POULTRY SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY

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POULTRY SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY

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POULTRY SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY. The place of the poultry industry in U. S. agriculture - Poultry is a term that includes a wide variety of domestic birds of several species - the important commercial poultry species - the combined gross annual income - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of POULTRY SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY

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POULTRY

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY

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The place of the poultry industry in U. S. agriculture - Poultry is a term that includes a wide variety of

domestic birds of several species- the important commercial poultry species- the combined gross annual income- contributions of the segments to the total value are shown in Figure 18-1

- the broiler segment

- turkeys are also increasing and eggs are occupying a smaller portion

- poultry are responsible for nearly 11% of all U.S. farm cash receipts (Figure 18-2) and over 22% of animal agriculture’s share of all U.S. farm cash receipts (Figure 18-3)

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• The poultry sector is growing

• This is a major industry– The poultry sector has both aggressively developed

and incorporated technology– The broiler industry especially has seized innovation– Then, it has made the product convenient and good to

eat– In so doing,– The egg industry

• It supplies approximately 240 eggs per capita

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Purpose of the Poultry Industry in the US

• Inexpensive sources of protein for human consumption– Meat and eggs are among the best protein buys– Poultry are the most efficient converters of

grain to meat– Useful on a worldwide

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Historical Perspective

• Domestication. – Cockfighting is generally accepted– Cockfighting has been a favored pastime

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• Columbus

• In 1607,– Small flock keeping began

• The flock provided meat and eggs to the family

• The practice began fading in earnest when agriculture began restructuring

– In 1828, the first Single Comb White Leghorns were imported

– In 1873 the American Poultry Association was formed

• In 1874 they issued the first American Standard of Excellence

• In 1903 the Cornell gasoline brooder was developed

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Integration• In 1895 the commercial feed industry began in Chicago• By 1934 the USDA began reporting commercial broilers

separately from other chickens– The production of broiler meat by the broiler industry since

1934 can be seen in Figure 18-10

– Improvements in diets, equipment, genetics, flock health, and processing

– In 1956. Col. Harland Sanders began franchise operations

– The integrated poultry industry we know today emerged

– From 1975 till present

– Combined cash receipts for poultry

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Structure and location of the poultry industry

The broiler industry

• Modern broiler production is concentrated

• Large farms

• Economies of size

• A typical integrated broiler company

• Over 90% of the commercial broilers in the U.S.

• Approximately 40% of the product

• The south and southeastern states

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The U.S. Egg Industry• Egg production is done in large technologically

advanced units• Egg-producing is concentrated and integrated from

hatchery to marketing• Geographically, the egg industry is distributed in a

pattern somewhat like the human population (Figure 18-15)– Other factors are also at play– Part of the reason for the dispersed pattern is that eggs require

less processing than broilers

• Figure 18-13. Laying hens and eggs increased until the early 1970’s– Since the late 1980’s– There are around 900 farms

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• The turkey industry in the U.S.– Turkeys are also produced under integreated

structures– A major influence on the turkey industry has

been further processing– It is hard to see the same patterns in the turkey

producing industry as can be seen in the broiler industry (Figure 18-18)

• The U.S. duck, goose and other poultry industries. See Table 18-1

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Genetics and breeding programs

• Breeding poultry is different from breeding of the larger animals– It is more flexible– It has been the most subjected to modern animal

breeding and selection techniques– Fewer people

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• Heterosis is very easy to demonstrate in poultry and it is relied on extensively– Poultry breeding programs– Inbreeding– Outcrossing

• A variation of outcrossing called strain crossing

• Poultry breeding today is

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Breeds, Varieties, and Strains of Poultry• Generally speaking chickens are one of two

types: meat type and egg type• In order to identify and classify each, they are

designated by class, breed, variety, and strain• Only a few breeds have a place in the

industry

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Reproductive Management in Poultry• Management for reproductive efficiency

– When eggs fail to hatch, it may be the breeder flock, the incubation procedures, or any step between

• Breeder flock management

• Mating systems in poultry are either– Mass mating– Pen mating– Stud mating

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Nutrition in Poultry• Poultry feeding has changed more than the

feeding of any other species• Poultry nutrition is also more critical,

complicated and thus a greater challenge to the producer, than the other farm species– However– Economic production– Feed is the largest cost in the production of the

poultry species– Feeding practices across the country– Rations are formulated– Table 18-3 gives examples of rations

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Flock Health Management

• Disease control is absolutely essential to the poultry industry

• Luckily, some of the more devastating have been eradicated– Never the less, poultry farmers must stay

constantly vigilant– Biosecurity measures are routinely practiced.– The National Poultry Improvement Plan USDA

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

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Nutritional benefits to humans of poultry

• The proportions of the recommended daily dietary allowance for 25-50 year-old woman on a 2200- calorie diet for eggs and chicken are presented in Table 18-4– Both eggs and poultry meat– A complete nutrient analysis is given in Table 18-5

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Trends and factors in the poultry industry

Turkey consumption and production

- increase in production

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Broiler production and consumption

- There has been an unbroken string of year-over-year increases in broiler production

- per capita consumption of broiler meat is steadily increasing (Figure 18-13)

- total poultry meat consumption

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What are the reasons for increased chicken

consumption?– Cost advantages– The industry has produced increased amounts of

chicken for sale– This is a major reason that chicken has taken market

share

• However, other factors are also at work– Convenience, packaging, shelf-life and taste– Fast food

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Nutrition and health consciousness• The beginning of the decade of the 1980’s

• Poultry products are good food

• Chicken and turkey both increased consumption at percentages that rival foods with a “health” connotation

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Egg use and consumption• Per capita egg consumption in the U.S. is around 240

eggs per capita– Egg consumption declined because of

– Whether right or wrong, the cholesterol scare has hurt the egg-producing part of the poultry industry

– However, changing eating habits has probably been the most important factor

• People either skip breakfast

• Hand held foods

• Added to the problems of the egg

• Also, there aren’t many further processed convenient products

• However, we eat about ten more eggs per capita now than ten years ago

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Cholesterol. Cholesterol has been a mainstream issue for over 20 years• Early recommendations of some health care

professionals to reduce dietary cholesterol• Scientists cautioned that the link had not been

established• A growing body of evidence has been

accumulating that dietary levels of cholesterol have very little to do with plasma levels of cholesterol

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Food and Safety Concerns

• Eggs and Salmonella

• The inside of an egg

• The number of affected eggs is small with flocks associated with outbreaks tested to have only two or three infected eggs per 10,000– An individual thus has a likelihood of finding an

infected egg of about 0.005%– Even then the numbers of microorganisms in a

properly handled and refrigerated egg– However, to be on the safe side

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Integration and consolidation

• All phases of poultry production are and will continue to become more specialized

• In addition, more integrators may opt to own

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Technological innovation and standardization• The poultry industry has made the most dramatic

advancements in both biology and technical aspects of any of the livestock industries

• Since 1925, the time for broilers to reach market• The amount of feed required

– It now takes less than two pounds of feed

• The number of eggs/hen has more than doubled• Much of this is due to its willingness to take advantage

of modernization and technological innovation• Biotechnology will allow us to increase production and

efficiency• Mechanization

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Biotechnology• The products of biotechnology that will

most help poultry producers• In addition such tools are marker assisted

selection