(Potentials and advancements)

Submitted to - Presented by-

Mrs. Neeta Nain Vikas Kumar Khichar

Mrs. Namita Mittal 2008ucp149

Bio-Computers

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VI Semester(CP-2)

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WHAT IS A DNA

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a primary genetic

material in living cells.

Its structure has two strands that run in opposite direction to each other.

Basic pair Adenine(A) pairs with Thymine(T) Guanine(G) pairs with Cytosine(C)

(Source-Google Images and Wikipedia)

A Bio-molecular (DNA computer )is a molecular computer that works biochemically. It “computes” using enzymes that react with DNA strands, causing chain reactions. The chain reactions act as a kind of simultaneous computing or parallel processing.

DNA computing is utilizing the property of DNA for massively parallel computation.

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What is a Bio-molecular computer

Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

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INSTRUCTIONS IN DNASequence to

indicate the start of an instruction

Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA bases

A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and translated to carry out instructions

Source-Google Images and Wikipedia

Silicon processors has limited speedLimits of Miniaturization of circuitsMoore’s LawScientist found DNA has capability to be used to

build a computerVast availability of Raw Material

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Need For Bio-Computers

In 1994, Leonard Adleman (also called ‘Father of DNA Computing’), scientist at the University of California, introduced the idea of using DNA to solve complex mathematical problems.

He used DNA to solve the extremely complex Hamilton Path Problem(or “The Travelling Salesman Problem”)

In 2002, researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, unveiled a programmable molecular computing machine composed of enzymes and DNA molecules instead of silicon microchips 6

Past Research

Source-BBC World Service/Science

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Hamilton Path Problem

Los Angeles(GCTACG)

Chicago(CTAGTA)

Dallas(TCGTAC)

Miami(CTACGG)

New York(ATGCCG)

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Los Angeles Chicago

Programming of Problem using DNA

GCTACG CTAGTA

TGC GAT

Los Angeles-Chicago

L.A. C Chicago N.Y. Miami Dallas

L.A-Chicago

Chicago-N.Y

N.Y-Miami Miami-Dallas

GCTACG

CTAGTA ATGCCG CTACGG TCGTAC

TGCGAT CATTAC GGCGAT GCCAGC

Flight path to Los Angeles – Dallas covering all other cities at most once:

One possible answer may be: TGCGAT CATTAC GGCGAT GCCAGC

9Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

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DENSE INFORMATION STORAGEThis image shows 1 gram

of DNA on a CD. The CD can hold 800 MB of data.

The 1 gram of DNA can hold about 1x1014 MB of data.

With bases spaced at 0.35 nm along DNA, data density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7 Gbits/inch in typical high performance HDD.

Source-Google & http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DNA_computer.html

COMPONENTS OF DNA COMPUTER

Logic gate (“And Gate”) :

Developed at University of Rochester Made up of DNA instead of Silicon

Biochip :

Logic gates can be combined with DNA micro chip to make Bio Chip

11Sources- Image-Google Images, Wikipedia(An Encyclopedia)

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Construction of first DNA Computer

Source-Google Images

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Advantages of a DNA ComputerParallel Computing

Incredibly light weight

Low power

Solves Complex Problems quickly

Millions of operations simultaneously

Generate potential solutions

Efficiently handle massive amounts of working memory

Source- Magazine (Information Technology)

• Cellular supply of DNA make it a cheap resource.

• One pound DNA capacity is to high

• Made very cleanly.

• Many time smaller than silicon

•10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into 1 cubic centimeter, able to hold 10 terabyte of data and perform 10 trillion calculation at a time.

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DNA V/S SILICON

Source-computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer1.htm

First developed DNA computer is so far from silicon-based computer in terms of overall speed(If we include all the processes)

It takes few days to narrow down possibilities.

It needs constant human assistance

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Disadvantages

Source-Research paper by Leonard M. Adlemann

Gene analysis

Useful to Government to break secret codes

To Airlines to map efficient routes

To understand about human Brain – the natural Super Computer

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Applications of Ist generation DNA Computers

Source-computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer1.htm

Future is very bright in the field of solving complex problems(Where conventional silicon computers fail due to lack of parallel computing power)

If research gets successful, it will eliminate the Silicon based Super Computers.

More powerful DNA computers are likely to be introduced very soon.

Bio-Computers will redefine boundaries of Computer Science.

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Future

But…Let’s all hope that this DREAM comes true!!!

It will take years to develop a practical,

workable DNA computer.

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Thank you !