Ingredients for poultry ration

By

Dr. Ghulam Abbas Hashmi PhD Poultry Science

MSc (Hons) Poultry ScienceMSc (Hons) Animal Breeding and Genetics

Carbohydrates (Energy)

CarbohydratesSugar, starches Indigestible fiber (cellulose) not used

Energy is needed for •Muscular activity, movement, and keeping warm•Biochemical energy for maintenance and growth of tissue

Glucose is metabolized and energy (ATP) is released

Energy expressed as caloriesMost of feed intake is for calories (about 80% of the diet)

Fats help make cell membranes

Energy Sources

Cereal Grains Corn (maize): world’s most important feed grainWheatBarley, oatsSorghums (milo): tanninsMillet Rice

• Maize (Rabi)• Richest source of energy ( High oil contents)• Low CP i.e. 8%-9%• UDP% value 65• Deficient in tryptophane, vit B12• Extremely low in calcium and fibers and fair in phosphorus• Yellow maize with 0.5 ppm carotene and 5ppm xanthophyll• Maize kernel contains two types of protein• Zein , deficient in tryptophane and lysine• Glutelin better source of tryptophane and lysine

• VarietiesOpaqueFloury

Wheat (Rabi)High CH2O contents CP% 9-13.5UDP% 20-36Good substitute for cornDeficient in biotinRich in Vit. EProtein in endosperm are Prolamine and glutelinGlutelin have three times as much lysine as that of ProlamineGluten are protein in endosperm contain higher Glt and Pro All gluten possesses elasiticity

Barley (Rabi)High CH2O contents than oat but lower than cornCP% 11.5UDP% 21Less digestible than corn and has more fiber Contain little yellow pigmentB-glucan causes wet dropping problemsIt is better than oat as a fattening feed.

Oats (Rabi)Too low in energy More fiber contents and less digestible (70%)CP% 12UDP% 14-20Highest of oil content (5%) of any grainContribute high palatability to feedDehulled oats are similar to maiz

Sorghum (Kharif)Resemble corn in all respectsLower in fat than cornUDP% 52It is rather hard whole grain can be fedTannin problem can be solved by water and alkali treatment

Rice (Kharif) Grown for human consumptionCP% 8.00Rough and fibrous husk makes the grain unpalatableBrown rice is rich in starch, low in fat Broken rice or rice tips are commonly used in poultry diet 10-20%Contain high level of trpsin inhibitor

Millet (Kharif)

Nutritive value similar to that of oatsHigher percentage of indigestible fiber UDP% 68

Rye (Kharif)Nutritive value similar to that of wheatHigher percentage of indigestible nonstarch CH2O ( pentosans and

pectins) CP% 12.6Sticky wet feces, Mgt. problems and carcass problemsAnti nutritional factor are tannins, alkyl resorcinol and trypsin inhibitorErgot fungus problem

Triticale Hybrid of durum wheat and ryePerform well on poorer soil Nutritive value is between the wheat and ryeAnti nutritional factors of rye are found in some varieties

Nutrient Composition of Cereal Grains

Ingredient

Crude protein(%)

Metabolisable energy(kcal/kg)

Calcium(%)

Available phosphorous(%)

Lysine(%)

Wheat 13.0 3153 0.05 0.20 0.5

Sorghum 9.0 3263 0.02 0.15 0.3

Barley 11.5 2795 0.10 0.20 0.4

Rye 12.5 2734 0.05 0.18 0.5

Triticale 15.4 3110 0.05 0.19 0.4

Oats 12.0 2756 0.10 0.20 0.4

Maize 9.0 3420 0.10 0.34

Alternative Energy Sources

Cereals and milling by-productsWheat middlingsRice screenings

Roots and tubersCassava (manioc) roots, sweet potatoes, taro, yams

Fruits and by-productsBanana and plantain, breadfruit, dates

MiscellaneousMolasses (by-product of sugar cane industry)Fats (palm oil, coconut oil, animal fats)

Cereal by products Wheat branCourse outer covering of wheatCP% 16.3 Protein not well digestedUDP% 23Rich in Niacine, Vit. B12, P (more Phytin), Mg and FeLaxativeIncrease palatability

Wheat middlingConsists of fine particles of wheat bran, wheat shorts, wheat germ and wheat flour etc.Deficient in Ca, carotene and Vit. D

Rice branConsist of seed coat and germ which is removed from rice grainsContain half energy as corn13%- 15% fatRich in Thiamine, Niacine and MnPalatableRancidity prb.Mix with rice polishing

Rice polishingBy product of rice milling obtained in brushing the grainsRich in B Vit.and thiamineHigh fat contentsRancidity prb. During summer storageAdultrted with rice husk which contain 20% silicaHigh in fiber and oxalate contents

Protein

Muscle tissue (meat) is protein

Amino acidsBuilding blocks of protein; protein synthesis

Essential amino acids Can’t be made by chickenMust be in the diet

About 20% of diet needs to be protein

Protein sources

LegumesSoybeans or soybean meal (cooked or heat-treated)Peanut meal

Sunflower, safflower, sesame meals

Field peas, beans (navy, lima, fava)

Popular Feed Combination

GrainsLow in lysine; high in methionine

LegumesHigh in lysine, low in methionine

Corn/soybean diet is most common

Synthetic amino acidsMethionine and lysine often limiting

Alternative Protein Sources

Cottonseed meal

Coconut meal, palm kernel meal

Milling by-productsCorn gluten meal

Brewers and distillers by-products

Animal Protein Meals

Fishmeal

Meat and bone meal

Blood and offal

Milk, buttermilk and dairy by-products (whey)

Live proteinEarthwormsInsects (fly larvae, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, bees)Snails

Cotton seed meal (Kharif)Manufactured from residue left after extracting oil from seeds.CP% 38-47UDP% 11-45Low in Lys, Met, Thr and tryIt should be fed fish meal or other feeds high in lysineToxic principles are gossypol and gossypurpurine which can be

destroyed by steam cooking the seeds.Gossypol free cotton seed varieties are now availableAddition of Fe salts can alleviate the harmful effets of gossy polAlso contain cyclopropenoid fatty acids i.e malvalic acid and sterculic

acidThese fatty acids increase aflatoxin damages, alter liver metabolism and

causes pink discoloration of yolkUse up to 8%

Soybean meal (Kharif)Manufactured from residue left after extracting oil from seeds.CP% 45 hulled-50 dehulled High quality proteinDeficient in mineralsUDP% 28Excellent source of LysGood source of choline riboflavin and glyLow in Met and cysOver 90% digestible A.A.Raw soybeans contain soyin , appetite depressor and trypsin inhibitor

both can be destroyed by heatDuring toasing process anti nutritional factors can be reduced or

destroyedOver toasing may also be dterimental.

Rapeseed meal (Rabi)By product from the production of rapeseedsProgoitrinCP%35UDP% 23Although erucic acid is converted in the bird to oleic acid, it tends to

depress the growth rate and egg wt.Quality can be improved by oil extraction processConditioning process can destroy the enzyme myrosinase which convert

glucosinolate to goitrogenic substancesOptimum temp. for conditioning ranges from 100 to 105 0C for a

duration of 15-20 minutesAA. contents are same as that of Soybean except that it is slightly lower

in lys and high in MetRiboflavin contents are same as that of Soybean meal Rapeseed is much richer choline and nicotinic acid than Soybean meal Rich source of SeleniumHigh level of sulfer may cause leg abnormalities and sinapine

Canola meal (Rabi)Created from rapeseed meal through selection by Canadian botanist in

1970sMore yellow in color than dark brown colorLow in glucosinolate in meal and erucic acid in oilAA composition smilar to that of soybeanProtein supplement for all class of L/SMay be used at max. level of 20%High level of sulfer may cause leg abnormalities and sinapine

Sunflower mealSunflower seed is second most important source of vegetable oilPericarp accounts about 40% of weightGood source of nicotinic acid but deficient in lysExpeller meal have higher energy contents than solvent extracted mealCP% 43CF% over 20UDP% 24Low temp. processing is desirable to prevent denaturation of lys and

other essential aaHigh in Met but low in Lys and ThrHigh level of chlorogenic acidMay be ysed up to 15%

Corn gluten meal (30%)Major by product of wet milling of corn to poduce starch and syrupRich in carotene and xanthophyllPoor in Lys and Try

Corn gluten meal (60%)Major by product of wet milling of corn to poduce starch and syrupContaining twice the CP contents of corn gluten feedRich in carotene and xanthophyllPoor in Lys and Try

Guar mealCP% 40-45ME 2022-2270 K cal/KgRicher in Lys Cys and Gly than groundnut comparable in Met contentsTrypsin inhibitorfactorResidual guar gums up to 18%

Animal protein sources Blood mealDark chocolate color powderExtermely rich high quality protein sourceCP% 80UDP% 76-82Richest source of LysRich source of Arg, Met, Cys Leu but low in Ile and GlyLow biological valueLow digestibility Reduce growth rate inclusion level 1%-3%

• Feather meal • Rich source of fat and proteins • CP% 84• Poor quqlity protein• Deficient in Met, Lys, His and Try• Rich in Leu and Cys

Fish mealRich in all essential a. a., Vit B12, choline, Ca and PGood source of riboflavinCp% 55 -70Fat % 2-12Salt% 1.3-4Unsaturated fats are susceptible to oxidation and produce toxic free

radicalsOxidation causes heatingGizzersine and Histamine are formed during heat processingand cause

Gizzard erosion and lesionsFishy taint in the meatProduction of toxin due to over heating adversely affect the hatchability Fish meal should be limited to3%-4%

Unconventional protein sourcesBeneficial microorganisms like certain bacteria,

Fungi, yeast and algae Quality of protein is comparable to that of

conventional protein sources Unknown growth factors

BacteriaEither grow on plant material (glucose and cellulose) or culture media

(Alcohols or petroleum derivatives)Highest quality SCP obtained by bacteria grow in methanolPruteen is bacterial biomass obtainad by growing M. Methylotrophus in

methanol65-85% CPUse in the form of pellets

FungiAspergillus and Penicillium strains Culture media used include corn, mollases, potatoand cellulytic by

productsPeziza audrinica can be grown on poultry litter and cattle fecesFungi rapidly multiply with in 2-3 hours over a wide range of pH,

osmotic pressure and temperatureCP% 30-60Deficient in MetBiological value can be increased to about 95% by adding 0.2% Met

AlgaeChlorella and Scenedesmus speciesLow digestibilityCan be improvedby geneticselection,, excessive hydrolysis or different

culture mediaCP% 50-60High level of carotene and xanthophyll

YeastSaccharomyces cervisae, Torulla utilis, C. Lypotilica and C.

paraffinicaCP%16-20Rich in Ca, P, Vit B and glycogen.Hydrolyze the biomass to release nucleic acid then add Met and

flavoring agents

SCP are cheaper

Pruteen can replace fish meal even at inclusion level of 10%-15% as it contain around 60% CP

Drawbacks13%-22% nucleic acid in bacterial protein and 6-41% in yeast proteinIncreased metabolic rate of purine in liver Uric acid problemsSCP obtained by petroleum contain toxinsMay reduce digestibility up to 15% due to presence of mycopeptides and

indigestible compoundsDigestibility can be improved by heat treatment

Rumen contentsCP%28High biological valueBalanced A.A., fair in vit. B complex and rich in

mineralsHigh fiber contentsInclusion level 10%

Poultry litterAbout 60% of litter protein is in form of NPNKOH treatment is used to improve utilizationAbout 10% addition of treated poultry litter in

layers improve egg production and egg qualityNitrate toxicityProcessing problems

Meal from InsectsCheaperNatural dietInclude grasshoppers, crickets, termites, aphids, scale insects, beetles,

caterpillars, pupa,flies, fleas, bees, wasps and ants etcCP% 40-75Easily grown on waste material

Meals from small animalsEarth wormHighly palatable Cultivate for fishingVermiculture are now well establishedCulture require;Food sourceAdequate moisture 50%Adequate Aeration1Kg worm consume .5-1Kg wasts/dayTop feeder 10-20 cmUp to 30000 worms/m2

Snails Major garden pest in Africa Abundant in wet seasonHydrocyanic acidCoocking

Dried fish silage A way of turning waste fish into qualityanimal protein supplement; can completelyreplace fishmealLimitation: requires drying

Blood meal High protein contentLimitations: extremely deficient in isoleucine,poor palatability; can be included at no morethan 5%

Hydrolysed feather meal High protein contentLimitations: deficient in several essentialamino acids, low availability of amino acids;can be included at no more than 5%

Poultry by-product meal Feeding value similar to that of meat meal;recommended inclusion level of 5%

Skimmed milk powder Reject milk powder; good-quality protein; canbe included at up to 5%

Novel sources:insects, fly larvae, earthworms,termites, bees, snails, etc

Good protein sources; can replace 50% offishmeal in formulations; useful supplementsfor family poultryLimitation: no commercial production andharvesting system