withoutwater,birds will dehydrate and die sooner than when feed is lacking.

Mineral Deficiency —adeficiencyofcalciumwillresultinthinegg‑shells,softbones(rickets),andabnormalwalking.

Vitamin Deficiency—adeficiencyofVitaminAinchicksmaycausedepressedgrowth,weakness,andlossofcoordination.IfbirdsdonotreceiveenoughVitaminD,theywilldeveloplegproblems,poorgrowth,and poor feathering.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. Listthesixessentialnutrientsinapoultryration. 2. Whichnutrientisneededmost?(Water) 3. Whichnutrientsarethemostdifficulttoprovidetobirds?Humans? 4. Whatnutrientdoyouhavethemosttroubleincludinginyourdiet? 5. Why do you think nutrient amounts in your diet compared with your parent's or grandparent’s diet would be different?

GOING FURTHER 1. Learnproteinrequirementsforvaryingagesandtypesofpoultry. 2. Visitafeedstoreandcomparenutrientsavailableindifferentfeeds. 3. Conduct a research project with poultry by feeding one group more nutrients than the other. 4. Giveapresentationonvariousnutrientdeficiencyeffectsinpoultry.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


NUTRITIONAL NEEDS AND PROBLEMS IN POULTRYPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 6

Nutrient Puzzle

Across:

2. Nutrient required for muscle growth4. Nutrient required in the greatest amount5.Examplesarecalcium,phosphorus,andiron6.Anenergysourceonlyneededinsmallamounts

Down:

1. The major energy source nutrient3.Acompoundthataidsinthesupportoflife7. Only minute amounts are required

1

2 3

4

5

6

7


NUTRITIONAL NEEDS AND PROBLEMS IN POULTRYPOULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL ILeader’s Key for Activity Sheet

Nutrient Puzzle

Across:

2. Nutrient required for muscle growth4. Nutrient required in the greatest amount5.Examplesarecalcium,phosphorus,andiron6.Anenergysourceonlyneededinsmallamounts

Down:

1. The major energy source nutrient3.Acompoundthataidsinthesupportoflife7. Only minute amounts are required

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

C

A

R

B

O

H

Y

D

R

A

T

E

N

U

T

R

I

E

N

T

V

I

T

A

M

I

N

S

P O T E I

W A E R

M N E R L S

F A S

Leader Notes



Is Your Bird Sick? Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Whatahealthybirdlookslike • FivesignsofillnessABOUT THEMSELVES: • Symptomsofahealthyperson • Symptomsofasickperson • Theirfeelingsaboutpeoplewhoaresick

Materials Needed: • Chalkboardorflipchart • ActivitySheet7‑“FlockObservationSheet” • Markersorchalk • Pencil


ACTIVITY

Recognizingsignsofillnessinabirdsoundseasy;however,itcanbedif‑ficult.Birdstendtomasktheirsymptomsuntiltheyareveryill.Thismayhelpthemsurviveinthewild,assickbirdsmayattractpredatorsandareusuallydrivenoutbyothermembersoftheflocks.Bythetimethebirdactuallybehavessick,itmaybeneardeath,makingtreatmentdifficult.Becausediseasescanspreadveryquickly,itisimportanttorecognizeproblemsinaflockearly,beforetheygetoutofhand.

Ahealthy bird hasshiny,tightfeathers,andstrongbeakandclaws.Theeyesandnostrilsarefreeofdischarge.Thefeathersaroundtheventareclean.Thebreastmusclesarefull,andthekeelbonecanbarelybefelt.Ahealthybirdspendsmuchofitsdayforagingforfood,andlikestostayclosetotheflock.Normalbirddroppingsaregreenandfirm,withawhite cap.

Signs of illness includeweightloss,lowereggproduction,andlowerfeedintake.Othersignsoftenincludecoughing,diarrhea,andfever.Asickbirdmayisolateitselffromtherestoftheflockandstandwithitsfeathersruffledanditsneckhunchedup.

Ifyoususpectyourbirdshaveanillness,contactyourlocalveterinarian.

Leader Notes

Insmallgroupshavememberslisthowahealthybirdactsorlooks.Haveeachgroupreportandlistonchalkboardorflipchart.Dosameactivityforsignsofillness.

Leader Notes


Flock ObservationVisitaflockofpoultryinyourarea.Observetheflockforseveralmin‑utes.Writedownallthebehaviorsyoucanidentify.Arethereanybirdsin the group that are acting differently than the rest?

Lookatthebirddroppings.Areanyofthemdifferentthandescribedabove?

Closeyoureyesandlistenquietlytotheflock.Howwouldyoudescribe“normal”flocksounds?

Chooseonebirdfromtheflockandpickitupifpossible.Carefullyexamineitsfeathers,eyes,nostrils,vent,andbreastmuscles.Doesitappear healthy or not?

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. What was the most unusual or interesting thing you saw while watching the birds? 2. Howdidyoufeelwhenyoulistenedtotheflockwithyoureyes closed? 3. What signs of illness did you see? 4. Howdoesyourbrother,sister,orfriendlookoractwhentheydon’t feel well? 5. What do you do when you don’t feel well? How do you act?

GOING FURTHER 1. Askaveterinariantovisitwithyouaboutbirdhealth. 2. Askamedicaldoctortospeaktoyourgroupaboutobservingsigns of illness. 3. Share with your classmates at school what you learned.

Handout“FlockObservationSheets”toeachmember.Aftertheyhaveobservedtheflockandlistedbehaviorsandsymptoms,discuss their answers.


IS YOUR BIRD SICK?POULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 7

Flock Observation Sheet

Check One WhatYouObserved(Saw) NormalSick

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

Leader Notes



Catching and Handling PoultryPoultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Tocatchabirdinacageorcoop,removeit,andthenreturnit • ToholdabirdtoexamineforjudgingorcullingABOUT THEMSELVES: • Howtheyfeelabouttheirabilitytocatchandhandlebirdsin different situations • Theirfeelingsaboutbeingrestrainedbysomeone

Materials needed: • Tableandcage • Livebird • Woodshavingsorshreddedpaper • Paperorplastictocovertable


ACTIVITY

Itisnecessarytocatchandhandlebirdswhenselecting,judging,andatvarioustimesinthemanagementoftheflock.Propercatchingandhandlingmethodscanpreventinjuryanddiscomforttothebirdsandthepersonsdoingthehandling.4‑Hmemberscanshowskillstheyhavelearned in working with poultry.

Removal of bird from a cageOpenthecagedoor.Reachacrossthebird’sback;graspthefarwing;turn the bird so it faces the cage door. Slide second hand beneath the bird’sbody,placingoneormorefingersbetweenbird’slegsandgraspingthemsothatthebird,whenlifted,canbebalancedonthepalmofthathand.Placefirsthandonbird’sback.Removebirdfromcageheadfirst.Come to attention and watch judge for further direction.

Placing bird in cageHoldthebirdinthebasichandposition,openthecagedoor,turnthebird,putintocageheadfirst,placeitgentlyonthecagefloor,andclosethe cage door.

Passing bird to another personThepersonreceivingthebirdshouldplaceonehandonthebackofthebird and slide the other hand under the breast of the bird as the bird is passed.Alwayspassthebirdheadfirst.

Leader Notes

Thiswouldbeaneasyactivitytosimplydemonstratetothemembersandhavethempracticethevarioussteps.Anothermethodwhichprovidesgreateropportunitiestodeveloplifeskillsaswellascatchingandhandling skills is outlined below. You’ll findthatmemberswillhaveadditionalenthusiasmandinterestasyougivethemthe opportunity to learn by doing before being told or shown how. This is some‑times referred to as a skillathon. Consider thefollowingtwoskillationsituations:

SITUATION#1:Thepoultryshowman‑shipjudgehasaskedyoutoremoveyourbirdfromthecage.YOURTASK:Dem‑onstratehowyouwouldremovethebirdwhile the judge looks on. SITUATION#2:Thejudgeasksyoutopassyourbirdtothepersonnexttoyou.YOURTASK:Demonstratehowyouwould safely pass the bird.

Leader Notes


Catching a small group of birdsDrivebirdsintoacornerorsmallarea.Youmayuseportablewirepanelsthathavebeenhingedtogetherinaseriesofthreeormoresotheycanbefoldedorexpandedandstillremainstanding.Eachpanelshouldbeabout 2 feet wide by 3 or 4 feet high. Stretch the folding panels across the corner of the larger pen so there is just enough room for the birds tostand.Makesurethepanelswillnotcollapsefromtheweightofthebirdspushingagainstthesides.Afterthebirdshavebeendrivenintothesmallerpen,workasfastasyoucantocatchthebirdsbygrabbingthemfrombehindbythelegsandhandingthemoverthefencetosomeoneto put into a crate. Be careful to not let the birds pile up for more than a minutetopreventsmothering.

Catching single birds from a flockMakeacatchinghookfromstiffwire.Thehookshouldbeaboutfourfeet long with a handle on one end and the other end bent back on itself toformanS‑shapedhook.Theopenendofthehookshouldbewideenough to allow the shank of the bird to slip through and the bottom flaredjustenoughtoallowthefoottobeheld.Pulltheopenendofthehookovertheshankofthechicken’sleg,drawingbackonthehookwhentheshankiscaught.Pullthebirdtowardyou,grabbothlegsinonehandand take the foot from the hook.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. Name three methods of catching a bird. 2. What was the hardest part to learn or do? 3. Whathappenedwhenyoufirstattemptedtoremoveabirdfroma cage? 4. How did you feel after you successfully caught a bird? 5. How do you feel when someone catches and holds you by the hand or foot? 6. Howcanlearninghowtotreatbirdshelpyouknowhowtotreat your friends?

Showmanshiplesson—LevelIIhaspic‑tures that can be used to supplement these firstthreehandlingmethods.


Washing that Bird Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Theimportanceofexhibitingcleanandparasitefreebirds • ShowhowtoproperlycleanandgroomabirdforshowABOUT THEMSELVES: • Theirfeelingsabouttheimportanceofpersonalgrooming • Theirfeelingsabouttheimportanceofteamwork

Materials Needed: • Threetubsorlargecontainersofwarmwater • Detergentormildsoap • Aspongeorsoftbrush • Oldtowelsorsoftcloths • Petroleumjelly,mineraloil,orasimilartypeofoil • Cleancoopsorcages • Severalbirds

ACTIVITY TIME NEEDED:60MINUTES

ACTIVITY

Poultryforexhibitshouldbecleanandfreeofexternalparasites,tinybugslikeliceandmitesthatsometimesliveontheoutsideofachicken’sbody.Dirtybirdsreflectpoorlyontheexhibitorandwillbegradeddownduringjudging.Birdsmustbewashedtohaveacleanappearance.Birds of other colors and waterfowl may only need their shanks and feet washed and some cleaning about the head with a damp cloth.

Notallpoultryexhibitorsusethesameproceduretopreparetheirbirdsforshow.Moreexperiencedmembersintheclubmaybefamiliarwithawashingprocedure.Wesuggestthefollowing:

1. Useawarm(about80—85°F),draft‑freeroomforwashingand dryingthebirds.Birdsshoulddryslowlyforbestresults.Useaheat lampifawarmareaisnotavailable. 2. Usethreetubsofwater;workupagoodbatchofsudsinthefirsttub and use the second and third tubs for rinse water. The wash water should be warm to the touch and the rinse water slightly cooler to helpremovethesoap.

Leader Notes

Obtain the necessary supplies prior to the meeting.

Dividethegroupintoteamsoftwoorthreememberseach.Provideeachteamwithabird and access to the supplies.

Leader Notes


3. Whenwashingthebird,restitonthepalmofonehandand restrainitwiththeotherhandheldoverthebackofthebird. 4. Soak the feathers well or they may break. 5. Washthefeathersthoroughly,withthegrain,usingyourhandorasponge. 6.Rinsewithlukewarmwaterbymovingthebirdbackandforth throughthewater.Afterremovingthebirdfromthewater,pressas much water as possible from the feathers. Repeat the procedure after each rinse. Be sure there is no soap left on the feathers. 7. Press(don’trub)drythebirdswithatowelorclothandplacethem in a clean coop or cage in a warm room until they are completely dry. 8. Checkthebirdsforliceandmitesandtreatifinfested. 9. Justpriortojudging,checkthebirdsforsoiledspotsthatcanbe removedwithadampcloth.Cleantheshanksandtoeswitha brush.Useatoothpicktocleanaroundthetoesandunderthe shanks. Rub a small amount of mineral oil or petroleum jelly on theshanks,feet,beak,comb,andwattles.Thiswillgivetheseareas a polished appearance.

Nothinggivesajudgeamorenegativeattitudeaboutanentrythanthepresenceofexternalparasites.Thus,thebirdsshouldbeexaminedforthepresenceofexternalparasitesseveraldayspriortotheshow.Themostcommonexternalparasitefoundonshowbirdsisthecommonbodylouse.Thisparasiteisvisibletothenakedeye.Bodycolorvariesfromgraytoyellowtoblack.Theyliveonthebird,feedondryscalesandfeathers,andgetmoisturefromthevent.Themostobvioussignsofaninfestationarethemovementoftheliceintheventareaofthebird,andthepresenceofclustersofeggs(nits)onthefeathersaroundthevent.Iflicearepresent,dusteachbirdindividually,particularlyaroundthevent,witharecommendedinsecticide.Forasmallflock,providingadustboxwith insecticide is a good control practice.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. What happened when you soaked the bird in warm water? 2. How did you feel about getting the bird wet? 3. Whatwasthemostdifficultpartofwashingthebird?Easiest? 4. How did washing the bird compare to washing other animals? 5. What did you learn about teamwork? 6. Howoftendoyoutakeabathorshower?Why? 7. Compare washing a bird to helping wash a baby brother or sister. Consider water temperature and how gently you handled or held each bird.

GOING FURTHER • Demonstratehowtoprepareabirdforshow.

Demonstrate step by step how to wash and groomabird.Anolder,experiencedmem‑beroralocalexhibitorcoulddemonstrate.

▲Warning.Usepesticideswithcare.Applythemonlytoplants,animals,orsiteslistedonthelabel.Whenmixingandapplypesticides,followalllabelprecautionstoprotectyourselfandothersaroundyou.Itisaviolationofthelawtodisregardlabeldirections.Ifpesticidesarespilledonskinorclothing,removeclothingandwashskinthoroughly.Storepesticidesintheiroriginalcontainersandkeepthemoutofthereachofchildren,pets,andlivestock.


Why Do We Raise Poultry?Poultry Science, Level I

What Members Will Learn . . .ABOUT THE PROJECT: • Fiveeggsoreggproducts • Pricedifferencesinsizeandgradeofeggs • ThreecompaniesthatdistributepoultrymeatproductsABOUT THEMSELVES: • Howtheycanlearnatthegrocerystore • Theirabilitytocheckpricesandcompareitems

Materials Needed: • ActivitySheet8‑“StoreSearch” • Clipboardorsomethingtowriteon • Pencil

ACTIVITY TIME NEEDED:60MINUTES

ACTIVITY

We raise poultry mainly for food. Poultry products can be seen in stores as eggs and poultry products or as meat and meat products.

Today we are going to the local grocery store to see how many types of eggsandeggproductswecanfind.Besuretocheckthepricedifferencesbetween different sizes and grades of eggs. See how many company or brandnamesyoucanfind.

DIALOGUE FOR CRITICAL THINKING 1. Howmanydifferentitemsdidyoufind? 2. Were there more egg or meat products? 3. Whattypesofitemswerehardesttofind? 4. Howdidyoufeelwhenyoucouldn’tfindwhatyouwerelooking for? 5. What differences did you see in prices? 6. Whatdidyoulearnabouteggpricesthatmighthelpyoubuyother items?

GOING FURTHER 1. Visit someone who sells eggs to see how they size or grade their eggs. 2. Visit or ask a poultry products company to send you information about their products.

Dividemembersintogroupsoftwoorthreeandletthemfindandlistproductsonthe“StoreSearch”ActivitySheet.

Besuretospendsometimereviewinganddiscussing“StoreSearch”ActivitySheet.

Leader Notes

Leader Notes


Product Name Brand or Company Name Price per lb.oz., doz., etc.

Check oneEgg Meat

WHY DO WE RAISE POULTRY?POULTRY SCIENCE, LEVEL IActivity Sheet 8

Store Search

Copyright2014WashingtonStateUniversity

WSUExtensionbulletinscontainmaterialwrittenandproducedforpublicdistribution.Alternateformatsof our educational materials are available upon request for persons with disabilities. Please contactWashingtonStateUniversityExtensionformoreinformation.

YoumaydownloadcopiesofthisandotherpublicationsfromWSUExtensionathttp://pubs.wsu.edu.IssuedbyWashingtonStateUniversityExtensionandtheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureinfurtheranceoftheActsofMay8andJune30,1914.Extensionprogramsandpoliciesareconsistentwithfederalandstatelawsandregulationsonnondiscriminationregardingrace,sex,religion,age,color,creed,andnationalorethnicorigin;physical,mental,orsensorydisability;maritalstatusorsexualorientation;andstatusasaVietnam‑eraordisabledveteran.Evidenceofnoncompliancemaybereported throughyour localWSUExtensionoffice.Tradenameshavebeenusedtosimplifyinformation;noendorsementisintended.PublishedJuly1998.RevisedOctober2014.This publication replaces EM4887.

EM4887E

AdaptedfromaKansasStateUniversityCooperativeExtensionServicepublicationwrittenbyCynthiaRSiemensandreviewedbyJamesP.AdamsandAlbertW.Adams,AllfromKSU.

RevisedforWashingtonStatebyJerryA.Newman,4‑HYouthDevelopmentSpecialist.

Poultry - Washington State Universitycru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM081E/EM081E.pdf · • The...

Documents

Transcript of Poultry - Washington State Universitycru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM081E/EM081E.pdf · • The...