Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60...
-
Upload
william-cass -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60...
![Page 1: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Poultry HusbandryPoultry Husbandry
Egg production systemsEgg production systems
![Page 2: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History of the laying henHistory of the laying hen
Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year
1960’s – commercial egg
laying breed produced approx
200 eggs/year
Now approx 320 eggs/year
![Page 3: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Egg Production SystemsEgg Production Systems
![Page 4: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cleaning and Disinfection of Poultry Cleaning and Disinfection of Poultry HousesHouses
Insect ControlInsect Control Operations prior to cleaningOperations prior to cleaning
– Water tank, pipes and nipplesWater tank, pipes and nipples– Clean and de-scaleClean and de-scale– Rinse twice with clean waterRinse twice with clean water– All the equipment – nests feeders drinkersAll the equipment – nests feeders drinkers– Entire Ventilation systemEntire Ventilation system– Litter removedLitter removed
![Page 5: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WashingWashing
Washed, disinfectedWashed, disinfected Rodent controlRodent control Assessing disinfection effectivenessAssessing disinfection effectiveness
– Visual examVisual exam– BacteriologicalBacteriological– Resting PeriodResting Period
![Page 6: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Good Brooding ConditionsGood Brooding Conditions
Day old to POL (point of lay) is critical time.Day old to POL (point of lay) is critical time.– Success in rearing house – success in the Success in rearing house – success in the
laying houselaying house– E.g. delay in growth at 4-5wks will reflect in E.g. delay in growth at 4-5wks will reflect in
bodyweight at 16 weeks and then in mean bodyweight at 16 weeks and then in mean performance – e.g mean egg weightperformance – e.g mean egg weight
![Page 7: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Temperature and HumidityTemperature and Humidity
Raise house temp to 28-31Raise house temp to 28-31°C°C– Heat losses incurred from contact with the litter Heat losses incurred from contact with the litter
very important in first few daysvery important in first few days– 2 gas brooders or 2 radiant heaters advised for 2 gas brooders or 2 radiant heaters advised for
1000 birds1000 birds– Temperature and relative humidity should be Temperature and relative humidity should be
uniform throughout the buildinguniform throughout the building
![Page 8: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Feeding TechniqueFeeding Technique
The feeding techniques between 4 -16 The feeding techniques between 4 -16 weeks are designed to:weeks are designed to:– Avoid the build up of the fine particle residuesAvoid the build up of the fine particle residues– Rapid feed intakeRapid feed intake– Feeding times and rapid intakeFeeding times and rapid intake
![Page 9: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Targets in rearingTargets in rearing
To produce a uniform flock and a weight To produce a uniform flock and a weight which is compatible with the intended age at which is compatible with the intended age at sexual maturitysexual maturity
To obtain the correct weight at 4 weeks to To obtain the correct weight at 4 weeks to secure frame developmentsecure frame development
To achieve steady growth between 4 and 16 To achieve steady growth between 4 and 16 weeks with a good development of the weeks with a good development of the digestive tractdigestive tract
![Page 10: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
General principles of lighting General principles of lighting programmes during rearingprogrammes during rearing
Chickens are sensitive to changes in Chickens are sensitive to changes in duration of light:-duration of light:-
– it will influence the age of sexual maturityit will influence the age of sexual maturity– It will influence feed consumptionIt will influence feed consumption
![Page 11: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Lighting Programme and GrowthLighting Programme and Growth
In addition to the influence of growth light In addition to the influence of growth light will effect:-will effect:-– Progressive growth of the digestive systemProgressive growth of the digestive system– Gradual adaption to a body clock (e.g. Gradual adaption to a body clock (e.g.
anticipation of a dark period)anticipation of a dark period)– Lack of night time energy supply when dark Lack of night time energy supply when dark
periods are too longperiods are too long
![Page 12: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Table Egg Production Table Egg Production SystemsSystems
The Laying PhaseThe Laying Phase16-74 weeks16-74 weeks
![Page 13: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Welfare – the 5 freedomsWelfare – the 5 freedomsWhat ‘natural behaviours’ do hens exhibit in What ‘natural behaviours’ do hens exhibit in
the wild?the wild?
• Foraging for food by exploratory pecking and scratching over distances
• Preening and dust bathing• Use trees for roosting at night (perches)• Seek out a secluded spot for laying and build a
nest• Congregate in small groups with a complex
social order (hierarchy)
![Page 14: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
All laying birds still have strong desire to display normal behaviours:All laying birds still have strong desire to display normal behaviours:
![Page 15: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland)Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland)20112011
Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012(Northern Ireland) 2012
LegislationLegislation
![Page 16: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Caged ProductionCaged Production
![Page 17: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Welfare Regulations Welfare Regulations for hens in for hens in Conventional CagesConventional Cages
From 1 Jan 2003 From 1 Jan 2003 - at least 550sq.cm. cage area - at least 550sq.cm. cage area per hen (previously 450 sq.cm)per hen (previously 450 sq.cm)
Cages are fitted with claw-shortening devicesCages are fitted with claw-shortening devices From 1 Jan 2003From 1 Jan 2003 no such cages may be built or no such cages may be built or
brought into servicebrought into service Existing cage systems prohibited from 1 Jan Existing cage systems prohibited from 1 Jan
20122012 Minimum requirements for feed space,water Minimum requirements for feed space,water
space, cage height and slope of floor are specifiedspace, cage height and slope of floor are specified See DARD regulation document or welfare code of practice
![Page 18: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DEVELOPMENTS WITH CAGES – The DEVELOPMENTS WITH CAGES – The ‘Enriched’ cage is the only cage system ‘Enriched’ cage is the only cage system
option permitted from 2012option permitted from 2012
Increase area / hen – 750 cmIncrease area / hen – 750 cm22
Provide perching spaces – 15cm per henProvide perching spaces – 15cm per hen
Provide nest boxes in each cageProvide nest boxes in each cage
Provide litter (dust bath) in each cageProvide litter (dust bath) in each cage
Abrasive strip to control growth of claws (“a claw-Abrasive strip to control growth of claws (“a claw-shortening device”)shortening device”)
Thicker wire in floors ( wire of standard floors damages Thicker wire in floors ( wire of standard floors damages feet)feet)
See DARD regulation document or welfare code of practice for spec
![Page 21: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Enriched vs. Enriched vs. ConventionalConventional cages cagesEnriched Conventional
Minimumspace
Nest
Litter
Perches
Trough
Height
Inspection
550 cm2 per hen
Total = 2000 cm2750 cm2 per hen (600cm2 + nest
box)
XX
90 cm between tiers35cm from floor to bottom tier
35 to 40cm45cm
(20cm nest box)
10cm per hen12cm per hen
15cm per hen X
![Page 24: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Egg production performance Egg production performance (cages)(cages)
Laying cycle – 16 to 74 weeks of ageLaying cycle – 16 to 74 weeks of age Egg output – 335 eggs per birdEgg output – 335 eggs per bird Mortality – 4%Mortality – 4% Feed intake - 111 grams per bird per dayFeed intake - 111 grams per bird per day Downgrades – 8%Downgrades – 8%
![Page 25: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
LAYING PHASE- Egg production in cagesLAYING PHASE- Egg production in cages
Advantages of cages for egg productionAdvantages of cages for egg production
• Increased no of eggs harvested compared to deep Increased no of eggs harvested compared to deep litter or free rangelitter or free range
• Reduced food consumption as high stocking density Reduced food consumption as high stocking density allows high temperatures to be maintainedallows high temperatures to be maintained
• reduced labour - easy to mechanise feeding, cleaning reduced labour - easy to mechanise feeding, cleaning and egg removaland egg removal
• Cleaner eggs - soiled eggs get a lower priceCleaner eggs - soiled eggs get a lower price
• Lower mortality - less cannibalism, lower levels of Lower mortality - less cannibalism, lower levels of disease, no mortality from foxesdisease, no mortality from foxes
![Page 26: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Better control of intestinal parasitesBetter control of intestinal parasites
• No litter costsNo litter costs
• Higher stocking density - lower capital costsHigher stocking density - lower capital costs
• Ease of management of stockEase of management of stock
• No contact with wild fowl or rodents - lower risk of No contact with wild fowl or rodents - lower risk of salmonella, Gumboro disease, Newcastle disease & salmonella, Gumboro disease, Newcastle disease & Avian Flu.Avian Flu. BUTBUT
• Confined environmentConfined environment
• Not natural for birdNot natural for bird
Laying cages have been clear focal point of anti-intensive farming lobby
Welfare advantagesWelfare advantages
![Page 27: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Sudden drop in food intake indicates a problemSudden drop in food intake indicates a problem
• Compare egg production with standard graphCompare egg production with standard graph
• Is egg size on targetIs egg size on target
• Monitor downgradesMonitor downgrades
• Limit food wastageLimit food wastage
• Record mortalityRecord mortality
Management pointsManagement points
![Page 28: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Alternative systems of egg ProductionAlternative systems of egg Production
Definition: Alternative systems means Definition: Alternative systems means
alternatives to cages for lying hens. The alternatives to cages for lying hens. The
alternative systems are sometimes called alternative systems are sometimes called
colony systems as the total flock of hens is colony systems as the total flock of hens is
kept in one large colonykept in one large colony
![Page 29: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tiered / BarnTiered / Barn
![Page 30: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tier system - Barn SystemTier system - Barn System
Achieves a high stocking density by using the vertical Achieves a high stocking density by using the vertical
space in a building while improving bird welfare in space in a building while improving bird welfare in
comparison to cagescomparison to cages
•Commercial tiers are three tiers highCommercial tiers are three tiers high
•Perches and nest boxes are providedPerches and nest boxes are provided
•Provision of litter for 1/3 of floor areaProvision of litter for 1/3 of floor area
![Page 31: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Egg production performance Egg production performance (Tier/Barn)(Tier/Barn)
Laying cycle – 16 to 74 weeks of ageLaying cycle – 16 to 74 weeks of age Egg output – 325 eggs per birdEgg output – 325 eggs per bird Mortality – 6%Mortality – 6% Feed intake - 115 grams per bird per dayFeed intake - 115 grams per bird per day Downgrades – 10-12%Downgrades – 10-12%
![Page 35: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Welfare advantagesWelfare advantages
• Freedom of movementFreedom of movement
• Freedom to stretch wingsFreedom to stretch wings
• Nest boxes provided forNest boxes provided for
egg layingegg laying
• Perches provided 15cm/hen)Perches provided 15cm/hen)
• Freedom to dust bathe if Freedom to dust bathe if
litter providedlitter provided
![Page 36: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
WelfareWelfare
•Better than in cagesBetter than in cages
•Hens travel greater distancesHens travel greater distances
•Leg bones strongerLeg bones stronger
•NestingNesting
•PerchingPerching
•Freedom to stretch wings / fly short Freedom to stretch wings / fly short
distancesdistances
![Page 37: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Disadvantages in Comparison with cagesDisadvantages in Comparison with cages
• Floor laid eggs on litter and slats - high labourFloor laid eggs on litter and slats - high labour
• Fewer eggs harvested - approx 7 eggs/hen/yr lostFewer eggs harvested - approx 7 eggs/hen/yr lost
• More difficult to mechanise egg collectionMore difficult to mechanise egg collection
• Hygiene of eggs poorer i.e. more soiled eggs because laid Hygiene of eggs poorer i.e. more soiled eggs because laid
in nest -- downgraded in nest -- downgraded
• Extra energy cost of activity - slightly higher feed intakesExtra energy cost of activity - slightly higher feed intakes
• Higher capital costsHigher capital costs
![Page 38: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Tier system - get a lot of aggression and feather Tier system - get a lot of aggression and feather pecking due to unstable social order. Beak pecking due to unstable social order. Beak trimming may be necessarytrimming may be necessary
Hens in tiers were found to be less aggressive Hens in tiers were found to be less aggressive than caged hens - but hens in group pens than caged hens - but hens in group pens without a perch were more aggressive than without a perch were more aggressive than caged henscaged hens
![Page 39: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Free RangeFree Range
![Page 40: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Free rangeFree range
Protection from:Protection from:– Adverse Adverse
weather weather conditionsconditions
– PredatorsPredators– Risks to healthRisks to health
Access to:Access to:– A well-drained A well-drained
lying area at all lying area at all times.times.
![Page 41: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Egg production performance Egg production performance (free-range)(free-range)
Production cycle – 16 – 74 weeks of ageProduction cycle – 16 – 74 weeks of age Egg output – 325 per birdEgg output – 325 per bird Mortality – 6-10%Mortality – 6-10% Feed intake – 125 grams per bird per dayFeed intake – 125 grams per bird per day Downgrades – 12%Downgrades – 12%
![Page 42: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Free range systemsFree range systems
House interior can be in deep litter or tieredHouse interior can be in deep litter or tiered
If no litter in house can still dust bathe outside - If no litter in house can still dust bathe outside - but only where soil is dry enoughbut only where soil is dry enough
Welfarist’s regard free range as the Welfarist’s regard free range as the ideal in comparison with other ideal in comparison with other options. options.
Free range eggs are perceived to Free range eggs are perceived to have a healthy eating image in the have a healthy eating image in the mind of the consumermind of the consumer
![Page 43: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Welfare AdvantagesWelfare Advantages
As for tiered or deep litter - only also access to pastureAs for tiered or deep litter - only also access to pasture
Welfare DisadvantagesWelfare Disadvantages
Lack of control of environmental temp - exposure to Lack of control of environmental temp - exposure to low temperatures - high feed intakeslow temperatures - high feed intakes
Lost eggsLost eggs
lower egg production - due to low temperatureslower egg production - due to low temperatures
high labour costshigh labour costs
![Page 44: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Parasitic diseasesParasitic diseases
Contact with wildfowl and rodentsContact with wildfowl and rodents
Predators can give high mortalityPredators can give high mortality
Requires landRequires land
Lot of aggression and feather peckingLot of aggression and feather pecking
high cost of eggshigh cost of eggs
Most difficult to control length of day in the Most difficult to control length of day in the lighting programmelighting programme
![Page 45: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Pop holesPop holes Pop holes must Pop holes must
be -be -– Along the entire Along the entire
length of the length of the buildingbuilding
– 35 cm high and 35 cm high and 40 cm wide (at 40 cm wide (at least)least)
– 2 m total per 2 m total per group of 1,000 group of 1,000 hens (at least)hens (at least)
![Page 46: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Example of a poorly managed rangeExample of a poorly managed range
![Page 49: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
First PoultryFirst PoultryJungle FowlJungle Fowl
![Page 50: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Breeding ObjectivesBreeding Objectives Breeding programmes are based on maintaining Breeding programmes are based on maintaining
separate pure lines “grandparent stock” (generally separate pure lines “grandparent stock” (generally of the same breed), and then crossing them in a of the same breed), and then crossing them in a controlled manner to produce hybrid offspring. controlled manner to produce hybrid offspring. Selection for improved performance is carried out Selection for improved performance is carried out continuously within the pure lines.continuously within the pure lines.
Traits such as egg weight, egg numbers and feed Traits such as egg weight, egg numbers and feed efficiency are assessed. Also: shell colour & shell efficiency are assessed. Also: shell colour & shell strength, resistance to disease.strength, resistance to disease.
Commercial breeding company example Commercial breeding company example www.hy-www.hy-
line.co.ukline.co.uk
![Page 51: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Breeder Lines Breeder Lines (4 yrs)(4 yrs)
Pure Lines (genetic improvement /pure linesPure Lines (genetic improvement /pure lines (thousands) (thousands)
GGP (Great grandparent stock)GGP (Great grandparent stock) (tens of thousands) (tens of thousands)
GP (Grandparent stock)GP (Grandparent stock) (10 000 000) (10 000 000)
Parent StockParent Stock (400 000 000) (400 000 000)
BroilersBroilers
ProcessingProcessing (45 000 000 000) (45 000 000 000)
ConsumerConsumer (70 000 000 tonnes) (70 000 000 tonnes)
Source, McKay 2008
![Page 52: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Breeding objectives eggsBreeding objectives eggs
Commercial layer- Commercial layer- ObjectivesObjectives
To improve:To improve:
- Bone strength- Bone strength
- Egg numbers- Egg numbers
- Reduced skeletal defects- Reduced skeletal defects
- Peak for longer- Peak for longer
- Better egg quality later in cycle- Better egg quality later in cycle
- Improved body conformation- Improved body conformation
- Improved skeletal durability- Improved skeletal durability
- Reproductive defects, in terms of diseases, prolapse and double yokers- Reproductive defects, in terms of diseases, prolapse and double yokers
- More disease resistance- (EDS Egg drop syndrome)- More disease resistance- (EDS Egg drop syndrome)
![Page 53: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Table egg ProductionTable egg Production
BreedsBreeds
– White Leghorn (Italian origin)White Leghorn (Italian origin)
– Rhode Island Red (USA)Rhode Island Red (USA)
– Light Sussex (England)Light Sussex (England)
![Page 54: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
White LeghornWhite Leghorn
![Page 55: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Rhode Island RedRhode Island Red
![Page 56: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Light SussexLight Sussex
![Page 57: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Poultry Husbandry Egg production systems. History of the laying hen Wild junglefowl – approx 60 eggs/year 1960’s – commercial egg laying breed produced.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649cb05503460f94974ae5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Sources of further informationSources of further information www.fawc.org.uk www.fawc.org.uk (Farm animal welfare council, (Farm animal welfare council,
makes recommendations for government to makes recommendations for government to consider when writing legislation)consider when writing legislation)
www.britegg.co.ukwww.britegg.co.uk www.nfuonline.comwww.nfuonline.com www.bfrepa.co.ukwww.bfrepa.co.uk www.bepa.org.ukwww.bepa.org.uk www.nutritionandeggs.co.ukwww.nutritionandeggs.co.uk www.thepoultrysite.comwww.thepoultrysite.com www.defra.gov.ukwww.defra.gov.uk www.dardni.gov.uk – www.dardni.gov.uk – NI Code of recommendations NI Code of recommendations
for the welfare of laying hens can be downloaded for the welfare of laying hens can be downloaded onlineonline